l C..IA-~~ M. A-"\..oc;...

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ii H ha.t 15 5<31 L ?
S <:!1. L st-a.nds foT st-re1C'.,tu-v--ed (!2<J~T'/ LanalJ()a-e..-
SC? L 15 Cl .sh:1.ndo-rd fo_n ouaae.. ·fo-r._1...--el d.t-i on~
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d a..:ro b qs e rno..r,ctae.rnenr .s-·--i sterns .
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5<!/L is .soec1o..ll'-I US€ fuJ -.Jin handlina cr'<'Oarfrzed
clct.:t-o.. corncTi s-ecf of'- entities C\f"lc\ --ce1e1-..t-i s
b-e..t-we-e....n d1Ffe·nenf- e.ntit-i-es oP. dct..+ct.
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2.7 l~1na.t i c; DB M S'<

-'r j) a.:ra..bq s e. rno..na.a em-enf- .S'-1 :ot-~rri is a so P-t-c,) a "f'e..
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+nor 15 U.5ec\ +-o mo.noae.. +-he.. do_]- e1. bct:, -i:... •

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A .P8Ms se-rve5 a.n
Q.S i nt--e.-<"f'.Clce. beJ·w-e en
end-ueer a.rid _.J aJ-ct.be1s~ a.l lowi n,; US€-r-S to
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u.ncl els de1...tctbctse, oJlowino u6e-r to c--reaJ--e..,

Most widd~ Llsed t-"IPE'.'.I of OBM5 scHwd..,-e...

da.ta , o..nd it- ca..n be e;;--'si l'I ciccessed i rria..naqed.

J , u
hie co.r, o'f'aani-z..-e. da..t-ci inro ta...bles, 'f'ou)..s
-..J •
co!Lunns O\.nd 1nde-x.. to find "f'-E...\-evo..n!- inPo.
The. rnaJ°n P'-l'f'pose or +-he da..te1.base ls +-o
ope-co.J--e.. lct"f'de a.mount- oF inFo-rma...f-io0 6--i

rr,..., 5~L, 0-f'Qc.le, ~onaoOB, Sa;>L- se·<"v-e...- .

47 WhcJ- 1-5 R DB M-3 1

___.. . f< Defrl s st-a.nd.s for Re.la..h'ono-..1 OCLt-a. base
Mo.noa e!Y').e..nt- S'i st-em
\Q~ o.'fior,a.J Oa..to..bctse 'Ma..naqemenl- ,S " -3tef"r, 1-3

col\-ect-ion oF 0-Co o -cams & C~ M P a.t-ib1iihes th01.r

p. OBM~ -sto ..... e do___te1 . in the f-oY'rn o\c rabies,

 Ic.f A-SSMA-t:.e. I
I Date : I
I Page: a I

.. RDBMS p--Covi de.s d~pendct..bl-e..... rne.t-hod

C1
oP et-o ... ine1 dnd __,
'f'etv-i -e-vin a lo -ra e. amounr
of' do.. to .
1QDef\1.:o1 uses S~L oue-ries \-o occ-ess +-he.
da..tct in da..to. bo s e.. .

57 Who...t is 0- '1) a_!- a__b C\ S e T a..b le.?

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A tct..blE?... is q__ collect-ior, c:> t 'o"-e.l o..ted daJq
ent--rie-s a..r.d con.si~r oF column & ""ows .
/

A -row is -ectch ind ividua..1 e.nh--" tho..+

_)
e-x.i'~t if) a. ta.hie.
A cclurnn holds s o eci~,c inF-o-('ma...tio r, a..bou.f
I €'11-<rr"-J "<'eco-rd i f) a. tct.bl-e.
I - Co\'c<mns con be O"f"'Y'a.nae.d , r, \/-€ ...-+i c.1-e. and
J
rows d8 ho'f'i-::z.ontaJ .
Th-e. colurnl") in tc~_ble. oJ.so ca.l I e. d F ic:.Jds a.nd
<('ol.()-s -C?.o...11-ed '<'€c o-rdc.s .
..

