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All G485 Questions
All G485 Questions
All G485 Questions
2.
Ionic solids consist of a regular arrangement of positive and negative ions. The figure
below shows two neighbouring ions in a particular ionic solid. The ions A and B may be
19
considered as two point charges of equal magnitude, 1.6 10 C, and opposite sign,
10
with a separation of 2.0 10 m. The ion A is positive.
1 0
. 0
+
A
(i)
On the figure above, draw electric field lines to represent the field in the region
around the two charges.
[3]
(ii)
Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength at the mid point between the
charges.
(iii)
State and explain a factor that might affect the tensile strength of an ionic
material.
........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 7 marks]
3.
V
V
A
V
B
Fig. 1
(a)
Fig. 2
capacitance = .......................................... F
[1]
(ii)
capacitance = .......................................... F
[2]
(b)
The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. 1 is then connected to the battery.
Calculate
(i)
(ii)
charge = ................................................. .C
[2]
(c)
The switch in the circuit shown in Fig.2 is then connected to the battery.
Calculate the total energy stored in the two capacitors.
energy = ................................................... . J
[2]
(d)
The switch S in the circuit of Fig. 1 is moved to connect the charged capacitors to
the voltmeter. The voltmeter has an internal resistance of 12 M.
(i)
(ii)
Calculate the time t taken for the voltmeter reading to fall to a quarter of its
initial reading.
t = .................................................... s
[3]
[Total 12 marks]
4.
Describe briefly one scattering experiment to investigate the size of the nucleus of the
atom.
Include a description of the properties of the incident radiation which makes it suitable
for this experiment.
In your answer, you should make clear how evidence for the size of the nucleus follows
from your description.
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[Total 8 marks]
5.
(a)
Complete the table below for the three types of ionising radiation.
radiation
nature
range in air
penetration ability
0.2 mm of paper
electron
several km
[3]
(b)
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
6.
Fig. 1 shows a square flat coil of insulated wire placed in a region of a uniform
magnetic field of flux density B. The direction of the field is vertically out of the paper.
The coil of side x has N turns.
x
r e g i o n
m
a g n e
o f
t i c
n i f o
f i e ld
r m
Fig. 1
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Show that the magnetic flux linkage of the coil in Fig. 1 is NBx .
[2]
(b)
The coil of side x = 0.020 m is placed at position Y in Fig. 2 The ends of the 1250
turn coil are connected to a voltmeter. The coil moves sideways steadily through
1
the region of magnetic field of flux density 0.032 T at a speed of 0.10 m s until it
reaches position Z. The motion takes 1.0 s.
0
0
. 0
. 0
0
0
. 1
. 0
il
. 0
st i t i o
. 0
. 0
. 0d 5i s t 0a .n 0 c 6 e
o f u n if o r m
=
0 . 0 3 2
T
0
c o
i l
t i c
st i t i o
V
p
Fig. 2
/ 0 m. 0
r e g i o
f i e Bl d
V
c o
(i)
Show that the voltmeter reading as the coil enters the field region, after t =
0.20s, is 80 mV. Explain your reasoning fully.
[3]
(ii)
On Fig. 3, draw a graph of the voltmeter reading against time for the motion
of the coil from Y to Z. Label the y-axis with a suitable scale.
v o
r e
lt m
a d
e t e
in g
r
0
. 2
. 4
. 6
. 8
t/ s
. 0
Fig. 3
[4]
[Total 10 marks]
7.
8.
Describe the important properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation and
how the standard model of the Universe explains these properties. Explain their
significance as evidence for the past evolution of the Universe.
In your answer, you should make clear how your explanation links with the evidence.
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[Total 5 marks]
9.
Explain why our understanding of the very earliest moments of the Universe is
unreliable.
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[Total 2 marks]
10.
The future of the Universe may be open, closed or flat. Explain the meaning of the
terms in italics, using a graph to illustrate your answer.
s i z e
o f U
m
n
e a
i v e
s u r e
r s e
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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[Total 4 marks]
11.
26
kg m .
H0 =......................................................... s
[Total 2 marks]
10
i v
12.
reflected intensity (Z 2 Z1 ) 2
=
incident intensity (Z 2 + Z1 ) 2
(a)
State two factors that determine the value of the acoustic impedance.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
acoustic impedance Z/ kg m
2
4.29 10
6
1.59 10
6
1.50 10
6
1.58 10
6
1.63 10
6
7.78 10
6
1.70 10
11
(i)
Use appropriate data from the table above to identify the unknown medium.
You must show your reasoning.
medium = .....................................................
[4]
(ii)
Calculate the depth at which the ultrasound pulse was reflected if the speed
1
of ultrasound in soft tissue is 1.54 km s .
depth = .................................................. cm
[2]
(iii)
wavelength = ............................................m
[2]
[Total 10 marks]
12
13.
An average person in the UK will have at least 30 X-ray photographs taken in their
lifetime.
In order to take an X-ray photograph, the X-ray beam is passed through an aluminium
filter to safely remove low energy X-ray photons before reaching the patient.
(a)
(b)
The average linear attenuation coefficient for X-rays that penetrate the aluminium
1
is 250 m .
The intensity of an X-ray beam after travelling through 2.5 cm of aluminium is
2
347 W m .
5
[3]
13
(c)
The X-ray beam at the filter has a circular cross-section of diameter 0.20 cm.
Calculate the power of the X-ray beam from the aluminium filter. Assume that the
beam penetrates the aluminium filter as a parallel beam.
power = .................................................... W
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
14.
In an X-ray tube, the efficiency of conversion of the kinetic energy of the electrons into
X-rays is 0.15%.
