12/19/2020 Turnitin Originality Report

Turnitin Originality Report

Assignment by Avinash Appa Waghmare Avinash Appa Waghmare
From MA in RD/DPPP/SLNG/SIE and BASW/BASS (Academic)

Processed on 14-Dec-2020 12:30 IST

ID: 1474455183
Word Count: 2912

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Internet Sources:
4%
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Student Papers:
5%

sources:

2% match (Internet from 01-Feb-2019)

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https://es.scribd.com/document/375744792/Method-of-social-work-Casework-and-Group-Work

1% match (student papers from 10-Dec-2020)

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Submitted to Leeds Metropolitan University on 2020-12-10

3 1% match (Internet from 08-Nov-2010)

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/kedarkarki-193404-models-community-
organization-education-ppt-powerpoint/

1% match (student papers from 17-Apr-2014)

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Submitted to Laureate Higher Education Group on 2014-04-17

1% match (Internet from 15-May-2011)

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http://www.socialworkers.org/profession/centennial/milestones_3.htm

1% match (student papers from 19-Dec-2010)

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Submitted to Grand Canyon University on 2010-12-19

1% match (student papers from 24-May-2010)

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Submitted to Union Institute and University on 2010-05-24

8 1% match (student papers from 04-May-2020)

Submitted to Edith Cowan University on 2020-05-04

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 TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
TULJAPUR CAMPUS

End-Semester Answer Sheet

Social Work Methods working with Individual,

Groups and Communities

Submitted to: Dr. Manoj Joseph

Submitted by: Avinash Appa Waghmare

Course name: MASW in Rural Development

Enrollment no: T2020RD008

Batch: 2020-22

Date: 19th December 2020

Q1. Milestones of social work history

Influence of social, political and economic situations.

Social work is always concerned about the social change and problem solving. Historically
social work is a product of industrialization, poverty and social, political financial crisis arose
due to world wars.

In 1601, Elizabethan poor law, to keep administration of poor relief at local level, taxes
people to pay for their own poor, facilitated apprentice program for poor children and deals
harshly with able-bodied poor people.

In 1869, First charity organization society established in London, with the objectives
fundraising and disburses the fund, and volunteers were recruited for individual assessment
of poverty reasons and solve those reasons.

In 1877, America’s first charity organization established in Buffalo, New York Volunteers
provided advices rather than money, information regarding philanthropists and private relief
agencies. Within a decade, new COS organizations were establish in larger cities and
provided direct financial relief.

In 1884, Vicar Samuel A established first settlement house in London. Objective of

settlement houses is to eliminate inequalities among socio-economic classes by exchanging
ideas and information.

In 1898, First professional social work school as the New York school of philanthropy, later
affiliated with Columbia University School of social work.

In 1919, 17 schools of social work in US and Canada formed the American Association of
Schools of Social Work.

In 1936, first school of social work in india ‘Dorabji Tata Graduate school of social work’
established in Bombay, by Drobaji Tata and Clifford Manshardt

In 1955, National Association of social workers created through merger of seven organization
working for social work.

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Milestones in Social Case work

In 1843, Association for improving conditions of poor approached the poverty problem
individually and provided counselling through home visits.

In 1877, American COS organized individualized services for poor, those volunteer called as
‘Friendly Visitors’.

In 1917, Mary Richmond published first book ‘social diagnoses, next book is what is case
work.

In 1930, Social workers applied psychoanalytical approaches in social caseworker while

dealing with clients. From 1930s to 1960s psycho-social approaches dominated the social
casework.

Social group work

In 1923, Clara Kaiser begins teaching the first social work course in social group work.

In 1934, NCSW recognized group work as method of social work

In 1936, Social group workers associated and formed American association of group workers
for the research and advancement of group work.

In 1966, Papell and Rothman published typology of social group work,

Community organization has its roots in the COS of US, they organized and co-ordinate
people to deal with problems.

1939: The Lane report ‘the field of community organization’ by Robert P. Lane, explained
the role, activities and approaches of community organization. In 1940 accepted community
organization as method of social work dealing with social problems of communities.

1952: community development program was launched by government of India

From 1970s NGO’s and social workers adopted community organization approach.

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Social work is product of industrialization, capitalization lead to poverty and rise in
inequalities and bourgeoisie classes. In order to alleviate this poverty problems voluntary
social work started, COS and settlement houses were established.