@cu-ciou-!l- . p--ro C\--rctrome.--r

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61 \Al hoJ- 1-3 P-ri fn d"I "-'- 1-<-e" ?
!<-e
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--4- A o-rirna -r'\I lS a... rninim ct..J s e.t o F-
cu o...tt--r-1 bu.te..:, , f) 0.. t o..b l e +-ha..t uni e1 u e..J..., id ~n+i f-i
• -J • I
V
'<'Ow8 1n tho.t t-n.bl e.. i- -e. tu ples . J
\.-lhe.() mu1H p le colu m ns GI""€. u se c\ C\.S <'- D"<' ifncl'Y' "I
it i!, \c-nown C\-S e:omtic s i~ D~ imO 'l""-J ,.,_.,"' . --.J
~€'-I
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1,-.1~ \e u13'1n a composite. 0Y- irnc.1 'i''-.I ~ ~ "\J "l o '-I'----' s hou.Jd
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. b le.. ...) U'----.J
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u.se f.e0 CG1U l'Y") I") d.S. P CS SI
 I Dote , ...... . .. --I
Poge : Lf

\.,_!h-en rno..,.-e colurnn,5 "o'-l use Fo-r D"Ti ma-r-'-1

'-JCH.l "I -eq LLl-rid .
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k-e--.i the rnc'Y'-e. <3 t-o,rci Cle. <SPdC<"-
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I • P-c1 rno"<''J k -f',i h~.s unfaue d cU"Cl .
p-rlfl,d'f'-v
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\<-€'-I c a.nno~ have nu.JI 'I/ oJ u e,
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We. c.o..nnot t.15€..- duD1ico.\-e.- vo.lue fo-r o"<" i m q..,."-1
j(.,:,~,.
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rr1-U- I-€. nrit-h oP is Sec 6--.,t-es .
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@CLl'Y"iOL\~-- P'f'Oq"{'~rnrne-r
r,] HhoJ-- is fo-r-eion k-e'-1
-'t A
v . u
fo'f'eian j(._e"" 1.3 a l<.-e-..i 1..1sed \-o \ink rl<.lo
t-a.bl-es t-';;.neth~..-. it- oJ.s / c ctJ \ e d -ref-€..y,enc_tncJ
'--' __)
1<--e"' .
0
A fo ... -e.ion ~e--i is Q cornbinaJ-ion column or
--0 u
whose \/oJ'-le rno-.t-ch n-rirna'Y''-1 l<--e~ in di f'f-e'<"-en t-
to.b\e.
-.__) u
Use of fo--r-e i a r-, ~e-i ie t-o link a..r /-v- i' b u.r'€ s
cP- two to..6\e.s WI.t-F! t-he.. h<2.\p oP- py-j rna"f'"'-1
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I<. e---i . o....H-·r i b ur-e_ .

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H-enc-e it- U~ed f'-o-r C"'r€0....\- j f'I Cl i rna.in\-a..1 ni 0 0
+-he ,..-e,\ o.ticn.shi P b-e_t" · two ¥-e.\crl-ior,s.
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87
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HhoJ- 13 C1 -Toin 'Pl
·Th-e. S <SJ L u.sed \-o
'<'ow-s f--rorn
-iointY-10cl ct\.1.9 e i~
or mo-re...
combine
tables in a. 5~L
da.t"ct.bo.se. bo.sed 0 r, aJ--e.c\ column b-eJ--.ue€.n
+-he two.
 I C.IA-55MA-"l:."'-I
I Date : I
I Page: 5 I

. Th€-ce ci-re fou-r di Ff e-c-e.r, +'l oe s oF .J""o.tN'.! :

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1) :ro1.N
\1.) LEFT :roiN
~) t<- icrnr -Toi.i--1
4) FULL ::roi t-J.
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97 \.N hoJ i s tt-, e SE; Lt=C T -s t-a..te rn <e0 t- ?

