COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL dRIVING NC2

COMPETENCY BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
SECTOR: AUTOMOTIVE AND LAND TRANSPORT

QUALIFICATION: DRIVING NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: DRIVE LIGHT VEHICLE
MODULE TITLE: DRIVING LIGHT VEHICLE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT OF NEW BATAAN

Purok 1, Brgy. Poblacion, New Bataan, Davao de Oro
How to Use this Competency-Based Learning Material

Welcome to the Module “Driving Light Vehicle”. This module
contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Drive Light Vehicle” contains knowledge,

skills and attitudes required for DRIVING NC II.
This learning material is designed to guide you in learning at your

own pace. To start with, talk with your trainer and agree on how you will
both organize the training for this module. Most probably your trainer will
also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to support you and
guide you the correct way to do the task given. From time to time you will be
required to practice and demonstrate the skills that you’ve learned from this
module and you will be requiring some assistance from your trainer (as
instructed in the learning material).
To proceed with the learning session, you just have go through the
Learning Activity Sheet where in you will follow series of learning
instructions towards attaining the learning outcome.
This procedure should be repeatedly done until you have completed

all the learning elements in this Competency-Based Learning Module or
until such time that you are ready to take the final assessment for this
module. You may skip some learning activities if you can demonstrate
that you are competent enough on the said task/s.
At the end part of this module is a Learner’s Diary. Use this diary to
record important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that
may provide further details to your trainer or assessor. A Record of
Achievement will be provided to you by your trainer for you to accomplish
once you complete the module.
Upon completion of this module, study the evidence plan at the end of
the last learning element of this module then ask your instructor to
assess you. You will be given a certificate of completion as proof that you
met the standard requirements (knowledge, skills and attitude) for this
module. The assessment could be made in different methods, as
prescribed in the competency standards.
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your instructors for
assistance. Your instructor will always be available to assist you during
the training.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills
covered in this module because you have:
Date prepared: Document No. 000001

October 2021 Issued by:
Driving Light Vehicle Prepared by: Revision #
Jerson M. Mensis CBLM Dev’t
LGU- New Bataan 000000 Page___of____
 been working for some time
 already completed training in this area
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in

particular skill, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized
so you would not have to undergo the same training again. If you have a
qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings, show
it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant
to this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for
RPL. If you are not sure about the level of your skills, discuss this with
your trainer.
Contents of this Competency-Based Learning Material:
Inside this Competency-Based Learning Material are several

“Learning Activities”. Each Learning Activity guides the learner to
achieve one learning outcome.
You must follow the “Learning Activity Sheet”. The Learning

Activity Sheets will guide you through different “Instruction Sheets”
that will assist you in performing different learning activities towards
the attainment of the learning outcome.
 Information Sheet - This will provide you with information

(concepts, principles and other relevant
information) needed in performing certain
activities.
 Operation Sheet - This will guide you in performing single task,

operation or process in a job.
 Job Sheet - This is designed to guide you on how to do

the job that will contribute to the attainment
of the learning outcome.
 Assignment Sheet - The assignment sheet is a guide used to
enhance (follow-up) what you have learned in
the information sheet, operation sheet or job
sheet.
 Worksheet - Worksheets are the different forms that you

need to fill-up in certain activities that you
performed.
- Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the
training of this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully. It is
divided into sections which cover all the skills and knowledge you
need to successfully complete this module.
- Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section and complete the self-check. Suggested references are
included to supplement the materials provided in this module.
- Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.

He/she is there to support you and show you the correct way to do
things. Ask for help.
- Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to
consider when you are completing activities and it is important that
you listen and take notes.
- Talk to more experienced work mates and ask for their guidance.
- Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your
own progress.
- When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the
activities outlined in the learning guide.
- As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback of your
progress from your trainer. After completing each element, ask your
trainer to mark on the report that you are ready for assessment.
- When you have completed this module (or several modules) and feel
confident that you have had sufficient practice your trainer will arrange
an appointment with you to asses you. The result of your assessment will
be recorded in your Competency Achievement Record.
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

DRIVING NC II
List of Core Competencies

No. Unit of Competencies Module Title Code
Carry Out Minor Vehicle Carrying Out Minor

1. Maintenance and Vehicle Maintenance ALT723348
Servicing and Servicing
Driving Light
2. Drive Light Vehicle ALT832302
Vehicle
Obeying and
Obey and Observe Traffic
3. Observing Traffic ALT832303
Rules and Regulations
Rules and Regulation
Implement and Implementing and

Coordinate Accident- Coordinate Accident-
4. ALT832304
Emergency Procedures Emergency
Procedures
MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: DRIVE LIGHT VEHICLE

MODULE TITLE : DRIVING LIGHT VEHICLE

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module deals with the knowledge and skills required to drive
a light vehicle safely including handling of passengers, systematic and
efficient control of all vehicle functions, monitoring of traffic road
conditions, management of vehicle condition, and performance and
effective management of hazardous situations.
NOMINAL DURATION: 17 hours
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Perform light vehicle pre-starting and warm-up

2. Drive light vehicle
3. Monitor and maintain vehicle maintenance
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Vehicle inspection is performed as per manufacturer’s

specification
2. Safety harness/devices and tools are checked according to
LTO/LTFRB requirements
3. Warm up of light vehicle is performed as per manufacturer's
manual
4. Light vehicle is driven in accordance with traffic rules and
regulations and manufacturer’s instruction
5. Driving hazards are identified and/or anticipated and avoided
or controlled through defensive driving as per standard
operating procedures.
6. The Light vehicle is parked, shut down and secured in
accordance with manufacturer’s specifications, traffic
regulations and workplace procedures
7. Passengers and loads are transported up to the route assigned
and fares are collected as per LTFRB regulations

8. Driving is performed according to the restriction and condition
stated in the official receipt license and within the
occupational health and safety standards (OHS).
9. Out-of line/anti car napping clearance permit is secured as per
traffic rules and regulations
10. Defective or irregular performance or malfunctions are
monitored and reported to the appropriate person/authority
11. Minor vehicle maintenance is performed in accordance
with manufacturer's instruction
Vehicle records are maintained/updated in accordance with
workplace procedures
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
1. Written Test on driving light vehicle

2. Demonstration with oral questioning on driving light vechicle.
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2: DRIVE LIGHT VEHICLE
CONTENT:
1. Passengers Behavior/Customers Relation

2. Types of Load Cargo
3. Emergency and Road Related Crimes
4. Kinds of Traffic Violations
5. Engine Power Management and Safety Driving Strategies

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Light vehicle is driven in accordance with traffic rules and

regulations and manufacturer’s instruction
2. Driving hazards are identified and/or anticipated and avoided
or controlled through defensive driving as per standard
operating procedures.
3. The Light vehicle is parked, shut down and secured in
accordance with manufacturer’s specifications, traffic
regulations and workplace procedures
4. Passengers and loads are transported up to the route assigned
and fares are collected as per LTFRB regulations
5. Driving is performed according to the restriction and condition
stated in the official receipt license and within the
occupational health and safety standards (OHS).
6. Out-of line/anti car napping clearance permit is secured as per
traffic rules and regulations
CONDITIONS:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:
1. Light Vehicle Unit (Mitsubishi L200)

2. Drivers manual
3. Ample Area
METHODOLOGIES:
 Written test on driving light vehicle
 Demonstration with oral questioning on driving light vehicle
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LEARNING OUTCOME 2: Drive Light Vehicle
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1) Read information sheet 2.2-1

“Passengers
Behavior/Customers
Relation”
2) Answer self-check 2.2-1

Compare self-check to answer key
2.2-1
“Types of Load Cargo”
This learning outcome deals with
the procedures of how to Drive a
Compare self-check to answer key
Light Vehicle Unit.
2.2-2
Go through the information sheet
“Emergency and Road Related
Crimes” and answer self-check. Perform the
6) Answer self-check 2.2-3 task sheet to ensure the knowledge
of the standard in competence
Compare self-check to answer based training are acquired.
key 2.2-3
7) Read information sheet 2.2-4 The output of this learning outcome
“Kinds of Traffic Violations” is the Drive Light Vehicle.
Compare self-check to answer
key 2.2-4
“Engine power management
and safety driving strategies”
10) Answer self-check