The great depression of 1929 to 1940, highlighted insufficiency of state and public relief, and
revolutionized the role of social welfare efforts of agencies. It also affected economic and
psychological conditions of individuals, therefore social work leader enhanced and developed
their practice and provided social casework, clinical social work and group work services,
and received a full professional status.

In world war second, social workers were assigned to develop services for adversely
impacted communities. They helped soldiers and their families to cope with medical
problems. After Second World War, in 1955 national association of social workers was
formed to enhance status of social work profession.

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Q.2 Philosophical Assumptions of social casework

Social casework endures to solve conflicts between individual and society to which he/she
belongs, and create harmonious relation between them. Assumptions reflect the basic values,
which cannot be scientifically proven, but these assumptions are vital to social work practice.
These are based on collective thinking and traditions; Grace Mathew defines the settings and
fundamental structure of social casework. These philosophical assumptions are as follow:

a) “Every human being has to be considered as a person with dignity and worth.”
Assumption proposes respect for all despite of their race, caste or gender. It also refers to
social work value of human worth and dignity. According to this assumption, every
individual is entitled to be treated as dignified and worthy person, therefore no one should
discriminate or inferior the human being in society.
b) “Human beings are interdependent and it governs their interaction in social groups.”
Society is a cobweb of relationships, which proposes interconnections of its members based
on social rules and obligations. A social group aspire form its member to contribute for the
development of their society. Also Individual depends on the society in terms of protection,
identity. A society is formed from its members, therefore interactions of its members governs
the social functionings. These interactions also modify individual behaviour accord to their
socialization.
c) “There are common human needs for growth and development of individuals. The
existence of common needs do not negate the uniqueness of individuals. Every individual is
like all other human beings in some aspects and like no other individuals in certain aspects.”
This assumption reflects the social work value that every individual is unique in some
aspects. Therefore he/she should be approached individualistically without person biases.
Every human being has right to choose physical necessities like food, shelter, education,
health and security.
d) “Every individual has within him/her, the potential for growth and achievement and
he/she has a right to the realization of this potential.”
Assumption seeks to explain Each human being is capable of achieving, human potential and
so society should provide equal opportunity or possible help to enable his/her personal
growth. It also reflects that if individual wants to change can change, but it also requires
social environment. Social restriction hampers the ability of individual to attain full human
potential and personal growth. Therefore society has an obligation to help those who do not
have the means for the realization of their potentials.

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 e) “Human sufferings are undesirable and should be prevented or alleviated whenever
possible.”
In this assumption human sufferings are referred to psycho-social problems. These sufferings
are undesirable and also hamper individuals’ relation with society and his/her personal
growth. At first place social worker has to accept the existence of those problems or conflicts,
and then should approach toward solving or preventing or alleviating.

Philosophical assumptions constitute the core beliefs of social work values and
principles (human worth and dignity, acceptance, individualism, smooth social functionings
and rejection of doctrines laisse-faire and survival of fittest) which should be followed in
social work practice. Philosophical assumptions are obligatory for social workers in order to
practice ethically (non-judgemental and non-discriminatory) and effectively.

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Q. 3. Key theoretical formulations used in casework practice

Social casework requires the analysis of client’s problem in order to know causes and aspect
of problem. Theories are supportive structure and a sense of intellectual security, which
enriches and empowers the practice. Theoretical formulations provide intellectual support
and guidance in evaluation process and in formulation of intervention plan. Theories propose
various approaches to be applied according to nature of clients’ problem.

Maslow’s need hierarchy theory proposes five needs arranged on a pyramid according their
necessity for an individual. Physiological needs are at the bottom of pyramid, refers
breathing, water, food, sleep, homeostasis and excretion as most important in life. Then
Safety needs, which refers security of employment, property, health and of the family. Then
Love/belongingness refers to friendship, family and sexual intimacy. Then Esteem needs
refers to self-respect, confidence and achievements. And at the top is Self-actualization,
refers to morality, creativity, acceptance of facts. Maslow suggests that, lack of each stage
creates at its requirement creates conflict for an individual. Maslow’s theory has criticized as
needs doesn’t necessarily imply same importance for every individual importance, it can vary
with individual.