(i)
Calculate the power required in the electron beam in order to produce X-rays of
power 18 W.
power =..................................................... W
[2]
14
(ii)
velocity =............................................. . m s
[2]
(iii)
Calculate the p.d. across the X-ray tube required to give the electrons the velocity
calculated in (ii).
p.d. = ........................................................ V
[3]
[Total 7 marks]
power = .................................................... W
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
15
Discuss briefly the advantages and disadvantages of scanning using MRI techniques.
15.
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[Total 6 marks]
The figure below shows the variation with nucleon number (mass number) of the
binding energy per nucleon for various nuclides.
16.
0
9
i n
d i n g
e n e r g
p e r n u 7c l e o n
/ M
e V
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
m
3 0 0 1 5
s s
n u m
16
0
b
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
94
37 Rb .
........................
142
55 Cs .
.........................
235
92 U .
.........................
[2]
(b)
94
37 Rb
and
235
92 U
nucleus
142
55 Cs .
17
17.
18.
This question is about an alpha particle making a head on collision with a gold nucleus.
(a)
(i)
When the alpha particle is at a large distance from the gold nucleus it has a
13
kinetic energy of 7.6 10 J. Show that its speed is about
7
1
1.5 10 m s .
27
kg
[2]
18
(ii)
As the alpha particle approaches the gold nucleus, it slows down and the
gold nucleus starts to move, Fig. 1.
l d
c le
s
Fig.1
Explain this and explain how it is possible to calculate the speed of the gold
nucleus.
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[3]
(iii)
Fig.2 shows the alpha particle and the gold nucleus at the distance of
closest approach. At this instant the gold nucleus is moving with speed V
and the alpha particle is stationary.
V
g
o ld
c le
l p h
a r t ic le
Fig. 2
Calculate the speed V of the gold nucleus.
25
kg
V = ......................m s
[2]
19
(iv)
The alpha particle bounces back. Its final speed approximately equals its
initial speed of approach. Assume that the mean force on the nucleus is 9.0
N during the interaction.
Estimate the time of the collision.
time = . s
[2]
(b)
1
F /
5
N
1
r /
1 1 0 4
Fig. 3
20
(i)
Fig. 3 shows two points on the graph of the electrostatic repulsive force F
between the alpha particle and nucleus against their separation r. The
particle and the nucleus are being treated as point charges. Use data from
14
the graph to calculate the values of the force at distances r = 10 10 m
14
and 15 10 m.
F at 10 10
14
m =.N
F at 15 10
14
m =.N
[3]
(ii)
Plot the two points on the graph and draw the curve.
[1]
[Total 13 marks]
19.
The electric motor in a washing machine rotates the drum containing the clothes by
means of a rubber belt stretched around two pulleys, one on the motor shaft and the
other on the drum shaft, as shown in Fig. 1.
X
t o
m
a c h in
c a s i n g
lt
r u
Fig. 1
21
(a)
speed = ................... m s
[2]
(ii)
acceleration = ................... m s
[2]
(iii)
When the motor speed is increased, the belt can start to slip on the motor
pulley. Explain why the belt slips.
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[2]
22
(b)
When the drum is rotated at one particular speed, a metal side panel of the
machine casing vibrates loudly. Explain why this happens.
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[2]
(c)
A fault develops in the motor, causing the coil to stop rotating. Magnetic flux from
the electromagnet of the motor still links with the now stationary coil. Fig. 2 shows
how the flux linkage of the coil varies with time.
3
f lu
W
x
b
l i n k a g
2
t u r n s
1
0 0
t i m
3 0
/ m
s
Fig. 2
(i)
Using Fig. 2 state a time at which the e.m.f. induced across the ends of the
coil is
1
zero
.................................... ms
a maximum.
.................................... ms
[2]
23
(ii)
Use the graph of Fig. 2 to calculate the peak value of the e.m.f. across the
ends of the coil.
20.
Fig. 1 shows a football balanced above a metal bench on a length of plastic drain pipe.
The surface of the ball is coated with a smooth layer of an electrically conducting paint.
The pipe insulates the ball from the bench.
+
0 _0
i p
l l
c h
Fig. 1
(a)
24
(b)
The charge on the ball leaks slowly to the bench through the plastic pipe, which
15
has a resistance R of 1.2 10 .
(i)
Show that the time constant for the ball to discharge through the pipe is
4
about 1.5 10 s.
[1]
(ii)
12
A.
[1]
(iii)
Suppose that the ball continues to discharge at the constant rate calculated
in (ii). Show that the charge Qo would leak away in a time equal to the time
constant.
[2]
25
(iv)
Q = Qoe
show that, in practice, the ball only loses about 2/3 of its charge in a time
equal to one time constant.
[2]
(c)
The ball is recharged to 5000 V by touching it momentarily with wire A. The ball is
now connected in parallel via wire B to an uncharged capacitor of capacitance
8
1.2 10 F and a voltmeter as shown in Fig. 2.
A
+
0 _0
V
1
. 2
Fig. 2
(i)
The ball and the uncharged capacitor act as two capacitors in parallel. The
total charge Qo is shared instantly between the two capacitors. Explain why
the charge left on the ball is Qo/1000.
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[3]
26
(ii)
V = ................ V
[2]
[Total 14 marks]
21.
Fig. 1
(a)
Fig. 2
On Fig. 1 draw electric field lines to represent the field between the cathode
and the anode.
[2]
27
(ii)
[2]
(b)
Some electrons pass through a small hole in the anode. They enter a region of
uniform magnetic field shown by the shaded area in Fig. 2. They follow a circular
arc in this region before continuing to the TV screen.