2.2-5
Compare self-check to answer

key 2.2-5
11) Refer to operation sheet
2.2-5 a
“Operating a Light Vehicle”
12) Perform operation sheet

2.2-5 a
13) Check by the instructor
using procedural checklist
2.2-5 a
14) Refer to task sheet 2.2-5
b
“Driving with shifting gears and
full stop”
15) Perform task sheet 2.2-

5b
16) Evaluate performance
using performance criteria
checklist 2.2-5 b
17) Refer to task sheet 2.2-5 c
“Parking: City Parking,
Diagonal Parking, etc.”
18) Perform task sheet 2.2-
5c
19) Evaluate performance using
performance criteria checklist
2.2-5 c
20) Refer to task sheet 2.2-5
d “Perform Uphill and
Downhill”
21) Perform task sheet 2.2-5 d
22) Evaluate performance

using performance criteria
checklist 2.2-5 d
INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-1

Passengers Behavior/Customers Relation
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Determine the passengers behavior towards the driver
2. Know the relationship of a driver towards its
passenger/customer
3. Identify the roles of the passengers and drivers
Passengers Behavior and Customer Relation
Behavioural studies have revealed the relationship between the driver

and the passenger as another critical determinant of the effect of passengers
on driver behaviour and therefore, driver and passenger safety. It was
reported that friends or peers as passengers are generally a negative
influence on the behaviour of the young driver, particularly the young male
driver, thus compromising safety. This is thought to be due to an increased
propensity by the young driver to take risks in response to peer pressure.
Inattentiveness to the driving task due to distraction caused by social
interaction among peers might also play a role. In contrast, passengers who
are the young driver's children, spouse/partner, or parents were found to
promote safer driving practices through the young driver's increased sense
of responsibility and respect for the life of others. Further, it was thought
that the beneficial effect of passengers on the safety of elderly drivers might
be due to the passenger warning the driver of imminent hazards in
consideration of elderly drivers' generally compromised perceptual and
cognitive abilities.
Most of the time, the life of each passenger is at the hands and feet of the
driver who’s capable of sending the passenger into its place safe and
comfortable. But, most often, drivers are the one who takes the risk in each
of its customer/passenger because of being a reckless driver. Some drivers
are too much confident in driving and they drive so fast without recognizing
the passenger’s safety and wellness.
The behaviour of the passengers may be identified through observations.

This are some of the examples of the behaviour of a passenger during a trip
as follows: Short temper, talkative, uncertain, and hard to ask. These are
the things that the driver should know in order to avoid negative vibrations
in the whole journey of the trip.
The presence of passengers in a vehicle and their behaviour can

positively or negatively influence road safety.
The risk of a crash can be reduced by avoiding unnecessary or

inappropriate interactions between drivers and their passengers. Passengers
can improve safety by:
 not distracting the driver through excessive conversation or by

inappropriate behaviour
 performing tasks on behalf of the driver e.g. receiving and making

mobile phone calls, navigating and reading maps
 locating and identifying landmarks and destination
 not encouraging the driver to partake in risky or anti-social

behaviour
 not talking to the driver during times of high driver workload
 detecting imminent hazards and warning the driver

 helping young passengers to wear and adjust seat belts
 supervising children in the rear seats
 monitoring the drivers state of alertness
 questioning poor or risky driver behaviour.
Some further tips for passenger safety include:
 not placing feet on the dash of a vehicle, especially if the vehicle is

equipped with a front passenger airbag
 not leaning against or sleeping in contact with the door or side

pillar of the vehicle, especially if the vehicle is equipped with
passenger side airbags or side curtain airbags
 keeping all parts of the body inside the vehicle
 entering and exiting the vehicle via the kerb side
 storing luggage in the boot and not in the vehicle cabin, and
especially not on the rear parcel shelf of a sedan
 wearing a seat belt at all times.
Driver Distractions Cause Crashes
Children should be taught to understand that they can contribute to safer

journeys by behaving responsibly and minimising distracting behaviour. If
young passengers are in the vehicle:
 Discourage behaviours such as removing restraints, fighting, playing

loud music or throwing objects around.
 If there is a problem with a child while you are driving - stop the car
in a safe place before resolving the problem. Avoid trying to resolve
the problem while driving.
 Allow additional time when embarking on longer trips with children

to include time for rests breaks, eating and play activities.
The driver of a vehicle is responsible for ensuring that all passengers,

regardless of age, are wearing a properly fastened and adjusted seatbelt.
Penalties apply for non-compliance.

The Role of the Passenger
The person who are involved in the traveling process have their own
different roles. Passengers currently play several roles: navigating, adjusting
the radio and other dials, keeping the driver company by talking, warning
the driver of approaching hazards, and alerting the driver to the speed at
which they are travelling.
 Whether passengers will play a given role, and how drivers perceive
and react to these roles, was said to depend on the relationship
between the driver and the passenger, and for the younger
participants in particular, the age and sex of the driver relative to the
passenger. For example:
 Passengers were said to be more likely to intervene when the
driver is a family member than when the driver is a work
colleague or an acquaintance.
 Younger participants commented that they would be more likely
to intervene as a passenger or take advice as a driver, from their
parents than from their friends.
 Younger drivers said that they drive more cautiously when
carrying their parents, older passengers and children as
passengers due to a greater sense of responsibility.
 Young participants, males in particular, commented that as a
passenger they would never discourage their male peers from
engaging in risky driving behaviors, and might even explicitly
encourage such behaviors.
 As a driver, many of the young males commented that they
would also engage in risky driving practices to show off even if
not explicitly asked to by their male peers travelling as
passengers.
 Roles that participants believed that passengers should be playing
included: warning the driver of approaching hazards, navigating,
adjusting the radio and other dials, and keeping quiet in high
workload times. Essentially, any intervention from passengers must
be constructive and should occur before the event rather than after
the event.
 Participants generally agreed that road safety strategies involving a
constructive role for passengers could be implemented. These
strategies:
 Need to be along the lines of "look after the driver" and "help the
driver in these ways" rather than "passengers should do this or
that".
 Need to be well promoted to raise public awareness of the
potential benefits and dangers of carrying passengers.
 Need to be implemented through education at the learner driver
stage to encourage young passengers to query their driver about

driving behaviors that appear to be unsafe, and to encourage
young drivers to expect such intervention and to consider it.
 Need to pay particular attention to the potentially negative
influence of young male friends as passengers of young drivers
who are susceptible to this influence.
The Role of the Driver
The driver has one job--DRIVING. The conditions constantly change--

so the driver has ONE function---to drive according to changing conditions.
Not cell phone usage--no texting--no playing with the radio--no eating in the
car---no fooling around with the passengers. The DRIVER is always
responsible for ANYTHING in the car---and that means anything that the
passengers do or use in the car. The driver is in total care of the car and the
occupants--and anything they have in the car. It is an adult--mature job.
You can NEVER say that you didn't know about a law or say you didn't see
something--ITS YOUR JOB TO KNOW AND SEE EVERYTHING. AND--to
keep the car well maintained at all times. If any of your friends are a
distraction while you drive--then don't take them with you. You can NEVER
use excuses in court!! NEVER!! You have to be in total control at all times!!
The driver must also have a sense of courtesy to every passenger

regardless of age, status, or any disabilities. It should be carried out all day.
The driver must always wear his best smile to the passengers in that way he
can change the mood and it will bring positivity in the entire trip.
Both driver and passenger’s behavior may affect the responsibilities of

each person involved in safety travel. This maybe a simple guide in which
could possibly be helpful in ensuring the lives of each person whom you
carried every now and then. Always be sure and never neglect your role as
driver or a passenger. We must always remember that safety is the first
thing that we have in mind.
Self-Check 2.2-1
True or False:
Write True if the statement is correct and write False if the statement is
incorrect. Write your answer to your answer sheet.
1. We should always consider the behavior of every passengers.

2. Do not disturb the driver while driving or going out on a trip.

3. Never talk to the talkative passenger who’s always make unnecessary
actions.
4. The driver must have a sense of courtesy to every passengers.
5. You must drive rapidly without mindful to the passenger.
6. Do not drive when your passenger is not giving you the exact location.
7. The role of the driver is only to drive.
8. Do not take away your phones while driving.
9. When someone is on the rush you must drive quickly.
10. Always understand the needs of the passengers.