. 8l=LE:.C..1 Gtol- e. mer>\- in 8G>L is ~sed t-o 'f'€COV€-r
do..tCI f'l"'om a.. d a..ta.bct.s e. .
The do...to .... et--i...,-n ed i-.s -s t-o-f'ed in "f'esu.J~ tci6\-e.
cct.11 ed ">"esvJt- - e-er.
Tu-e. SE'Lc-C. T to d -e.t--e."'(' rn i r, e.. whC\...-r t-o inc\l..lde...
In f- ir,oJ -r-e.suJt 8-tl.
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@ c.ur-io'--1~ - · o<oq rctrnrner
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in -S CTI L '/'

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to: Ir-I hc:J- IS (' U T \ SO T'

I. C. IJ -re, O'<' is CL t-e rnpcy·rct -r-...i u)o'II<- .st0-.tion .

1.t-- c:re o.r-e d in -S , H!,h'.rn ~e.rno-f'" v--lh-e..n .S ~ L
(._)
sto..r-ement is -e'X..-e.c..u.t-e d.
I . A 8Cl?L C..L\'Y'\9 or- 18 C\ .s-€.t- cf 'Y'ow.s toq-et-her
u
I wit-\, ooin\-s -1--hoJ- id~n+-if?----i "f'ow~ .
T" D€ e.cF- C:..Ll'Y"SQ'1" : -a
I) lrn o l1'cit C.U"f',3 Or.
!2-) ~)( p I i C i t- C.LIY-.SO"l".
Cw-rs or o-re u.sed f-o sto..,--e._ QoJ-c1bose. t-qbles.
 I c.lA-SSMA-t.e. 1
I Date: I
I Page:
• I

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Hl i,--J hoJ- E.nhti€~ ('
qye_

An ent-ih ca.n b€.. "1'€.aj uJ orlal obi eel- .

An en t ,· t-'; ce1..n be. Cl sinnl-e. rhino o-e-r-s on ,
V

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o\oce o-r ob-1ect- ·
Da.tci CCLn bJe -st-o"("-ed a.bou.J- such -en!-i ti es.

11] Nhc:0 i-3 -,-€...) o.t i or, sh i DS in S~Lc

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--t F<-€.-1 cuicr,ship i a.. link bdw€ e.r, -€.nt-i'ri€S t-ha.t
h0.'ll-e e,crne.t-h i no to do with -each ot-he'Y" .
u
Lt- inck1de-s one. t-o or,e. , man"-l t-o rnan'-.{ ,
ma..n" reon -e. "("e.J a.:H o n s .
--.J u
R~ci::t-ion in do.ta.base o-.llou.i fo-r e.,\ea,.. ta.bl€.
& h.Q..\n cur -re.dundo.nr doJ-abo:i.e (1!, impo, h::1 n ·
/

137 Who.r is OJ') i nd-e-:c 1-S SQ)L 'f -

@tu-rio<.1s- . P"'•q,.-qmme...-

· Bc:?L index lS a.. t-o..61-e. 1..1sed ~o .so-e e d u...n the..

' secrf'china c\c +-he. d oJ- a. .

lt- CLl-:l C --..J recove--r- lo....-ae.. arnounl- oF do.ta.. from
ta.bl-es .
LN 'DE:J Y'enW'f'e,5 it-s o<.0n -space. in 5fO"rQc,e,. dQvj ce. .
I
I N'DE:-1 i~ Cl. ooi n'r-e.-r t-o do..tq i () CL fable.·
An l.NDc.x is .sctrn e.. to o...n ind-€x in th-e. back.
or: boo!< .
LNDJO-x is a.Jso uni au e. c-onst-"('a.J nt-.
 I C.IASSMA-C.e. J