Freudian structural theory is regarding the psychoanalytical assessment of human behaviour,

proposes personality is divided into the id, ego and superego. The id is primitive and focuses
on pleasure instincts while superego focuses on the moral values and codes, and ego is
balancing factor in respect to their demands. Ego is influenced by prohibitions and operates
according practical context of reality. Ego’s collective actions observed as defence
mechanisms, which protects the individual from anxiety but it operates unconsciously. Some
common defence mechanisms are denial, somatization, repression, isolation, projection,
regression, sublimation and so on. Freudian theory helps to assess psychoanalytical aspect of
personality development in the practice of social casework.

Erickson’s psychological development defined the theory with ten psycho social stages that
reflects attributes of personality needed to be fulfilled at concerned age, lack of attribute leads
to psycho-social conflict. These stages are: at infant age trust vs mistrust, at toddler age
autonomy vs shame & doubt, at pre-schooler age initiative vs guilt, at grade schooler age
industry vs inferiority, at teenage identity vs role confusion, at young adult age intimacy vs
isolation, at middle adult age generativity vs stagnation and at older adult age integrity vs
despair. If individual doesn’t perceive first attribute which will lead to respective complex.

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For social casework practice, Erickson’s theory helps to evaluate the psycho-social causes of
problems and helps to develop intervention plan.

Tenets systems theory intends to provide guidance regarding interaction of various systems
(individuals, groups, communities, families, and institutions). In a society concerned system
interact for smooth social functionings. Client system is a system for whose benefit
(individual, group or community or family) social worker is intervening. Action system
undertakes the change process (solving a problem, developing program). Theory proposes
nature of systems and its degree in terms of openness and closeness to explain the impact of
change process. In social casework practice, theory helps to predict intervention plan and
evaluate its impact.

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory proposed four levels of social systems in context
of human development. Micro system includes individual and its relation with immediate
settings, e.g. family, college, friends; mesosystems comprised of interrelation between
microsystems, e.g. relation between home and workplace. Exo-systems consists larger social
groups in which individual doesn’t participate directly, but system impacts on individuals
life. Macro system refers to broader system in which all other systems are included. Macro
system consist characteristics of other three systems and their interactions.

Theories used in casework practice provide the required knowledge and methods to analyse,
to intervene and to solve the concerned problems. Mostly casework process is related to
psycho-social problems; therefore theoretical formulations are intended to provide
psychoanalytical theories and knowledge. Casework process isn’t necessarily limited to only
theory, casework is individualistic process therefore it uses more than one theories to
approach the problem solving technique.

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Q4. Models of group work practice

Social group work is primary method of social work that endures to develop individual
behaviour through group experiences. Social workers proposed models of group work
practice on the basis of varied assumptions, roles of social worker, nature of group members
and their problems. A model of group work proposes approach for practice accord to
problems and intervention subject.

a) Social goal model

Social goal model is concerned with social consciousness, social responsibility and social
change. Social goal model assumes that individuals, participation with other group members
facilitate the social change. Democratic group process is fundamental in social goal model
process. Social worker influences group members with social action and bring social change.
In social action social worker personifies the social responsibilities of individual. Model aims
to enhance functioning of individual in social context, finely tune self-esteem and increase
social power, which is known as socialization process. Process requires participation and
indigenous leadership (based on democracy) in order to facilitate programming. Social goal
theory is relied on eclectic therapy or theory, such as cognitive behavioural therapy and
dialectical behavioural therapy, according clients’ individual requirement. Role of
practitioner in social goal model is as enabler and facilitator.

b) Remedial Model

Remedial model attains to treat individual’s socially unaccepted behaviour, these individual
are suffer social and personal maladjustments in social context. Remedial model approaches
client’s problem in a planned environment and aberrant behaviour of individual is
normalized. Clients of remedial model practices are physically or mentally challenged,
emotionally disturbed, and isolate or alienated persons. Process uses social role theory, socio
behavioural theory, psycho-analytical theory, ego psychology and group dynamics, seeks to
improve social functioning through guided group experience. Hence the process of remedial
model is very clinical and so should be conducted in planned clinical settings. Role of social
worker during this process is change agent, facilitator, stimulator and motivator. This model
focuses on individual client and its concerned systems, thus it is helpful for those likely to be
affected, so this model also focuses on preventive aspects.