Answer Key 2.2-1
True or False
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. False
8. False
9. False
10. True

Types of Load Cargo
Learning Objective:
After reading this information sheet the trainee must identify the
types of load cargo.
Load Cargo
A vehicle in which loaded with different materials like goods, products,

and other industrial raw materials that carries into its destined location.
Types of Load Cargo
 General Cargo
It is loaded from the dock by traditional dockside cranes except where
the weight precludes this.
 Refrigerated Cargo
Apples, pears, kiwis, grapes and stone fruit (peaches, cherries

etc.) are traditionally the main products that delivers. Most often raw
materials are being delivered like meat. This cargo is useful in
maintaining the goods fresh into its destination.
 Trucks
This cargo often carry timber, usually sawn construction

material such as deals, battens, planks and boards.
 Buses
This is also a loaded cargo in which carries people into their

preferred destinations.
 Private Vehicle
This is a loaded cargo in which owned by one person. It is also

called as the personal vehicle. Unlike other loaded vehicle that is
loaded with different cargoes, this private vehicle is only loaded with
at least ten persons.
SELF CHECK 2.2-2
Test I. Multiple Choice

1. It is loaded from the dock by traditional dockside cranes except where
the weight precludes this.
a. General cargo
b. Private vehicle
c. Buses
d. Refrigerated cargo
2. Apples, pears, kiwis, grapes and stone fruit (peaches, cherries etc.) are
traditionally the main products that delivers. Most often raw materials
are being delivered like meat. This cargo is useful in maintaining the
goods fresh into its destination.
a. Load cargo
b. Private vehicle
c. Trucks
d. Refrigerated cargo
3. This cargo often carry timber, usually sawn construction material
such as deals, battens, planks and boards.
a. Refrigerated cargo
b. Trucks
c. Buses
d. Private vehicle
4. This is also a loaded cargo in which carries people into their preferred
destinations.
b. Trucks
c. Buses
d. Private vehicle
5. This is a loaded cargo in which owned by one person. It is also called
as the personal vehicle. Unlike other loaded vehicle that is loaded with
different cargoes, this private vehicle is only loaded with at least ten
persons.
b. Trucks
c. Buses
d. Private vehicle
Answer Self-Check 2.2-2
1. a
2. d
3. b
4. c
5. d

Emergency and Road Related Crimes
Learning Objective:

After reading this information sheet the trainee must identify the
following emergency and road related crimes.
Emergency and Road Related Crimes
An effective response to a road transport emergency is essential to

eliminate the hazards and lessen their impact if an incident occurs. An
emergency situation is defined as an event where there is either a major
transport operational problem (for example, a fire, major spill or serious
traffic incident), or where there is a loss of life or considerable environmental
damage and there is a possibility of media coverage.
Although for many of us, getting behind the wheel is an everyday

occurrence, unintentional accidents, such as car crashes, are the fourth
leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the Centres for Disease
Control and Prevention.
With such a grave risk, motorists should take every precaution
possible to help prevent an accident. Although you cannot control the
actions of others on the road, you can control how you operate your vehicle.
And defensive driving is arguably one of the best ways to do that.
In every road expect that there is always a risk. Many lives have gone
because of this major catastrophe that happens every now and then. We
cannot deny the fact that safety driving on the road may not be perfect
strategies in getting through risk.
There are lots of accidents happen on the road but here are some of
the major accidents happens on the road. Car crashes, car collision, bump
cars, overheating engines, losing brakes, losing control on the vehicle
because of the road state, hit and run, car napping, etc.. These are some of
the examples of road related crimes. This may cause trouble form you and
also may cause hassle to the other motorist as well. Most of the accident
happened because of a drunk and fatigue driver. A drunk and fatigue driver
drives recklessly because he is not in his normal state. This is really a big
problem to all drivers who are engaged in alcohol. This is also very stressful
to the traffic organizers. Even though there is a violation on this case still it
is uncontrollable.
Car Accident Tips
What to do if you’re in an Accident?

Car accidents can be very stressful. Read the tips below to learn what you
should do if you're involved in a car accident.
Stay calm.
Keeping a normal demeanour helps you stay in control of the situation.
Make sure you and your passengers are OK.
Move as far off the roadway as possible, but stay at the scene of the
accident. Warn oncoming traffic by activating your hazard warning lights
and/or setting flares.
Call the police.
Call 911 or the appropriate emergency number to report the accident.
Contact your insurance company and report the claim.
The sooner your insurance company knows about the accident, the sooner
they can start working to resolve your claim.
Do not admit fault.
Do not discuss the car accident with anyone other than the police and your
claims representative.
Basic Safe Driving Tips
But the question is how are we going to reduce the risk on the road?
How can we travel safely on our way? This may not be a perfect method for
safety nut it may be a helpful tips in keeping us safety on the road.
Here are some of the most fundamental safe-driving strategies:
 Take good care of your vehicle: Maintain your vehicle in good

working condition, regularly checking the tires (condition and
inflation), brakes and suspension. Clean all windows inside and out.
 Drive when you are emotionally and physically fit to do
so: Monitor your emotions, medications and alcohol use. Certain
drugs, combinations of drugs or even small amounts of alcohol can
impair the skills you need to drive safely. Impaired driving has been
linked to increases in crash risk.
 Pay attention: Primary causes of traffic collisions are inattention and
distraction.
 Use all the safety equipment you can, including proper restraints
for the driver and all passengers: The use of seat belts alone
typically cuts the rates of injury and death in traffic collisions by
about 45 percent.
Do not drive faster than the posted speed limits; drive slower when
conditions dictate: Driving at a speed higher than what is safe for various
Drinking and Driving

If you know someone may drive drunk, you know the importance of
intervening before that person gets behind the wheel.
How You Can Intervene?

Below are some helpful tips to get the keys away from a drunk driver:
 If the person is a close friend, try to use a soft, calm approach at first.
Suggest that they have had too much to drink and it would be better to let
someone else drive or to take a cab.
 Be calm. Joke about it. Make light of it.
 Try to make it sound like you are doing them a favor.
 If the person is somebody you don't know well, speak to their friends and
have them make an attempt to persuade the drunk driver to hand over the
keys. Usually, they'll listen.
 If the person is a good friend, spouse or significant other, tell them that if
they insist on driving, you are not going with them. Tell them that you will
call someone else for a ride, take a cab or walk.
 Locate the person's keys while they are preoccupied and take them away.
Most likely, they will think they've lost their keys and will be forced to find
another mode of transportation.
 If possible, avoid embarrassing the person or being confrontational. This
makes them appear vulnerable to alcohol and its effects.
Emergency Tools
Items to Have for Unexpected Events

Often, we don't think about what we need in an emergency situation
until we're in one. Whether you have a flat tire or another roadside
emergency, you should have the following items in your car:
 Spare tire (be sure to have it checked each time you have your tires
rotated)
 Jack
 Scissors
 Tool box with screwdrivers and wrenches
 Car owner's manual
 Blanket
 Small hammer
 Flares
 Fuses
 Snack food
 Sealant for small leaks in tires
 Duct tape
 Fire extinguisher
 Empty gas can
 Can of motor oil
 Portable radio with spare batteries
 Emergency phone numbers of family and friends
 Insurance information
 Car registration
 Flash light with spare batteries
 First aid kit
 Bottled water
 Jumper cables
 Tire pressure gauge
 Paper
 Pen or pencil
 Pre-moistened towelettes
 Window scraper for ice
 Cell phone
 Reflective vest
Safety on the road lies only on our hands, nobody is always there to
remind you on the things you have to follow on the road. This is only just a
reminder in which could possibly help you out of risk. If you are not concern
of others just be concern of yourself because driving is not as simple as you
may think but it is facing death. The only thing you can escape through this
is to be mindful.
SELF CHECK 2.2-3

Test I. Multiple Choice
1. What is the most common accident happen a day?

a. Car collision
b. Car napping
c. Car fire
d. Car brake defect
2. How can you intervene with the drunk driver?
a. Try to make it sound like you are doing them a favor

b. Grab the key on him
c. Make fun on him
d. Ask him to accompany you when driving
3. Which of the following is not an emergency tool?
a. Life vest
b. Jack
c. Early warning device
d. Wrench
4. How to avoid risk on the road?
a. Follow safety tips and traffic rules
b. Drive slowly
c. Read the drivers manual
d. Do not drive at all
5. What will you do when you are involved in car accident?
a. Stay calm and call for emergency response team
b. Admit your fault
c. Persuade the other driver that he is the cause of the accident
d. Just go away to avoid hassle and stress
Answer Self-Check 2.2-3
1. a
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. a