I Date : I
I Pago: '7 I

,'tl v-lh aJ- is d S e.I F - T o i r, <

_,,. l.t j5 d.. 'ioin jr, which to. bl-e.. is ioined u.iith
V
i\-s~F -
""The s-eJ f ioin be viewed CI.S a__ ioin ofc
COJ)
V
fll) Cl cooie-5 of .same +-a.ble.
S-e.JF- - .101n
'·
st-o..h:.rn-e-ri t- i~ i("r)po'l"h:tnl- u:ihen rwo
s<l.s or- dc:1...h:~ in so.me table. ci--re con-ioa-red •

-
@c.o.iriol..\S . P°"O C\'f'a"'<n~'t'
tsl l,--lho...l- is c-ro s 3 - To i n ?
a.
-r c,...oss - Toi n ls a.. Ca--rte.sia-.n p--rodu er of '"IOW.',
f,y-om t-o.b\-e~ I n i O j r).
Ciro ss .::J""oin i.s corn bi nCLti or, of- -each -rouJ of
fi-r.st =lt1fl"lF, t-a..ble wit-h -each Yow of- second
ta..61-e-
H is oJao coJled ca'f't-es i OJ,
- '10 j f).

-
16' t,._t hc::0" is Al1G1se in SC\/L(
_,,, . FIi i Q3es e1-re f--e f'()po'f'Cl --r--i 0a me. ct i'\f€r) t-o t-a..b \e.
.__,
o..- co\1..1rnn fo-r s~ L a-e _;q u e-<'---i .
1
rt· use cl wh-€n name of t-a. b\ e is u.sed o \-h-e.,....
+ho..n o-r i qino.J na.rne..
Aliqse.s ~sed to rno..k e co\umr, names mor-e...
"N:o.da..ble .
Alio3-es L1 s-eFuJ wh-en t-h-e,y-e c:1--re. rno't'e. +-hctn
one fot..ble.. coma \ icCLte d in Cl. Cl U e-r--J .
u
 fcJA-55MA-t.e. I
I Date: I
I Page : 8 I

171 lr-l haJ-- i .s=r:J o-rrno..J 12..aJ- ion?

No-rrnal l'Z---C:U--i on is 0... ,P'1"'CC.€S 5 'Y'€st""u c:tu'<'-e. t--h~
da..tq in d cLt o..b o. s e. .
. -i-h-e.-r-e is nc 'i'edu nd a.nc"" .cf'- da.t-a.. , c:U I d o...tq
..____J
~to"('ed 1(1 Ofle olc:1ce.
1- 1.\-- -e..limi0cue~ chaY-a cte...-i 8 ti c:s I i\<.e_ 'l..ns-e.-('tion
Ui,dcd'e a.nd Oe-1-e.+-ion AnomciJis.
Norrno.J i '2-a..:l-i on c:o nv eY t-s I e1-ra-e.- t-c...bles in srn<L\1
ta.bles. or'ld I ink.~ "them b"' ~.,-e..\ c<l-i onshi o.s.
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I
@:J tl-l'<"iOI..\/S .O'r'OO-<'Qmrt1e.-C
.._,
I '87 hi r-,QJ i s 0€no-rrn ct..l i 2.o...bi an 'i'
__., I.I- is inve-rse P"l""ocess Ct t-.J,o--rrnaJ i:z..aJ-ion.
1,-lh-e.n conv-e."<+ed d-.11 ~mct.11 t-o.bles wa.nt- t-o
rna..\<.-e.. .Sir,n\€, to...ble +-hen we hov -e. t-o \J s -e..
el-e..no,.,.M<.tJ( z.c,J-icH').
8-e.no"("rnaJ i-z..o.rion is ct... t-e.c:h r, i C'I l...l -e. used . b...,
d CLta.ba e.e t--o ooti rni -z._-e., t---he... -e ff· i c: i -€ n c----i oi
C)
cl cLtCLbe1 s e.. .
This m-e...t-hocl d..Li OW-5 l--o Cl d d mi-xed do..rc.1..
int-o no'f"mct..l eclo..tc1..bct.se .
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