(i)
Draw an arrow through the point labelled P to show the direction of the
force on the electrons at this point.
[1]
(ii)
State the direction of the magnetic field in the shaded area. Explain how
you arrived at your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
28
(iii)
Calculate the radius of the arc of the path of the electron beam when the
3
value of the magnetic flux density is 3.0 10 T.
radius = ...................... m
[4]
(c)
29
22.
212
83 Bi .
(a)
1
2 5
8 0
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 shows a small region of the chart of neutron number n against proton
number p. An isotope of bismuth, Bi, decays to an isotope of lead, Pb, in two
stages along the path shown by the two arrows on Fig. 1.
Complete the nuclear equations which describe these two decays.
(i)
212 Bi
83
....... Po + .......... ..
84
[2]
(ii)
.....Po
84
.......Pb + ............
82
[2]
30
(b)
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[4]
(c)
212
83 Bi
is 0.0115 min .
9
g of the
[3]
31
(ii)
half-life = .min
[1]
(iii)
c o u n t r a te / 1 0 3 m in
0
t i m
1
e
in
Fig. 2
[1]
[Total 13 marks]
32
23.
In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
Describe the processes of fission and fusion of nuclei. Distinguish clearly between
them by highlighting one similarity and one difference between the two processes.
State the conditions required for each process to occur in a sustained manner.
[7]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 9 marks]
33
24.
In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
The fission of a uranium-235 nucleus releases about 200 MeV of energy, whereas the
fusion of four hydrogen-1 nuclei releases about 28 MeV. However the energy released
in the fission of one kilogramme of uranium-235 is less than the energy released in the
fusion of one kilogramme of hydrogen-1. Explain this by considering the number of
particles in one kilogramme of each.
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[4]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 6 marks]
34
25.
(a)
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[10]
35
(b)
The student concludes that the efficiency of the transformer decreases with
increasing frequency. Explain why this decrease takes place.
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[4]
[Total 14 marks]
26.
Explain what is meant by the statement that the strong interaction is a short-range
force and explain what this implies about the densities of nuclei of various sizes.
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[Total 3 marks]
36
27.
37
(b)
239
93 Np
On the figure below, draw a graph to show how the number of 239
93 Np nuclei
produced varies with time.
Label this graph X. Assume that initially there are no 239
93 Np nuclei.
1
8
n u
m
1
b
1
n u c le
. 0
i /
. 0
. 0
t im
3
e
. 0
s
[1]
(c)
(i)
239
93 Np
nuclei
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
38
(ii)
239
93 Np
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
239
93 Np
239
93 Np
nuclei.
= 2.04 10 s
number = .........................................................
[3]
(iv)
239
93 Np
[1]
[Total 10 marks]
28.
This question is about the possibility of fusion between a tritium nucleus and a
deuterium nucleus.
A tritium nucleus 31 H and a deuterium nucleus 21H approach each other along the
same line with the same speed u.
Each nucleus decelerates, comes to rest and then accelerates in the reverse direction.
(a)
(i)
39
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
When the nuclei are closest together they have the same velocity. Show
that this velocity is u / 5.
[2]
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Show that the total initial kinetic energy of the two nuclei is equal to
27 2
1
4.18 10 u joule where u is in m s .
[3]
(iii)
40
E=
Q1Q 2
4 0 r
15
m.
[4]
[Total 11 marks]
41
29.
State and explain two possible advantages of using nuclear fusion rather than nuclear
fission for generating useful energy on a large scale.
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[Total 4 marks]
30.
236
92 U , undergoes
tellurium-131, 131
52 Te .
A uranium-236 nucleus,
100
40 Zr
, and
(a)
(b)
emitter.
State the change, if any, in the nucleon number and the proton number
caused by a emission.
nucleon number ....................................................................................
proton number ......................................................................................
[1]
42
(ii)
decays
State the nucleon number and the proton number of the resulting stable
nucleus.
nucleon number ....................................................................................
proton number ......................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
On the figure below, use crosses to represent each of the nuclei involved in
the series of decays by which zirconium-100 changes to a stable nucleus.
Add arrows to show the direction of each reaction.
6
n
n
8
e u t r o n
u m
b e r
5
0
3 8
4
p
r o
t o
4
n
b e
r
[2]
43
(iv)
On a graph of neutron number against proton number, stable nuclei all lie
close to a line. On the figure above, sketch this line.
[1]
(c)
(i)
nuclear masses:
zirconium-100
niobium-100
electron mass
99.895 808 u
99.891 679 u
0.000 549 u
(ii)
13
J.
[2]
44
(iii)
31.
(i)
1
QV
2
where Q is the charge stored and V is the potential difference across the
capacitor.
Show that another suitable expression for the energy stored is
W=
1
2
CV
2
[2]
45
(ii)
Draw a graph on the axes of Fig. 1 to show how the energy W stored on a
2.2 F capacitor varies with the potential difference V across the capacitor.
3
W
0
J
Fig. 1
[2]
(b)
The 2.2 F capacitor is connected in parallel with the power supply to a digital
display for a video/DVD recorder. The purpose of the capacitor is to keep the
display working during any disruptions to the electrical power supply. Fig. 2
shows the 5.0 V power supply, the capacitor and the display. The input to the
display behaves as a 6.8 k resistor. The display will light up as long as the
voltage across it is at or above 4.0 V.
+
. 0
. 2
. 8 k
i s p
l a y
Fig. 2
Show that the time constant of the circuit of Fig. 2 is more than 4 hours.