Kinds of Traffic Violation
Learning Objective:
After reading this information sheet the trainee must

understand the different kinds of traffic violation.
Traffic Violation

It is a penalty whose person involved are violating the law on
traffic in which given a certain penalty on the violation committed.
Kinds of Traffic Violation
There are actually 150 list of traffic violations here in the

Philippines namely are the following:
1. ALLOWING ANOTHER PERSON TO USE DRIVERS LICENSE

2. ALLOWING ANOTHER TO USE COMML / BUSS. NAME
3. ALLOWING IMPROPERLY LIC / UNLIC PERSON TO DRIVE
4. ALLOWING PASSENGER ON TOP OF VEHICLE
5. ARROGANCE / DISCOURTESY (w/ seminar)
6. BAN ON RIGHT-HAND DRIVE MV
7. BREACH OF FRANCHISE CONDITIONS
8. BROKEN SEALING WIRE
9. BROKEN TAXIMETER SEAL
10. BUS / PUJ Lane Ordinance along Commonwealth(Pvt. Veh.)
Physical App. MMDA Reg. No. 11-001 Series of 2011
11. CARRYING RED LIGHTS INFRONT OF MV
12. COLORED / TINTED / PAINTED WINSHIELD / WIND GLASS
13. COLORUM OPERATION (CARGO VEHICLE)
14. COLORUM OPERATION (PASSENGER) - MMDA Reg. No. 97 –
004
15. CR / OR NOT CARRIED
16. CUTTING AN OVERTAKEN VEHICLE
17. DEFECTIVE BRAKES
18. DEFECTIVE EQUIPMENT
19. DEFECTIVE / BROKEN WINDSHIELD
20. DELINQUENT / INVALID REGISTRATION
21. DETACHED / IMPROPER / TEMPORARY SIGNBOARD
22. DIM-COLORED LIGHTS (FOR HIRE)
23. DIRTY / UNCARED FOR PLATES
24. DIRTY / UNSANITARY EQUIPMENT
25. DIRTY / UNSIGHTLY / DILAPIDATED MOTOR VEHICLE
26. DISREGARDING TRAFFIC SIGNS
27. DOUBLE LICENSE
28. Drag Racing / Speed Contest – PARANAQUE MMDA MC No. 14-
11
29. Drag Racing / Speed Contest – PASAY MMDA MC No. 14-11
30. Dress Code for Riders (Slippers)
31. DRIVING AGAINST TRAFFIC
32. DRIVING IN A PLACE NOT FOR TRAFFIC
33. DRIVING IN SLEEVELESS SHIRT
34. DRIVING IN SLIPPERS
35. DRIVING UNDER INFLUENCE OF DRUGS
36. DRIVING UNDER INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR
37. DRIVING W /DEL / INVAL / INEFFECTUAL DL
38. DRIVING WHILE USING CELLULAR PHONE / HANDSET RADIO
39. DRIVING WITH REVOKED DRIVERS LICENSE
40. DRIVING WITH SUSPENDED DRIVERS LICENSE
41. DRIVING WITHOUT LICENSE
42. EDSA MINIBUS BAN
43. EMPLOYING DISCOURTEOUS / ARROGANT DRIVER /
CONDUCTOR (w/seminar)
44. Excess Passenger / Cargo
45. EXTENDING LOAD WITHOUT PERMIT
46. FAILURE TO CARRY ARMORED VEH. DOCUMENTS
47. FAILURE TO CARRY EWD
48. FAILURE TO CARRY / SHOW / SURRENDER DRIVERS
LICENSE
49. FAILURE TO COMPLY W/ACCDT. OR TRAFF. VIOL.
PROCEDURES
50. Failure to Comply with LTFRB MC 2011-004
51. FAILURE TO DIM HEADLIGHTS
52. FAILURE TO DISPLAY THE REGULAR PLATE (w/comm. Plate)
53. FAILURE TO GIVE PROPER SIGNAL
54. FAILURE TO GIVE WAY TO OVERTAKING MOTOR VEHICLE
55. FAILURE TO GIVE WAY TO POLICE / FIRE VEH /
AMBULANCE
56. FAILURE TO INSTALL EWD
57. FAILURE TO PAINT "AIRCON" (TX)
58. FAILURE TO PAINT AUTHORIZED ROUTE
59. FAILURE TO PROVIDE CLEAN SEAT COVER (TX)
60. FAILURE TO PROVIDE LIGHT ON TAXI METER
61. FAILURE TO PROVIDE LIGHT ON TOP OF TAXI
62. FAILURE TO RETROFIT
63. FAILURE TO SIGN DRIVERS LICENSE
64. FAILURE TO STOP MOTOR AND NOTCH HANDBRAKE OF
MOTOR WHEN UNATTENDED
65. FAILURE TO STOP BEFORE THROUGH HW / RR CROSSING
66. FAILURE TO USE SEATBELT
67. FAILURE TO YIELD RIGHT OF WAY
68. FAKE DRIVER'S LICENSE / SPURIOUS DRIVER'S LICENSE
69. FAKE ID / PERMIT
70. FAKE NUMBER PLATES
71. FAKE STICKERS
72. FAKE TAGS
73. FAKE /ALTERED TAXIMETER SEAL
74. FAKE / ALTERED SEALING WIRE
75. FAST / DEFECT / NON-OPER / TAMPERED TAXI METER
76. FLAGGED UP METER

77. For No Contact along Commonwealth (BUS / PUJ Lane
Ordinance) MMDA Reg. No. 11-001 Series of 2011
78. For No Contact along Commonwealth (Illegal Parking)MMDA
Reg. No. 11-001 Series of 2011
79. HITCHING
80. ILLEGAL DISPLAY OF ENFORCERS I.D
81. ILLEGAL DISPLAY OF SIGNBOARD
82. ILLEGAL OR UNAUTHORIZED COUNTERFLOW - MMDA Reg.
No. 97 – 003
83. ILLEGAL OVERTAKING
84. ILLEGAL TRANSFER OF PLATES / TAGS / STICKERS
85. Illegal Parking Physical Apprehension
86. ILLEGAL TURNING
87. ILLEGAL / UNSAFE TOWING
88. IMPROPER/ DEFECTIVE HORN / SIGNALING DEVICE
89. IMPROPER PAINTING OF AUTHORIZED ROUTE
90. IMPROPERLY DISPLAYED PLATES
91. IMPROPERLY REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLE
92. INCONSPICOUSLY DISPLAYED PLATES
93. INCREASING SPEED WHEN OVERTAKEN
94. INSTALLATION OF JALOUSIES ( FOR HIRE)
95. INSTALLING AIRCON W/O AUTHORITY (TX)
96. INVOLVED IN ACCIDENT
97. Jaywalking Ordinace No. 1 Series of 1995
98. Jogging Lane Marikina
99. JOINED / RECONNECTED SEALING WIRE
100. LACK OF ARMORED VEHICLE MARKINGS
101. LOADING / UNLOADING IN PROHIBITED ZONE
102. LOOSE TRIPLEX SEAL
103. MODIFIED BUS STOP SEGREGATION SCHEME
104. Motorcycle Lane (EDSA) - MMDA Res. No. 1 Series 2012
105. Motorcycle Ordinance Marikina No. 43
106. MV W /METALLIC TIRES
107. NO BODY NUMBER
108. NO BRAKE LIGHTS
109. NO BUSINESS / TRADE NAME (PRIVATE)
110. NO CANVAS COVER
111. NO CAPACITY MARKINGS
112. No Contact Illegal Parking
113. No Contact Loading / Unloading in Prohibited Zone
114. No Contact Open Door - (1 door only)
115. No Contact Overspeeding
116. No Contact Reckless
117. No Contact (BUS / PUJ LANE ORDINANCE)
118. NO CRASH HELMET
119. NO DRIVER'S ID
120. NO FARE MATRIX
121. NO FRANCHISE / CPC / PA CARRIED
122. NO INTERIOR LIGHT
123. NO NAME OF OWNER / OPERATOR (TX)
124. NO NOT FOR HIRE SIGN
125. NO OWNER / BUSINESS NAME / ADDRESS (FOR HIRE)
126. NO PLATE LIGHTS
127. NO PLATE / FRONT PLATE / REAR PLATE
128. NO REAR VIEW MIRROR
129. NO RED FLAG / LIGHTS ON PROJECTING LOAD
130. NO RED REAR LIGHTS
131. NO SPARE TIRE
132. NO STICKER
133. NO TAIL GATE
134. NO DRIVERS UNIFORM
135. NO TAXI METER
136. NO / CUT MUFFLER
137. NO / DEFECTIVE HANDBRAKE
138. NO/DEFECTIVE HEADLIGHTS
139. NO / DEFECTIVE SPEEDOMETER / TACHOMETER
140. NO / DEFECTIVE TAILIGHTS
141. NO / DEFECTIVE WINDSHIELD WIPER
142. NO / DEFECTIVE WIPER
143. NON-ISSUANCE OF FARE TICKET (PUB)
144. ORGANIZED BUS ROUTE : Vehicles in excess of time limit
prescribed for loading / unloading of passengers and / or goods.
145. OVERLOADING
146. Overspeeding Physical Apprehension
147. REFUSAL TO CONVEY PASSENGER TO DESTN /
TRIPCUTTING TX
148. SMOKE BELCHING
149. TAMPERING OF OR / CR / CPC & OTHER DOCUMENTS
(SPURIOUS DOCUMENTS)
150. UNREGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLE
These are the list of traffic violations in the Philippines as of now.