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 c) Reciprocal model

Reciprocal model assumes the interdependent role (mutual needs, reciprocal) of social
systems, thus model is directed toward enhancing or solving relationship conflict between
these groups. It requires interest of both parties to understand their dilemmas. Model doesn’t
propose any goal in initial phases, but emerges with feeling and actions of groups. Model
involves activities regarding group members’ engagement in process of interpersonal
relations development. Systems theory, field’s theory, and socio-psychological theories are
central in group work process of reciprocal model. Social worker and clients systems together
as well separately challenges the problems of their capacity. Process involves incorporating,
particularizing, synthesizing and generalizing the feeling and action components of problem.
Role of social worker is to mediate between two systems, facilitate interaction, resource
mobilization and utilization.

Models and theories are scientific body of knowledge and ideas that helps to assess and
initiate process of group work. Nature and goal of the group decides the model of group work
practice. All three models of group work practice helps to attain social and psychological
problems of individuals through personality development and behavioural modification.
Planned group formation, purposeful objective, continuous individualization, democratic
process of self-determination, optimum resource utilization and consistent evaluation are
fundamental in each model of group work practice.

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Q5. Models of community organization

A model is embodied with concepts, ideas and theoretical frameworks, to illustrate the
conceptual approach and diverse ways of community practice. Models explain the actions of
putting theory into practice. Models don’t reflect empirical reality, but it implicitly reflects
the general view of reality which comprehend essential elements and structure of reality. In
1968 Rothman developed three prolonged models of community organization that are locality
development model, social planning and social actions.

a) Locality development model (LD)

Locality development seeks to utilize available resources optimally and comprehensive

social, physical and human development. LD model approaches with its attention to
community competency, social integration. In LD model community organization is
concerned with capacity building, increasing community participation and process goal of
CO is collective change to empower disadvantaged citizens. Community organizer needs to
recognise capabilities and community assets, also community requirements or problems
through PRA and its tool, (Venn diagram, ecomap). Process of locality development, is a
democratic process, relies on voluntary co-operation, attains self-help, and develops
indigenous leadership. The strategy of ‘let’s meet and talk it over’ is to select broader section
of society, get together to determine and to solve community problems. The role community
organizer in LD model is enabler and catalyst, which encourages, enables people in order to
utilize their collective potential, skills and their interrelationships for problem solving.

b) Social Planning

Social planning proposes the ‘let’s gather the facts and solve the problem’ approach. Social
planning model is task oriented, uses data, theories, history and social conditions, to explain
and to meet future needs of community very efficiently. Social planning model relies on
community agencies for services to meet community need. Community organizer facilitates
interaction between various groups and agencies, and educates and raises consciousness for
unaware groups. The roles of social planners in community organization are facilitator,
intermediator, outreach worker, interpreter of regulation and policies, educator, advocator and
motivator. Role of planner is technocratic dealing with data, programs and interactions with
bureaucracies to bring complex changes in community. A social planner also ensures proper
representation of each group of community in change process.

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 c) Social Action

Social Action model endures to organize disadvantaged segments of population, and make
adequate demands on the larger society. It emphasizes redistribution of power, resources,
changes in institutions, and establishing new services or getting legislation passed. Social
action assumes that problems like social injustice, social inequalities, deprivations or
exploitations by oppressors such as government or other powered institutions. Social actions
approach is concerned with ‘let’s crystalize the issue, organize mass action, and apply
pressure on the selected targets’. Hence, social actions’ strategy is to identify these problems
and concerned enemies, then organize masses to pressurise enemy. Practitioner plays roles
like mobilizer, advocacy, brokering, negotiating, bargaining and teaching.

Community organization models reflect approach of actions needed to be followed in order to

solve community problem. LD deals with capability building, SP deals with interaction social
agencies and groups and SA is concerned with problem solving through mass dissent. In
community organization practice, practitioner can approach a problem with all these models
simultaneously. Ultimate goal of social worker in community organization is to resolve
problems and attain welfare of community people.

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References
Hardcastle, D. A. (2011). Theories of understanding community practice. In D. A.
Hardcastle, Community practice (pp. 40-55). New York: Oxford University Press.

Mathew, G. (1991). An Introduction to Social Casework. Tata Institute of Social Sciences.

Soundari, H. (2018). Emergence of Social Work Profession in India. Soziale Vielfalt, 25-35.

Soydan, H. (2012). Understanding Social Work in the History of Ideas. Research on Social
Work Practice, 468-480.

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