[2]
46
(ii)
Find the energy lost by the capacitor as it discharges from 5.0 V to 4.0 V.
(iii)
The voltage V across the capacitor varies with time t according to the
equation
t/RC
V = Voe
Calculate the time that it takes for the voltage to fall to 4.0 V.
time = ...................................................... s
[2]
(iv)
Calculate the mean power consumption of the display during this time.
47
32.
Fig. 1
(a)
(i)
Draw on Fig. 1 lines to represent the resultant electric field between the
two ions.
[2]
(ii)
F = ..................................................... N
[4]
48
(b)
The electrical attraction is balanced by a repulsive force so that the two ions are
in equilibrium.
When disturbed the ions oscillate in simple harmonic motion. Fig. 2 shows a
simple mechanical model of the molecule consisting of two unequal masses
connected by a spring of negligible mass.
Fig. 2
Use Newtons laws of motion and the definition of simple harmonic motion to
explain why the amplitude of oscillation of the hydrogen ion is 127 times the
amplitude of oscillation of the iodine ion.
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[4]
49
(c)
13
Sketch on Fig. 3 a displacement against time graph for the hydrogen ion.
1
1 0
i s p la c e m
/ 1 10 2 5 m
0
. 5
. 0
. 5
t im
2
e
1/ 4
Fig .3
[3]
(ii)
13
50
33.
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N ..............................................................................................................................
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[Total 3 marks]
34.
A 1000 MW coal-fired power station burns 7.0 10 kg of coal in one day. Two parts
per million of the mass of the coal is 238
92 U . The uranium remains in the residue left after
the coal is burnt.
9
The uranium nuclide 238
92 U decays by -particle emission with a half-life of 4.5 10
years to an isotope of thorium.
(i)
Write down
1
(ii)
mass = ..................................................... kg
[1]
51
(iii)
Hence show that the number of uranium atoms in this mass of uranium is
25
3.5 10 .
[1]
(iv)
Calculate the activity of this mass of uranium. Give a suitable unit with your
answer.
7
1 year = 3.2 10 s
35.
In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
Faraday invented the concept of a field of force. Starting from the definitions of electric,
gravitational and magnetic field strengths, discuss the similarities and differences
between the three force fields.
[7]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 9 marks]
52
36.
In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
To explain the laws of electromagnetic induction (Faradays law and Lenzs law)
Faraday introduced the concept of magnetic flux. Describe how the flux model is used
in these laws.
Start by defining magnetic flux and magnetic flux linkage.
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[5]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 7 marks]
53
37.
Full-body CT scans produce detailed 3-D information about a patient and can identify
cancers at an early stage in their development.
(a)
(b)
State and explain two reasons why full-body CT scans are not offered for regular
checking of healthy patients.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 10 marks]
54
38.
39.
The CRO timebase is set to 20 s cm . The speed of ultrasound in the foetal head is
3
1
1.5 10 m s .
55
(i)
size = ................................................... cm
[4]
(ii)
State and explain what would be seen on the CRO screen if gel had not been
applied between the ultrasound transducer and the skin of the mother.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 7 marks]
40.
56
(ii)
41.
A uranium-235 nucleus
146
57 La
and bromine-87
shown below.
235
92 U
87
35 Br .
nuclide
235
92 U
7.6
146
57 La
8.2
87
35 Br
8.6
57
(i)
8
b
. 0
. 0
i n d in g
e n e r g
p e r n u c l e o n
/ M
e V
6 . 0
. 0
. 0
1
n
c l e
0
n
0
u
1
m
e
[1]
(ii)
Sketch a graph on the grid above, to show how the binding energy per nucleon
varies with nucleon number for all nuclei.
[2]
58
(iii)
Use information from the table to calculate how much energy in MeV is released
when a 235
92 U nucleus undergoes fission.
42.
59
43.
1
1
Fig .1
The repulsive force Fe between them varies with their separation x as shown in Fig. 2.
x0
x
Fig. 2
The nuclei fuse if their separation becomes equal to or less than a critical separation
x0. What is the physical significance of the shaded area?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
60
44.
The hydrogen cycle of fusion reactions is responsible for most of the energy generated
inside the Sun. In one of these reactions two 11 H nuclei fuse to make a deuterium
nucleus 21 H thus:
1
1H
(i)
+ 11 H
2
1H
0
1H
0
1e
0
0
nucleus
1.007 276
2
1H
nucleus
2.013 553
0
1e
0.000 549
energy = ...................................................... J
[3]
(ii)
State how the positron 01 e created in the reaction will result in further generation
of energy.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
61
45.
Uranium-238
238
92 U
One nucleus of
decays to lead-206
238
92 U
206
82 Pb
206
82 Pb .
This means that, over time, the ratio of lead-206 atoms to uranium-238 atoms
increases. This ratio may be used to determine the age of a sample of rock.
In a particular sample of rock, the ratio
(a)
[2]
62
(b)
238
92 U
is 4.47 10 years.
(c)
The rock sample initially contained 5.00 g of uranium-238. Calculate the initial
number N0 of atoms of uranium-238 in this sample.
number = .........................................................
[2]
63
(d)
On the figure below, sketch graphs to show how the number of atoms of
uranium-238 and the number of atoms of lead-206 vary with time over a period of
several half-lives.
Label your graphs U and Pb respectively.
n u m
b e
o f a t o m
r
s
t im
e
[3]
[Total 10 marks]
46.
(i)
Name the group of particles of which the electron and the positron are members.
........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
47.
(i)
64
(ii)
Complete the table to show the charge Q, baryon number B and strangeness S
for the quarks in the neutron.
quark
[2]
(iii)
48.