Since we are in the era of technology and everything is changing rapidly
then expect that there will be more violations and penalties that will be
presented.
The following are the top 10 most common traffic violation with
penalties in the Philippines. This is under the Under the Joint
Administrative Order 2014-01of the DOTr and LTO.
1. Driving without a valid driver's license - P3,000

2. Driving a motor vehicle used in committing a crime - P10,000
3. Reckless driving

 P2,000 - First Offense
 P3,000 - Second Offense
 P10,000 - Third Offense
4. Failure to wear seatbelts
 P1,000 - First offense

 P2,000 - Second offense
 P5,000 - Third offense

5. Failure to carry a driver's license or the vehicle's certificate of registration
or official receipt while driving a motor vehicle - P1,000
6. Driving an unregistered motor vehicle - P10,000
7. Unauthorized vehicle modification, including the change of color "and
other unauthorized modifications of the standard manufacturer's
specifications" - P5,000 plus the vehicle will be impounded and released
only upon correction of the defect and the payment of the fine
8. Operating a motor vehicle without or with
defective/improper/unauthorized accessories, devices, equipment, and
parts - P5,000 plus the vehicle will be impounded until the accessory,
device, equipment or part is properly installed, corrected or removed
depending on the offense and the fine has been paid. Any improper or
unauthorized device will also be confiscated in favor of the government;
9. Driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, dangerous
drugs and or similar substance - P10,000
10. Failure to wear standard protective motorcycle helmet or failure to
require the back rider to wear standard protective motorcycle helmet
 P1,500 - First Offense

 P3,000 - Second Offense
 P5,000 - Third Offense
 P10,000 -Fourth and Succeeding Offense
Anti-Distracted Driving Act or Republic Act 10913

This is a new law that prohibits a motorist from using communication
devices and other electronic entertainment and computing gadgets while
vehicles are in motion or temporarily stopped on a traffic light or an
intersection. Both private and public vehicles are covered in this act together
with the following;
 agricultural machinery
 construction equipment
 bicycles
 pedicabs
 trolleys
 “habal-habal”
 “kuligligs”
 wagons
 carriages
 Carts or other vehicles that may either be human-powered or pulled
by an animal as long as the same are operated or driven in public
thoroughfares, highways or streets.
Prohibited acts made while driving includes but not limited to:
 making or receiving calls

 writing
 sending or reading text-based communications
 playing games
 watching movies
 performing calculations
 reading e-books
 composing messages
 Surfing or browsing the internet.
Motorists are allowed to use their devices to make or take emergency

calls to authorities in cases of a crime, accidents, bomb or terrorist threat,
fire or explosion, instances needing immediate medical attention, or when
personal safety and security is compromised.
Are hands-free devices like microphones and earphones allowed?
Yes. Motorists can use the aid of hands-free function and applications
as long as these do not interfere with the driver’s line of sight. This means
that no communication or electronic gadget should be affixed on the car’s
dashboard and steering wheel. In addition, drivers are only allowed to wear
earphones when making or receiving calls. Using earphones to listen to
music falls under “similar acts” in Section 4B of the law, in addition to
reckless driving violation penalized under other relevant laws.
Is navigational apps like Waze and Google Maps allowed while driving?
Yes. Although motorists are being advised to set their preferred

destination on these applications prior to their departure. Gadgets with
these applications may be installed in areas that will not obstruct the
driver’s view. In cases when motorists need to find alternate routes while in
traffic, they are advised to first pull their vehicles aside.

Who are authorized to apprehend violating motorists?
The DOTr - Land Transportation Office (LTO) is the lead implementing

agency of the Act. The LTO also has the authority to deputize members of
the PNP, MMDA, and LGUs to carry out enforcement functions and duties.
How will we know if drivers of private vehicles with heavily tinted

windshields are violating the law?
Aside from high-definition cameras that can monitor lights from

devices inside heavily-tinted vehicles, the law will also be strictly enforced by
enforcers on the ground who were well-trained to determine from the
movement of the vehicle whether or not a driver commits distracted driving.
What are the penalties?
 First offense - P5,000

 Second offense - P10,000
 Third offense - P15,000 with a three-month suspension of driver’s
license.
Violations incurred beyond the third offense shall be penalized with

the revocation of driver’s license and a fine of twenty thousand pesos
(P20,000).
Are operators of Public Utility Vehicles (PUV) also liable for violations
made by drivers?
Yes. Operators and owners of Public Utility Vehicles (PUV) and other
commercial vehicles shall both be held liable for the violations committed by
their drivers.
This traffic violation are the key for safety driving. This is not just a
rule or a law on traffic but it is a responsibility to take. It is our own duty to
abide all the laws in which everyone would be on the right track. It may not
be good for others but it is surely good for all. This is our social
responsibilities. It is a way for a better world in a better road.

Self-Check 2.2-4
Multiple Choice:
1. It is a penalty whose person involved are violating the law on traffic in

which given a certain penalty on the violation committed.
a. Traffic Rules
b. Traffic Violation
c. Penalties
d. Republic act
2. What is the most common traffic violations in the Philippines?
a. Driving without helmet
b. Driving a vehicle used in committing crimes
c. Failure to wear seatbelt
d. Driving without license
3. Which of the following is not a traffic violation?
a. Driving wearing a seatbelt
b. Driving without license
c. Driving while using cellular phone
d. Driving in slippers
4. Who are responsible for giving the violations?
a. The Department of Transportation
b. The land Transportation Office
c. The Philippine National Police
d. All of the above
5. What is Anti-distracted Driving Act?
a. It is a Republic act 10913 that prohibits drivers to use gadget
and other devices.
b. It is a Republic act 10913 that allows motorist to use Waze
and Google maps while driving.
c. It is a violation that distracts another motorist
d. It is a violation that gives penalties to drivers
ANSWER KEY 2.2-4
1. b
2. d
3. a
4. d
5. a

ENGINE POWER MANAGEMENT AND

SAFETY DRIVING STRATEGIES
Learning Objective:
After reading this information

sheet the trainee must be able to
recognize the engine power management and safety driving strategies.
Engine Power Management
It is managing on the engine power. The driving skills has been

executed at this state. Recognizing the status of your engine and its power
to drive on the most stressful road conditions.
In order to manage the stress on the engine power you must know
how to shift gears. There are actually 6 (six) shifting gears that you have to
familiarize namely: First gear, second gear, third gear, fourth gear, fifth gear
and lastly would be the reverse gear.
Everything starts in neutral in which the gear is in the standby mode. It is

actually located at the center forming a horizontal line of every shifting
gears.

