MODULE 3

OPERATIONS ON SET &VENN

DIAGRAM
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1.6 VENN (EULER) DIAGRAM

 The diagrammatic representation of sets for their relative study is called ‘Venn
diagram’ or ‘Euler Venn diagram’.

 Here we represent the universal S as a set of all points within rectangle and the
subset A of the set S is represented by the interior of a circle contained in the
rectangle.
S
A

FIGURE 1.10
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 If A and B are not equal but they have some common elements, then we represent
A and B by two intersecting circles.
A S

FIGURE 1.11

 If a set A is a subset of a set B , then the circle representing A is drawn inside the
circle representing B.

S
A

FIGURE 1.12
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 Two circles having no common element are represented by two non-overlapping

circles.
S
A

FIGURE 1.13

 The complementary set of the set 𝐴𝑐 is represented by the shaded region in the
figure by region lying outside the circle of set A and inside the universal set.

FIGURE 1.14
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1.7 OPERATIONS ON SETS
 Union of sets
Union of two or more sets is the set of all elements that belong to any of
these sets. The symbol used for union of sets is ‘∪’. In the Venn diagram below, the
shaded region represents the indicated operation.
EXAMPLE
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = Union of set A and set B {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ }
If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 2, 4, 5, 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 1, 2, 6, 8 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 .

A B
S

Set A= {1, 2, 3,4,5,6,} and

A∪𝐵
Set B {0, 2, 4, 6}
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6} is the union
of A ∪ B
 Intersection of sets 6

It is the set of all the elements, which are common to all the sets. The
symbol used for intersection of sets is ‘∩’.In the Venn diagram below, the shaded
region represents the indicated operation.
EXAMPLE
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 ∈ 𝐵}
If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 2, 4, 5, 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 1, 2, 6, 8 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 2 .

A B
S

𝐴∩𝐵

Let A={1,2,3,7,11,13}
B={1,7,13,4,10,17}
A∩B {1,7,13}
 Difference of two sets 7

The difference of set A to B denoted as A – B is the set of those elements

that are in the set A but not in the set B.In the Venn diagram below, the shaded region
represents the indicated operation.
EXAMPLE
A – B = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 . Similarly, 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝐴 .
𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴 − 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 − 𝐴.
If 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑓 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 − 𝐴 = {𝑒, 𝑓}

Set A ={ 1,4,7,8,9}
Set B= {3,2,1,7,5}
Then A-B = { 4,8,9}
 Disjoints sets 8

Sets that have no common members are called disjoint sets.

EXAMPLE
Given that U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Set A={ 1,2,3,4,5}
Set C={ 8,10}
Then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅.
No common elements hence set A and C are disjoint set.
 Symmetric difference 9

If A and B are two sets, then symmetric difference of sets A and B is

denoted by 𝐴 Δ B and is given by 𝐴 Δ B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A)

A B

𝐴ΔB

EXAMPLE
A – B = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 . Similarly, 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝐴 . 𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴 − 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 − 𝐴.

If 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 Δ B = {a, d}

Other examples of Venn Diagram

a. ( A  B)  C

A A A

C B C B C B

A B C  A  B  C
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b. ( A  B)  (C  A)

A A
A

C B
C B C B

A B
(C  A)
 A  B  C  A  
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ACTIVITY (FROM MODULE 2-3)

I. Find the union of each of the following pairs of sets:

𝟏. 𝑿 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓 ; 𝒀 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}

𝟐. 𝑨 = 𝒙: 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟑

𝑩 = 𝒙: 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝟔

II. If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , 𝐵 = 3, 4, 5, 6 , 𝐶 = 5, 6, 7, 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 7, 8, 9, 10 ;
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑎 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
1. 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
2. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
3. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
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III. If 𝐴 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 ; 𝐵 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ; 𝐶 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐷 = 5, 10, 15 20 ; 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
1. 𝐴 − 𝐵
2. 𝐵 − 𝐷
3. 𝐴 Δ B
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Thanks!
PREPARED:

Finella Marie Y. Cawaling

Lecturer