Many televisions are now produced with flat panel screens. One type of flat panel
screen is the plasma screen. In a plasma screen millions of tiny cells are sandwiched
between two glass plates which enclose low pressure gas. In order to make a cell emit
light a voltage is applied across the cell between two electrodes. This ionises the gas
and ultra-violet radiation is emitted. This radiation falls on a phosphor which then emits
light. One third of all the phosphors emit red light, one third emit green light and one
third emit blue light. Three of the cells, one for each colour, are shown in the figure
below.
f r o
l o w
p r e s s u r e
g a s
r e d
p h o
l a
s s
la
t e
e
s p
g r e e n
hp oh ro s p
r e
(a)
l a
b lu e
hp oh ro s p
s s
l e
c e
r
la
t e
l e
c t r o
c t r o
l l
d
a
e
ll
65
(b)
energy = ....................................................... J
[3]
(c)
(d)
A cell will emit light when a voltage of +15 V is applied to its positive electrode
and a voltage of 15 V to its negative electrode. The electrode separation is
0.20 mm. Calculate the value of the uniform electric field causing the ionisation.
State the SI unit for electric field.
66
49.
Fig. 1
(a)
Draw at least five electric field lines on Fig. 1 to show the pattern of the field
between the plate and the sphere.
[3]
(b)
C.
Show that the magnitude of the attractive force between the sphere and the
6
plate is about 3.6 10 N.
[3]
67
(ii)
Hence show that the value of the electric field strength at the sphere,
3
treated as a point charge, is 3.0 10 in SI units. State the unit.
(c)
Fig. 2
Treating the spheres as point charges, calculate the distance r between their
centres.
r = .............................. m
[3]
68
(d)
On Fig. 2, sketch the electric field pattern between the two charges. By
comparing this sketch with your answer to (a), suggest why the distance between
the plate and the sphere in Fig. 1 is half of the distance between the two spheres
in Fig. 2.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 14 marks]
50.
63
28 Ni
A copper nucleus is produced as the result of this decay. State the number of
nucleons in the copper nucleus which are
protons ...........................................................................................................
neutrons .........................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
10
s .
1 year = 3.2 10 s
[1]
69
(c)
63
28 Ni .
. 2
n
1
e o n
Fl a m
V
p
0
V
5
0
0
Fig. 1
(i)
. 0
. 0
t im
Fig. 2
10
C.
[2]
(ii)
19
[2]
70
(iii)
The neon lamp is to flash once every 1.0 s. Using your answer to (b),
calculate the number of nickel atoms needed in the coating on the plate.
number = .......................
[3]
(iv)
State, giving a reason, whether or not you would expect the clock to be
accurate to within 1% one year after manufacture.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 11 marks]
71
51.
This question is about forcing a liquid metal, such as molten sodium, through a tube.
(a)
s q
c o
f l o
u a r e
n t a i n
w in g
t u b e
i n g
l iq u id
B
w
Fig. 1
(i)
(ii)
State a relationship for the force F in terms of the current I, the magnetic
field B and the width w of the tube.
...............................................................................................................
[1]
72
(iii)
force = ...................... N
[2]
(b)
B
V
Fig. 2
73
(i)
Explain, using the law of electromagnetic induction, why the voltmeter will
register a reading which is proportional to the speed of flow of the metal.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
State how and explain why the voltmeter reading changes when the
magnetic flux density across the tube is doubled.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 10 marks]
74
52.
In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
This question is about helium nuclei.
Describe the nature of alpha-particles and the main features of alpha-particle decay.
Describe one experiment where alpha-particles have been used to learn about atomic
structure. Explain how the experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus.
A space has been left for you to draw suitable diagram(s), if you wish to illustrate your
answer.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
[7]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 9 marks]
75
76
53.
In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
A method of producing helium nuclei is shown by the following nuclear equation.
4 11 H
4
2 He
+ 2 01 e
77
54.
radius = ...................... m
[Total 1 mark]
55.
Describe and explain the stages which take place in the birth of a Main Sequence star.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
[Total 5 marks]
78
56.
57.
Describe Olbers paradox and explain how the work of Edwin Hubble provides an
answer.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
[Total 5 marks]
79
58.
(i)
Describe the shape and structure of our galaxy. Illustrate your answer with a
sketch.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Mark X on your sketch at the approximate position of the Sun within the galaxy.
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
59.
Some Cosmologists have estimated that as much as 90% of the total mass of a galaxy
is made up of gas, referred to as dark matter.
(i)
80
(ii)
The precise amount of dark matter in the Universe is unknown. Explain how the
presence of dark matter affects the average density of the Universe and thus has
a role in determining the ultimate fate of the Universe itself.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
81
60.
Describe the use of a contrast medium, such as barium, in the imaging of internal body
structures. Your answer should include
82
61.
Fig. 1 shows data for the intensity of a parallel beam of X-rays after penetration through
varying thicknesses of a material.
2
thickness / mm
intensity / MW m
0.91
0.40
0.69
0.80
0.52
1.20
0.40
1.60
0.30
2.00
0.23
2.40
0.17
2.80
Fig. 1
(a)
i n
/
t e
M
n
W
. 0
. 8
. 6
s i t y
m
0
. 4
. 2
. 0
t h
i c k n
s s
83
Fig. 2
[3]
(b)
(i)
Find the thickness that reduces the intensity of the incident beam by one
half.
thickness = .. mm
[1]
(ii)
= .. unit
[4]
[Total 8 marks]
62.
Fig. 1 shows two protons A and B in contact and at equilibrium inside a nucleus.