In moving the gears in follows certain pattern in which the engine power
won’t stressed out and can reduce gas
usage. The first gear is actually the most of
gas usage among other shifting gears. It is
because the power of the engine released
more gas in order to move the car. Mostly
the first gear is used the climb a steep
mountain. In this case the car engine won’t
damage or over heated.
The second gear is also in engine power
gear unlike from the first gear uses more
engine power. It only needs a minimum power of the engine. The third,
fourth, and fifth gears uses only less engine power. This gears are only used
in a straight line road condition and not in the uphill condition.
This engine power management might help you to reduce the stress and
damage on engine. It is important to use properly the preferable engine
power in order to keep your engine long lasting and in a good condition.
Safety Driving Strategies
Defensive Driving goes beyond mastering the basic task of driving and
the rules of road. Its focus is to reduce accidents by anticipating dangerous
situation, despite adverse conditions and the actions of others. The drivers
can expect the unexpected and have a plan for how to react n anything that
may happen. By placing yourself in the best position for any situation, you
will likely be able to avoid critical condition.
Tips on Safe Driving
1. Get a big picture.
In order to anticipate the actions of others and avoid a potential

collision, you should always be aware of your surroundings and remain
focused on the big picture.
Too often, motorists will focus and fixate on one or two things while
driving and miss important information about their surrounding
environment. If you do not see that the driver next to you is shifting into
your lane, you will not be able to react appropriately.
The best ways to get the big picture are to look far ahead of your
vehicle and keep your eyes moving.
Rather than simply looking at what the car in front of you is doing,
look further down the road to see what the car three vehicles ahead of you is
doing. This gives you the opportunity to see what traffic is doing ahead
of you so you can anticipate having to slow down or prepare to stop.
You should also consistently scan the road and your surroundings.
Scanning the horizon and looking far ahead, to your right and left, and in
your rear view mirror will give you the best opportunity for seeing dangerous
situations before they happen rather than reacting to another driver’s
actions.
2. Expect others to make mistakes
When you are on the road, you are hardly ever completely by yourself.
This means you are susceptible to the actions of others.
You can help reduce your risk for an accident by expecting that others
will make a mistake and doing everything you can to react appropriately.
Do not make assumptions about whether another driver sees you or is
correctly using his or her signals. It is up to you to ensure your own safety,
and the less trust you have of other drivers, the more cautiously you will
drive.
The bottom line is that you should never trust anyone on the road
except yourself.
3. Remain focused
The key to driving safely is to focus on the task at hand and not be
distracted by anything. Distracted driving is a leading cause of car
accidents, and studies show that taking your eyes off the road for even a
couple of seconds can greatly increase your chances of being involved in an
accident.
Drivers should avoid all distractions, including:
 Cellphones
 Adjusting the radio or AC
 Kids in the backseat
 Passengers
 GPS gadgets
If you need to adjust anything in your vehicle, do so before you begin

driving or pull over to a safe place and handle the distraction.
4. Stay alert
Similarly, driver’s need to have a clear and alert mind for safe driving.
Driving requires quick instincts, instant reactions and precise movements.
Any kind of impairment can greatly reduce your ability to react to the
situations you will encounter on the road.
You should never:
 Drink and drive: Driving under the influence of alcohol is illegal in
Maryland. You should never get behind the wheel if you have had
anything to drink. Always plan ahead if you are planning to drink by
having a designated driver, staying where you are drinking or calling a
cab before you leave.
 Drive under the influence of drugs: Like alcohol, drugs can also
impair your judgment and ability to react and drive safely. Never get
behind the wheel if you have taken any drugs, this also includes some
cold medications and other drugs that can make you drowsy or impair
your abilities.
 Drive drowsy: Driving while you are tired can be just as dangerous as
driving under the influence. It can slow your reaction time, and if you
fall asleep behind the wheel, you can easily be involved in an accident.
5. Maintain a safe following distance
To avoid an accident, you need to have room to adjust to dangerous

situations. The best way to do this is to maintain a safe following distance
between your vehicle and the one in front of you. This will also give you
enough stopping distance if the vehicle in front of you slams on its brakes.
The general rule is to allow at least two to three seconds of space
between you and the vehicle in front of you. In inclement weather, that
distance should be extended.
You can determine your following distance by identifying a fixed object
on the side of the road, such as a sign or tree. Once the rear bumper of the
vehicle in front of your crosses that object, begin counting until your front
bumper reaches that same object.
If you cannot count to two during that time, you should slow down
and increase your following distance.
6. Adapt to the conditions of the road
When road conditions change, either for weather or construction, your
driving habits should also adjust.
When the roads are uneven from construction or slick from rain or
snow, you cannot maintain the same speed you would during dry
conditions. You should slow down, turn off cruise control and ensure you
are solely focused on the task of driving.
7. Keep a steady pace and go with the flow
You should also keep a steady pace and travel with the flow of traffic.
Sudden increases or decreases in speed, changing lanes unexpectedly or
stopping unpredictably makes it difficult for other drivers to anticipate your
actions.
8. Yield the right of way when in doubt
You should never assume that you automatically have the right of
way. If you are uncertain of who should have the right of way, you should
err on the side of caution. Even if you should have the right of way, but
another motorist begins driving, let them go. It is better to lose some time
than to be involved in an accident.
9. Monitor your blind spot and those of others
Blind spots can make it difficult to see vehicles that are traveling in a
particular spot next to your vehicle. If you fail to see a vehicle when you
attempt to make a turn or shift into another lane, you will likely be involved
in an accident.
This is especially true for large trucks that have large blind spots. The
rule of thumb is that if you cannot see the driver in the truck mirror, he
cannot see you.
10. Make yourself visible

In addition to staying out of other vehicle’s blind spots, you can also help
ensure you are seen by:
 Using your turn signals to let other drivers know where you are going
 Turning on your headlights at dusk or when it is raining
 Ensuring your brake lights are fully operational
10 Strategies for Highway Driving
The high speeds of controlled-access highways and the density of

traffic on them require a special set of driving strategies .
1. Merging: If you accelerate quickly to a proper merge speed, you can

safely enter the flow of traffic.
2. Others merging: Change lanes or adjust your speed to allow others to
enter the highway safely.
3. Blind spots: Stay out of other drivers’ blind spots.
4. Passing: Use the right lane for entering and exiting the traffic flow.
The left lane on highways is for passing. Do not frustrate other drivers
behind you by staying in the left lane if you are not passing.

5. Lane changes: Avoid unnecessary lane changes. Check your blind
spots by looking over your shoulder before changing lanes. Always use
turn signals.
6. Blending with traffic: Blend your speed with the traffic as much as
possible without exceeding the speed limit. If you are uncomfortable
driving at higher speeds, find an alternate route.
7. Stopped vehicles: Give pedestrians and stopped vehicles, including
police and emergency vehicles, a wide berth for their safety, moving
over a lane when possible.
8. Backing up: It is illegal to back up on a highway and you may not
cross a median. If you miss an exit or need to go back for some
reason, do not back up. Proceed to the next exit and then double
back.
9. Emergencies: Do not stop on a highway unless you have an
emergency. Pull over as far as you can
to the shoulder and be sure to turn on
your emergency flashers.
10. Emergency vehicles: Move to the right
as far as possible to let an approaching
emergency vehicle pass you on the left.
Do not come to a complete stop as you
would on other roads.
Backing up
It is a driving technique in which the driver moved the car backwards.

In doing the backing, the driver turns the gear in the reverse mode (R) in
order to move the car backwards.
In connection to this, the driver steps on the clutch pedal before

changing the gear into reverse. For the car to move backward, the
accelerator is the key. But you have to step the accelerator pedal gently to
move at the accurate speed and distance.

