ABM 005 - REVIEWER 1

Fraction
- the term ‘fraction’ is from Latin word ‘fractus’ meaning ‘broken’
Numerator 1
2
Denominator
A fraction is one or more of the equal parts into which a whole is divided (or simply the
ratio of two numbers).

Kinds of Fractions
1. Proper Fraction - fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator and is less than 1.
2. Improper Fraction - fraction whose numerator or equal to the denominator.
3. Mixed Number - consist of a whole number and a proper fraction and is used to describe a
quantity greater than 1.

Decimal
- fractions with a denominator of 10, 100, 1000, or any multiple of power of 10.
- the numeric value of a decimal is always less than 1.
Decimal point
- a period or dot in decimal numeral which separates the whole number from the fractional part.
Decimal Number Place Value Chart
Decimal point Tenths Hundredth Thousandt Ten Hundred Millionth
s hs Thousandt Thousandt s
hs hs
0 . 1 2 3 4 5 6

Rounding Decimals
-identify which decimal position is being rounded off - round-off position.

A. Converting Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers

�
Mixed number is in the form: Q �

Where: Q = quotient
R = remainder
D = denominator
Steps:
1. Divide the numerator by denominator.
2. The quotient is the whole number part of the mixed number.
3. The remainder from the division is the numerator of the fraction of the mixed number.
4. The denominator is the same as the denominator of the original improper fraction.
ABM 005 - REVIEWER 2
Examples:
55 7
A. 8
- 68
17 2
B. 3
- 53
35 5
C. 6
- 56

B. Converting Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions

(� � �) + �
Improper fraction is in the form : �

Where: Q = quotient
R = remainder
D = denominator
Steps:
1. Multiply the whole number by the denominator.
2. Add the numerator to the result in step 1.
3. The result is the numerator of the improper fraction.
4. The denominator is the same as the denominator if the mixed number.
Examples:
3 31
A. 4 7 - 7
5 29
B. 3 8 - 8

C. Read and write the decimal in words.

1. 6.12 - sex and twelve hundredths
2. 45. 807 - forty-five and eight hundred seven thousandths
3. 17. 923 - seventeen and nine hundred twenty-three thousandths

A. Adding fractions
3 1 17
5
+ 4 = 20

B. Adding decimals
21. 5 + 3.27 = 24.77
ABM 005 - REVIEWER 3

Converting Equations
- Changing Fractions to Decimals
2
5
= 2 ÷5 = 0.4

- Changing Decimals to Fraction

0.5 50 1
0.5 = 1
x 100 = 100
÷ 50 = 2

- Changing Percent to Fractions

80 4
80% = 100
= 5

- Changing Percent to Decimals

7.23
7.23% = 100
= 0.0723

- Changing Decimals as Percents

0.25 = 0.25 x 100 = 25%

- Changing Mixed Numbers to Percents

7
1 = 1 + (7÷8) = 1.875 x 100 = 187.5%
8

Percentage, Rate, and Base

Percentage (or portion) is the variable in the percentage formula that represents a part of
the base. It is always in the same terms or unit in the same base.
Base is the number that represents 100% or the total value of something, or the whole thing.
It is usually preceded by the work of in the given statement because it is being multiplied by
the rate
Rate defines what part the percentage is the base.
The following percentage formulas are used to solve percent problems.
Percentage = Rate x Base or P = R x B
���������� �
Rate = ����
or P = �
���������� �
Base = ����
or P = �
ABM 005 - REVIEWER 4

Ratios and Rates

Ratio is used to compare two or more quantities with the same unit. The ratio of a number � to
a number � is denoted by any of the following notations:
�
� to � �∶� �

All these notations are read as “� to �” or “ � is to �”

Example:
Write the ratio of 6 hours to 11 hours
Write the ratio of 8 days to 2 weeks
Solution:
6
a) 6 hours to 11 hours is 11
or 6 ∶ 11

b) 8 days to 2 weeks is 8 days to 14 days or 8 ∶ 14. In simplest form, we write the ratio as
4∶7
Rate is when a ratio is used to compare two quantifies of different units of measure.
Example: To walk 3 kilometers in one hour is to walk at the rate of 3 km/h.

Proportion
- refers to the equality between ratios. It involves the quantities a, b, c, and d. If any of
the three values are given, the unknown can be solved by the method of cross multiplication.
� � ��
For instance, = , then it follows that �� = ��. Solving for x, we obtain � = .
� � �

Types of Proportion
1. Direct Proportion
- as one value increases/decreases, so does the other.
�1 : �1 = �2 : �2

2. Indirect/Inverse Proportion
- as one value increases, the other decreases
�1 ∗ �1 = �2 ∗ �2

3. Partitive Proportion
- identifying parts of a whole based on a given ration of these parts.
ABM 005 - REVIEWER 5

Direct Proportion
Example: When Mrs. Cruz went to abroad for an educational tour, she noticed that each guide
goes
along with three tourists. If there are 4 guides, how many tourist, would they bring around?
Solution:
Given: 1 guide for 3 tourists
guide:tourists=guide:tourists
1:3=4:x
x=4×3
x=12

Indirect Proportion
Example: Three men can complete a project in 3 weeks. How many men will be needed if the
project is
to be completed in a week?
Solution:
Given: 3 men in 3 weeks
more men:less men=more men:less men
x∶3=3∶1
x=(3×3)÷1
x=9
Answer: 9 mean are needed to complete a project

Partitive Proportion
Example: Divide 100 into parts 2∶3∶5
Given: 100 parts 2∶3∶5
Solution:
2 units + 3 units + 5 units = 10 units
1 unit = 100÷10
1 unit = 10
Therefore,
10 ×2 units = 20
10 ×3 units = 30
10 ×5 units = 50
Answer: 20, 30 and 50
ABM 005 - REVIEWER 6

Mark Up and Mark Down

Business Math Terms
Cost is the price a merchandising business or retailer pays for a product.
Selling price or retail price is the price for which a merchandising business or retailer
sells a product to a customer.
Mark-up is the difference between the selling price and the cost. Mark-up is added to the cost
to cover the operating expenses and provide a profit to the owners.
Mark-up rate is the percent mark-up.
Markdown is a price reduction from the original selling price of merchandise.

FORMULA IN FINDING SELLING PRICE WITH MARK UP based on COST

STEP 1:
MARK UP= MARK UP RATE x COST MU=MUR X C
STEP 2:
SELLING PRICE= COST + MARK UP SP=C+MU
MARK UP RATE= 100 x(SELLING PRICE −COST/COST) MUR=100(SP−C/C)

FORMULA IN FINDING COST WITH MARK UP based on SELLING PRICE

STEP 1:
MARK UP= MARK UP RATE x SELLING PRICE MU=MUR X SP
STEP 2:
COST= SELLING PRICE - MARK UP C=SP−MU

MARKDOWN
- It is the amount deducted from selling price of an item.
- Also known as DISCOUNT.
Selling price - The price the item is actually sold.
Sale Price- The discounted price of an item from the regular selling price.
Markdown Rate - A percent of the original price.

COMPUTATION FOR MARKDOWN

STEP 1:
Markdown Rate x Selling Price
MD = SP x MDR
STEP 2 :
Sale Price – Markdown
SaP = SP −MD