B
Fig. 1
Proton A exerts three forces on proton B. These are an electrostatic force FE, a
gravitational force FG and a strong force FS.
(a)
On Fig. 1, mark and label the three forces acting on proton B. Assume that every
force acts at the centre of the proton.
84
[2]
(b)
[1]
(c)
15
m.
FE
FE = ..................................... N
[2]
(ii)
FG
FG = ..................................... N
[2]
(iii)
FS.
FS = ..................................... N
[1]
85
(d)
(e)
Fig. 2
Without further calculation, state the values of FE, FG and FS for these neutrons.
(i)
FE = .................................................................................. N
[1]
(ii)
FG = .................................................................................. N
[1]
(iii)
FS = ................................................................................. N
[1]
[Total 12 marks]
86
63.
238
92 U
The product of this reaction then undergoes two decay reactions to produce
(a)
239
94 Pu .
absorption of a neutron
[1]
(ii)
[2]
(iii)
[1]
(b)
(i)
half-life = ...................................... y
[1]
87
(ii)
[2]
(c)
23
Show that the number of atoms of plutonium in this fuel rod is 5.5 10 .
[2]
88
(ii)
64.
(a)
1
1
Describe the energy changes in this system as the protons approach each other
and come to rest.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[3]
89
(b)
Q1Q 2
.
4 0 r
(c)
23
calculate the temperature T of a plasma such that the kinetic energy of the
protons is equal to your answer to (b).
temperature = .................................... K
[1]
(d)
90
(e)
Two series of fusion reactions in the Sun are particularly important. One is the
hydrogen cycle which consists of the following reactions. The energy outputs
from each reaction are shown.
2( 11 H)
2
1H +
2( 32 He)
1
1H
2
1H
3
2 He
4
2 He
0
1e
0
0
8.8 10 13 J
2( 11 H) +
+ 2.3 10 13 J
20.6 10 13 J
4
2 He
+ 2( 01 e)
2( 00 )
+ E
Calculate the value of E, the total energy output for this reaction.
E = ..................................... J
[2]
(ii)
Suggest why the amount of heat generated inside the Sun by the hydrogen
cycle of reactions is less than would be expected from your answer to (i).
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[1]
91
(f)
Another series of reactions which occurs in the Sun is the carbon cycle. This
involves the fusion of protons with carbon and nitrogen nuclei. It happens to a
greater extent inside stars hotter than the Sun. Suggest why these reactions
require higher temperatures than the hydrogen cycle.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 13 marks]
65.
This question is about the ways in which a gold isotope might undergo spontaneous
decay.
Data.
name
symbol
192
79
gold-192
Au
191.92147
platinum-192
192
78 Pt
191.91824
mercury-192
192
80 Hg
191.92141
electron
0
1 e
0.00055
(a)
mass / u
192
79
or
decay.
[2]
92
(b)
[5]
(c)
energy = ..................................... J
[4]
[Total 11 marks]
93
66.
With particular reference to two kinds of hadron, discuss the stability or otherwise of
hadrons.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
[Total 5 marks]
67.
particle.
(ii)
[1]
94
(iii)
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
68.
69.
The charge stored in the capacitor X of capacitance 5 F in the circuit given in the
figure below is 30 C.
1 0
2 5
F
F
95
(a)
(i)
capacitor
capacitance / F
charge / C
30
25
10
p.d. / V
energy / J
[9]
(ii)
e.m.f. = ................................................. V
[1]
charge = ............................................. C
[1]
capacitance = ..................................... F
[1]
96
energy = ............................................. J
[1]
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(ii)
the fraction of the total charge remaining on the capacitors after a time
equal to four time constants.
97
70.
e l e c t r i c a l r e
r c o n d u c t in g .
h
is
w i t h in
r ia l s . C e r t a i
e
a b s o l u t e
e r a t u r e
o f 9
r ia l s
a r e
e x
c u r r e n t s
t h a
t o
g e n e r a t
r a t i o n
o f c h a
A
p
w o r k
t h e
o
r e q u
c o n s
f o r e
r o b l e m
i s
t h a t h e a t
n e e d s t o
b e
d o n e
t
p e r a t in g
t e m
p e r a t u
i r e s
3 0 W
o f p o w e r
t a n t t e m
p e r a t u r e . A
a c h
w a t t le a k in g
in .
(a)
s i s t a
T h is
a
f e w
n
m
a
z e r o .
2 K
a
t r e m
e
t c a n
e
l a r
r g e d
n c e
o f a
m
a t e r i a l s u d d e
r e m a r k a b le
t r a n s it io n
t a k e
d e g r e e s
o f
a b s o lu t e
z
t e r ia ls
h a v e
c r i t i c a l t e m
p
Y t t r i u m
b a r iu m
c o p p e
n d
b e l o w
t h is
t e m
p e r a t u
l y
u s e f u l f o r
e l e c t r ic a l d
b e
p a s s e d
t h r o u g h
s u p
g e
m
a g n e t i c
f i e l d s ,
s u c
p a r t i c l e s
o r i n
m
a k i n g
p o
w i
o
r
r e
t o
t 4
l l e n
e m
o
i s
l o
b e
s
. 2 K
t e r in
v e
t h
w e r e
u p p li
t h e
p
t o
e
h
d . A
e d
o w
s u c h
a
c
e a t l e a k
t 7 7 K
h
t o
t h e
c o
e r s u p p
................................................................