But the most important part of doing it is to look and observe the
situation backward and the mirrors are helpful to see both ends which are
located at the front and sides of the car.
Some of the high-tech vehicle has a dash cam in which cameras are
installed in front and back of the can for easy viewing.
Always remember that in backing or doing the backward, you have to

maintain a lower speed and do not push the accelerator pedal too much to
attain safety. One more thing is do not forget to use signal lights to
recognize by other motorist that you are
going to go backwards. The most and
foremost element in which the driver has is
the right attitude and mindset.
Parking
It is a driving technique in which the

vehicle is being parked or setting aside in a
steady and neutral state. This is the most
crucial and difficult part of a driver in which
fails to do.
Mostly drivers failed to park the car at

the right timing and distance. The accuracy
and speed are being surpassed sometimes
that is why the drivers have a headaches
doing it.
For the beginners, it is the hardest

situations in driving because most driving
schools are using parking as their
assessment method of demonstration.
Many have failed to pass the test.
Safety Parking Strategy
In doing the parking, selecting space is an immediate needs. Find a

suitable space. Look for a space you can safely get your vehicle into without
hitting another vehicle.
Ensure it is a safe, legal parking space. Look for signs that indicate
parking regulations in the area. Make sure you’re not parking in front of a
fire hydrant or another area you cannot block. Note any time limits for the
spot.
 Make sure nothing is sticking off the end of the either of the vehicles you
hope to park between, such as a trailer hitch. If so, ensure you have enough
room to fit into the space.
 Note the height of the curb next to the space. If it is especially high, you’ll
want to take care not to back into it.
Turn on your signal and position yourself to back in. Check your
rear view mirror to confirm that no one is immediately behind you. Brake
gently to indicate that you are slowing down. Use your turn signal and pull
up next to the vehicle in front of the space. About two feet (60 cm) between
your vehicle and the parked vehicle is ideal.
 If another vehicle comes up behind you while you are trying to park, stay
where you are and keep signaling. Roll down your window and hand-signal
the other driver to go around you if necessary.
 The tighter the space, the closer you'll need to get to the other vehicle when
you pull up beside it. For instance, you may need to position your vehicle
about a foot (30cm) beside the vehicle in front of your space if the space only
has an extra meter or so to work with.
Maneuvering Into the Space
Consider having someone help. If the space is tight or you haven’t

parallel parked much, it’s worth having someone help guide you into the
spot from outside the vehicle. If you have a passenger, ask them to get out
and direct you.
 Have your passenger show you the distance between your vehicle and the
one you’re approaching by holding their hands up to mimic the distance.
This will be more accurate than verbal directions.
 Consider shifting your side mirror down so you can see the curb. While this
isn’t necessary, it may help.
Begin backing up. Shift your vehicle into reverse. Make sure the
street behind you is clear of traffic. Look over your shoulder towards the
space. Once the back of your seat is even with the back of the vehicle beside
you, turn your steering wheel quickly and evenly towards the spot until your
vehicle is at a 45 degree angle as it enters the spot.
 Conceptually, envision pushing the steering wheel in the direction that you
want the back of the car to go.

 Avoid swinging the front of your vehicle into the space too early, as you may
hit or scrape the vehicle in front of you.
Back most of the way in. Continue backing in at an angle until the

rear wheel nearest the curb is about a 1 foot (30 cm) from the curb. The rear
of your vehicle should still be a few feet from the vehicle behind your
parking space. If your rear tire hits the curb, you've gone too far. Simply
shift back into drive, pull forward, and try again.
Straighten it out as you finish pulling in. Turn the steering wheel

back towards the road once the rear of your vehicle is mostly in the space,
and still slowly moving backwards. Look to do so when your front bumper is
next to the rear bumper of the vehicle in front. This final maneuver moves
the vehicle into the space and straightens it out simultaneously.
 Another good indicator to begin turning the wheel the other way is when the
license plate on the vehicle in front of your space is centered in your
windshield.
 In tighter spaces, you may need to begin switching the steering wheel’s
direction a bit earlier.
Positioning Your Vehicle in the Space
Center the vehicle in the space. Once you’re successfully in the

space, you’ll likely have to re-position your vehicle to get it parallel to the
curb and midway between the vehicles in either direction. If you still have
space behind you, continue backing up until you’re almost touching the
vehicle behind you. Shift into drive and turn slightly towards the curb as
you pull forward.
Adjust your vehicle in tight spots. When the spot is tighter,

positioning can be more challenging, and your front end may be further
from the curb than you’d like to be. To remedy this, continue pulling
forward and backward and wiggling towards the curb. Each time, turn the
steering wheel all the way towards the curb before you pull forward, and
straighten it up as you back up.
 Repeat as necessary. The front end will work its way into the space by
turning hard to the curb as you pull forward.
 If you're too far from the curb in a normal-size spot, pulling out and trying
again may be easier.
Start over whenever necessary. If you wind up unable to get into the
spot on your first try, don’t worry. Signal and pull back out alongside the
vehicle in front of you to start over.
Open your door carefully. Before getting out a vehicle, especially on
the road side, check to make sure that a vehicle or cyclist is not
approaching. It’s important to be aware of bicyclists at all times, and
parallel parking spots in particular place cyclists at risk, as you may be
opening your door into the cycling lane.
 On the curbside, take care not to scratch the door against the curb or other
items beside the road.
 If the door cannot open all the way while passengers are in the vehicle,
remember this when you return to the vehicle. The door may open all the
way when the vehicle is empty, but crunch down into the curb once people
get into the vehicle and weigh it down.
There are actually two common parking techniques which are used
most of the drivers the parallel parking and the diagonal parking. Parallel
parking is also called city parking.
Parallel Parking
This parking technique is used when

you are going to park at the road side. This
is the appropriate way to use in the street or
road parking.
Parallel parking can be intimidating, but you’ll master it in no time

with a bit of practice. Before you begin, find a space a few feet longer than
your vehicle. Confirm the space is legal and use your flashers to signal as
you pull up in front of the space.
Diagonal Parking
This parking technique is useful in the

malls and store’s parking lot. This is an
appropriate parking strategies when you
want to go in the mall for shopping. Most of
the parking lot in the malls are inside the
building, the usual parking spaces are
positioned diagonally.
Your car will be parked at 45 degree angle. This is the easiest way of
parking. Unlike from parallel parking you have to maneuver the car carefully
and critically but in diagonal parking all you have to do is to position the car
into a 45 degree angle.
There is no problem in positioning the car in the parking space into

the exact distance because it has already a pattern in which helpful in
positioning your vehicle.
Uphill and Downhill Driving
This is a driving technique in which to drive

in the steep road or slopes. The uphill and
downhill driving is usually used when driving
on the mountains.
Driving on the mountains slows down the

speed of the vehicle. The engine maximize its
power to climb a steep mountains. It also uses
your footings to manipulate the pedals. This
may be called a heavy duty driving because it
uses most of the engine power.
Going up uses much of the strength of the vehicle because of the

gravity pulling down and also the steep rocky roads on the mountains.
Driving on the mountains has a different scenario on the plain road because
driving on mountains have lots of debris and curves.
This is most likely to be a dangerous driving. The danger is

unpredictable and unknown. Total safety and anticipations are really
needed at this state.
Most accidents happen in the blind curves and slopes. In blind curves
most accidents are car collisions. Upon entering blind curves you have slow
down and use your hazard.
Anticipate that there are always vehicle at the other side of the lane.
Never forget to slow down and keep on the track or your lane. Do not
overtake when it is blind curve because you will lose momentum.
In the slopes, most accidents are caused of

losing control on the wheels and brake. Make
sure to check your brake before going down on
slopes to avoid car crash.

When going down on slopes, you have to slow down and step your foot
on the brake pedal gently to reduce extra momentum. Always look for road
signs to anticipate warnings.
Slippery road is the hardest part of the driver, maintaining the speed
and distance is too difficult to manage. In dealing with this kind of situation,
the hand brake is helpful in reducing the speed of going down the slope.
If any accident occur on the mountains, make sure to set your car the
side of the road and use hazard. Put the early warning device to warn other
drivers about the emergency.
Driving is always prone to accidents. It is important to study different

levels and techniques in driving. To drive safely is to save lives. Always in
mind that every lives of the passengers is at your hands, feet, eyes, ears,
and mind.
SELF-CHECK 2.2-5
True or False:
1. Defensive driving is helpful in driving.