[1]
(b)
Calculate the power required by the cooling mechanism at 4.2 K if heat is leaking
into a superconducting device at a rate of 20W.
power = ............................................... W
[1]
98
(c)
(d)
Fig. 1
(i)
[2]
99
(ii)
The magnetic flux density B caused by such a coil can be estimated using
the equation
B=
o IN
2r
where I is the current, N the number of turns, r the average radius of the
6
1
coil and o is a constant equal to 1.26 10 T m A .
Calculate the resulting magnetic flux density.
(e)
Isotopes of an element can be separated by first ionising them and then firing
them into a magnetic field. For example, if singly ionised atoms of U-235 and U238 are fired into a magnetic field they are deflected into circular paths of
different radii.
(i)
State the equation for the force F acting on a charge Q moving with velocity
v at right angles to a magnetic field of flux density B.
.................................................................
[1]
(ii)
100
(iii)
A beam containing singly ionised U-235 and U-238 ions, all travelling at
the same speed, enters a region of uniform magnetic field. Sketch the
paths of these ions in the region of the magnetic field in Fig. 2. Label the
diagram clearly. No calculation is required.
r e g i o n
o f m
a g
d o w n
in t o
t h e
p a t h
o
U - 2+ 3 8
+f
U - 2 3 5
i o n s
Fig. 2
[3]
[Total 16 marks]
71.
This question is about pressing a red hot bar of steel into a sheet in a rolling mill.
(a)
101
n e t i
p a p
(b)
From the conveyor belt, the bar is passed between two rollers, shown in the
1
figure below. The bar enters the rollers at 0.60 m s . The rollers flatten the bar
1
into a sheet with the result that the sheet leaves the rollers at 1.8 m s .
s t e
c o n v e y o r
v =
0 . 6 1 0
m
(i)
r o
b e
s
l t
lle
c o n v e y o
v =
1 s. 8 1 m
lt
Explain why there is a resultant horizontal force on the bar at the point
immediately between the rollers.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Draw an arrow on the figure at this point to show the direction of the force.
[1]
(iii)
The original length of the bar is 3.0 m. Calculate the time it takes for the bar
to pass between the rollers.
time = ..................... s
[1]
102
(iv)
Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force on the bar during the
pressing process.
force = ..................... N
[3]
(c)
To monitor the thickness of the sheet leaving the rollers, a radioactive source is
placed below the sheet and a detector is placed above the sheet facing the
source. State, with a reason, which radioactive emission would be suitable for
this task. Assume that the thickness of the sheet is about 20 mm.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 11 marks]
72.
In Figs. 1 and 2, the capacitors are charged through a 10 k resistor from a 10 V d.c.
supply when the switch S is connected to X. They discharge when the switch is moved
to Y. The ammeters A1, A2, A3 and A4 monitor the currents in the circuits. Initially, the
switch is connected to X and the capacitors are fully charged.
X
1
0 k
Y
A
A
Fig. 1
0 0
F
1
0 k
A
5 0
0 0
5 F 0
Fig. 2
103
(a)
State
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
charge = ............................. C
[2]
(ii)
Explain why the total charge stored in the circuit of Fig. 1 is the same as in
the circuit of Fig. 2.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
104
(c)
Fig. 3 shows how the reading I on ammeter A2 in the circuit of Fig. 1 varies with
time t as the capacitors discharge, after the switch is moved from X to Y at t = 0.
I /
. 0
. 0
. 5
t /
. 01
. 0
Fig. 3
(i)
Describe how and explain why the reading on ammeter A1 varies, if at all,
over the same time interval.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Sketch curves on Fig. 3 to show how you expect the readings on ammeters
A3 and A4 to vary with time from t = 0, when the switch is moved from X to
Y in Fig. 2. Label your curves A3 and A4 respectively.
[3]
[Total 11 marks]
105
73.
A nitrogen atom is initially stationary at point P in Fig. 1, midway between two large
horizontal parallel plates in an evacuated chamber. The nitrogen atom becomes
charged.
There is an electric field between the plates. Ignore any effects of gravity.
Fig. 1
(a)
The direction of the electric force on the nitrogen ion is vertically downwards.
State with a reason the sign of the charge on the ion.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
The voltage between the plates is 600 V. At the instant that the ion, charge
19
26
1.6 10 C and mass 2.3 10 kg, reaches the lower plate, show that
(i)
17
[2]
(ii)
[2]
106
(c)
The electric field strength between the plates is 4.0 10 N C . Calculate the
separation of the plates.
separation = ................................. m
[2]
(d)
1
The ion passes through a hole in the lower plate at a speed of 6.5 104 m s . It
enters a region of uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.17 T perpendicularly
into the plane of Fig. 2.
m
a g n e t ic
f i e l d
in t o
t h e
p la n e
t h e
p a p e r
Fig. 2
(i)
107
o f
(ii)
Calculate how far from the hole the ion will collide with the plate. Use data
from (b).
distance = ......................... m
[5]
[Total 13 marks]
74.
(ii)
(b)
The historic unit of radioactivity is called the curie and is defined as the number of
disintegrations per second from 1.0 g of 226
88 Ra . Show that
(i)
11
1 year = 3.16 10 s
[1]
108
(ii)
10
Bq.
[3]
(c)
Use the data below to show that the energy release in the decay of a single
13
nucleus of 226
J.
88 Ra by alpha-particle emission is 7.9 10
nuclear mass of Ra-226 = 226.0254 u
nuclear mass of Rn-222 = 222.0175 u
nuclear mass of He
= 4.0026 u
[3]
109
(d)
Estimate the time it would take a freshly made sample of radium of mass 1.0 g to
increase its temperature by 1.0 C. Assume that 80% of the energy of the alphaparticles is absorbed within the sample so that this is the energy which is heating
the sample. Use data from (b) and (c).