2. In merging traffic make sure to insert your car in front of the
others.
3. You should always stay focus while driving.
4. Driving under the influence of alcohol is not illegal in the
Philippines.
5. To avoid an accident, you need to have room to adjust to
dangerous situations.
6. When road conditions change, either for weather or
construction, your driving habits should also adjust.
7. Give pedestrians and stopped vehicles, including police and
emergency vehicles, a wide berth for their safety, moving over a
lane when possible.
8. It is not illegal to back up on a highway and you may not cross
a median.
9. Do not stop on a highway unless you have an emergency. Pull
over as far as you can to the shoulder and be sure to turn on
your emergency flashers.
10. Move to the right as far as possible to let an approaching
emergency vehicle pass you on the left.
Answer keys 2.2-5
1. True
2. False
3. True

4. False
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. True
OPERATION SHEET 2.2-5a
Title: Operating a Light Vehicle
Learning Objective:
Given the vehicle and drivers manual you should be able to operate a
light vehicle according to standard operating procedures
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drivers manual
Equipment:
1. Light Vehicle (Mitsubishi L200)
Steps and Procedure:
1. 4
1. Before you start to vacuum your
car, move away any small objects
that are in the vacuum cleaner's
path. Remember you could break
or lose these items, as the suction
power of a vacuum cleaner is high.
Save yourself any trouble and
move aside the smallest items in
your home, so you only vacuum
the floor.5
1. Getting in the car and put on
your seatbelt
2. Put the key in the ignition and

turn all the way until the engine
starts.
3. Put the clutch pedal down (this the pedal on the left)

4. Move the gear stick into first gear
5. Use your right foot to press down

on the accelerator gently
to increase the engine’s revs very
slightly.
6. Slowly lift the clutch pedal using

your left foot until it starts to
vibrate gently
7. This vibration is known as the

car’s “bite point” - this is where
the clutch plates start to come
together.

8. Remove the handbrake and the
car should start to move slowly
9. Increase the revs while slowly

raising your foot off the clutch
unit you are moving forward with
only the use of the accelerator
pedal
10. Come to a complete stop

by moving your right foot on
the brake pedal.
Remember - if you’re too quick

lifting your foot off the clutch, or
don’t give it enough revs, the car
will stall: that’s where the
engine cuts out and the red lights glow on the dashboard.
If you stall apply the brakes, turn the engine off, return the gear stick to
neutral and begin the process again.
Assessment Method:
Check by the instructor using procedural checklist

Procedural Checklist 2.2-5a
Name:__________________________________________________Date:_____________
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Read the information sheet prior to engine power
management and safety driving strategies?
2. Observe the OHS procedure while performing the
activity?
3. Operate a light vehicle in accordance with the
operating procedures?
Comments:_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Trainee’s Signature:___________
TASK SHEET 2.2-5b
Title: Driving With Shifting Gear and Full Stop

Learning Outcome: Engine power management and safety driving
strategies
Learning Objective:
Given the vehicle and drivers manual you should be able to do the
task in driving with shifting gear and full stop.
Task: Performing driving with shifting gears and full stop
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drivers manual
Equipment:
Time Allotment: 1 hour
1. Prepare the demonstration area.

2. Check the car condition.
3. Ride the car and wear your seatbelt.
4. Start the engine.
5. Move the car forward with the first gear.
6. After a while step on the clutch and shift into the second gear
7. Then, the third gear.
8. For slowing down the movement or the momentum of the car step on
the clutch and slightly step on the brake pedal.
9. For a complete stop. Step on the clutch and then, on the brake pedal.
Then, turn your gear into the neutral position.
10. For the complete set of stopping. You can just step on the brake
pedal for an immediate stopping and the engine will turn off instantly.
Remember: Do not forget to step on the brake pedal when you shift gears or
to move slowly using the brake. The engine will instantly stop when you
stepped directly on the brake.
Assessment Method:
Evaluate performance using performance criteria checklist
Performance Criteria Checklist 2.2-5b

Name:__________________________________________________Date:_____________
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Read the information sheet prior to engine power
management and safety driving strategies?
task?
3. Do the driving with shifting gear and full stop
according to the procedures given?
Comments:_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
TASK SHEET 2.2-5c
Title: Parking: City Parking (Parallel Parking) and Diagonal Parking
Learning Outcome: Engine Power Management and Safety Driving

Strategies

Learning Objective:
Given the vehicle and drivers manual you should be able to Park a
car according to its position.
Task: Performing Parking
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drivers manual
Equipment:
2. Traffic cones
Time Allotment: 15 minutes in six moves with 3 tries within an hour

1. Prepare the vehicle on the parking area.

2. Park the vehicle with the correct position and angle.
3. Turn on your signal and back in
4. Move the car in a reverse gear
5. Set the car in a 45 degree angle
6. Continue backing in inside the parking space
7. Straighten you vehicle by turning your steering wheel back on the
road.
8. Center the vehicle in the parking space
9. Make sure it is align to the parking space with the same distance from
the front and back.
10.Moving the vehicle out of the parking area.
11.Move the car backward in the back space carefully without hitting the
other vehicle.
12.Turn on your signal upon going out and turn your steering wheel out
of the parking space.
13.Move out slowly forward
14.Position the vehicle straight into the road.
Remember: DO NOT FORGET to look on the mirrors to see the situations

at the back.
Assessment Method:

Performance Criteria Checklist 2.2-5c
Name:__________________________________________________Date:_____________
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
4. Read the information sheet prior to the engine
power management and safety driving strategies?
task?
6. Park the vehicle within the standard time allotted,
position and move?
7. Performing the task according to standard

procedure?
Comments:_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
TASK SHEET 2.2-5d
Title: Perform Uphill and Downhill
Learning Objective:
Given the vehicle and the driver’s manual you should be able to perform
uphill and downhill.
Task: Performing uphill and downhill
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drivers manual

2. Ample area
Equipment:
Time Allotment: 1 hour
Uphill
1. Prepare the vehicle into starting state.

2. Drive the car uphill using the 2nd gear and 1st gear if possible.
3. Use the clutch and accelerator to move up slowly and steadily.
4. Always keep on your lane and do not overtake.
5. Stopping on the uphill might use brakes or hand brakes. Using the clutch
step on the brake then turn the gear into neutral and then, pull the hand
brake. You can put a stopper on the tire to avoid moving down.
Downhill
1. Upon going down on the hill you should check your brake.
2. Step on the clutch while stepping on your brake slightly.
3. Do not step on the accelerator hardly as you go down.
4. Move slowly and carefully.
5. Stopping on the downhill position might not be good. You can use hand
brakes and put a stopper on the tire to avoid moving downward.
Assessment Method:
Performance Criteria Checklist 2.2-5d
Name:__________________________________________________Date:_____________
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Read the information sheet prior to the engine
power management and safety driving strategies?

task?
3. Performing the uphill and downhill according to
the standard?
4. Performing the task following the procedures and
manual?
Comments:_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
www.hpw.qld.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/safety/PassengerBehaviour.pdf (passengers
behavior)
https://www.monash.edu/muarc/our-publications/muarc180
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c34/f9086495fbb18cb0542ac20dc63a11f13ea6.pdf
(Customers Relation)
https://www.google.com/search?
ei=Ji9kW4njAdiroASHt6z4AQ&q=kinds+of+traffic+violations&oq=kinds+of+traffic+violations&gs_l=ps
y-ab.3..0.1927410.1944071.0.1944785.69.26.3.14.15.0.367.3311.4j13j3j2.22.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-

ab..35.34.2784...33i22i29i30k1j0i131k1j0i67k1j0i131i67k1j0i22i30k1j0i13k1j0i13i30k1.0.VBchEZHOK
p8
https://www.vigattininsurance.com/news-and-promos/List-of-Traffic-Violations-in-the-Philippines/
28
http://asiaiga.org/uploaded_docs/AIGA%20039_06%20Road%20transport%20emergency
%20preparedness_reformated%20Jan%2012.pdf
https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/advice/learning-to-drive/how-to-drive-a-manual/
https://www.goldbergfinnegan.com/blog/defensive-driving-techniques.html


COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL dRIVING NC2

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL dRIVING NC2

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COMPETENCY BASED

SECTOR: AUTOMOTIVE AND LAND TRANSPORT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT OF NEW BATAAN

How to Use this Competency-Based Learning Material

The unit of competency “Drive Light Vehicle” contains knowledge,

This learning material is designed to guide you in learning at your

This procedure should be repeatedly done until you have completed

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

Date prepared: Document No. 000001

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in

Contents of this Competency-Based Learning Material:

Inside this Competency-Based Learning Material are several

You must follow the “Learning Activity Sheet”. The Learning

 Information Sheet - This will provide you with information

 Operation Sheet - This will guide you in performing single task,

 Job Sheet - This is designed to guide you on how to do

 Worksheet - Worksheets are the different forms that you

- Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.