1
time = ......................... s
[4]
[Total 13 marks]
110
75.
In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
This question is about electromagnetic induction.
State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Explain the terms magnetic flux and
magnetic flux linkage which you may have used in your statement of the law.
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[5]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 7 marks]
111
76.
In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
This question is about electromagnetic induction.
Fig. 1 shows a simple a.c. generator used for demonstrations in the laboratory. It
consists of a magnet being rotated inside a cavity in a soft iron core. The output from
the coil, wound on the iron core, is connected to an oscilloscope.
N
t o
s o
f t
s c i l l o
s c o
i r o
c o
r e
Fig. 1
Sketch on Fig. 2 a typical output voltage which would be seen on the oscilloscope
screen. State and explain, using Faradays law and/or the terms magnetic flux and
magnetic flux linkage, how doubling each of the following factors will alter this output
voltage:
Fig. 2
112
Finally, explain how the output voltage would be different if the soft iron core were
removed, leaving the magnet and coil in the same positions.
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[7]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 9 marks]
113
77.
When a star ceases to be Main Sequence, it may evolve in several different ways.
Explain the circumstances which will lead to the formation of a neutron star.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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[Total 4 marks]
78.
(i)
30
density = .. kg m
[3]
114
(ii)
State how the density of a neutron star compares to that of materials commonly
found on Earth.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
79.
Some stages in the early evolution of the Universe are represented in the figure below.
b
b
i g
a
o
U
ill is e
t im
(i)
c o
e
p a q u e
n i v e r s e
t r a n s p
U n i v e
p p
r 5o x
y e
a r e
r s e
r s
(ii)
State and explain how the temperature of the Universe has changed after the first
millisecond.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
115
(iii)
80.
Describe and explain two pieces of evidence which suggest that the Universe did in
fact begin with a big bang.
.................................................................................................................................
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[Total 5 marks]
116
81.
82.
The ultimate fate of the Universe is not yet clear. The figure below shows a graph
where the size of the Universe is represented from the big bang B to the present day P.
The graph has been extended into the future by the dotted line ( ).
s i z e
e a s u r e
o f
U n iv e r s e
0
(i)
B
t i m
Calculate a value for the age of the Universe in years. Assume the Hubble
1
1
constant to be 75 km s Mpc .
age = .. years
[3]
(ii)
Describe and explain what final fate for the Universe is represented in the figure
above.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
117
(iii)
The mass of the Universe may be significantly greater than that assumed in the
first paragraph of this question.
Taking this to be case, sketch a second graph on the figure above using the
same scales to show the future evolution of the Universe.
[2]
(iv)
Comment upon the implications of your graph for the future of the Universe.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 8 marks]
83.
For a spacecraft launched into the outer regions of the solar system, it is not practical
to have its battery recharged by solar panels. Such spacecraft use a Radioisotope
Thermoelectric Generator (RTG). This generator has no moving parts and contains two
different metals joined to form a closed electric circuit. When the two junctions between
these metals are kept at different temperatures, an electric current is produced. One
junction is cooled by space while the other is heated by the decay from a radioactive
isotope. RTGs are very reliable sources of power.
Nowadays, RTGs use plutonium-238 which is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 88
years.
Each alpha particle is emitted with a kinetic energy of 5.0MeV.
(a)
State one reason why solar panels are not practical in deep space.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[1]
118
(b)
Suppose such a spacecraft transmits for 120 minutes each day from a 12 V
circuit which draws a current of 5.0 A while transmitting back to Earth. During the
rest of the day, the transmitting circuit is shut down. The battery charging,
however, carries on continuously.
(i)
Show that the energy required per day for transmission is about 0.4 MJ.
[2]
(ii)
The overall efficiency in the RTG battery charging system is 25%. Show
that the steady power output required from the RTG is about 20 W.
[2]
(iii)
Calculate the minimum activity of the source (i.e. the number of 5 MeV
alpha particles emitted per second) required to generate this power.
activity = ................ Bq
[2]
119
(c)
(i)
10
s .
[2]
(ii)
N = ......................
[2]
(iii)
mass = ................. kg
[2]
120
(d)
121
84.
The figure below shows a cross-section of a radiographic detector which uses fllm and
intensifying screens. Describe how an image of an internal body structure may be
produced using X-ray film. Within your answer you should include details of the use
and advantages of an intensifying screen.
X
- r a y
t o
i n
l a
t e
s t i c
c o
s if y i n
t in
s c r e
s c r e
f i l m
i n
t e
m
s if y i n
e
t a
c k in
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[Total 8 marks]
122
85.
86.
Quartz is a compound of silicon and oxygen. Each silicon atom is attached to four
oxygen atoms. See Fig. 1 below. Each oxygen atom carries a negative charge. The
silicon atom carries a positive charge.
o x y g
s i l i c o
n
n
io
io
- f i e
l d
+
Fig. 1
(i)
Fig. 2
On Fig. 2, draw possible positions for the negatively-charged oxygen ions when
an electric field is applied in the direction shown. The central silicon ion and one
oxygen ion have been drawn in for you.
[1]
(ii)
Use your answer to (i) to explain why a single crystal of quartz is piezoelectric.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
123
87.
(a)
Acoustic impedance Z is the product of the density of a medium and the speed
of ultrasound v.
The fraction f of ultrasound reflected at a boundary between two media of
acoustic impedances Z1 and Z2 is given by the equation
f=
medium
(Z 2 Z1 ) 2
(Z 2 + Z1 ) 2
3
density / kg m
ultrasound velocity v / m s
air
1.299
330
skin
1075
1590
coupling medium
1090
1540
bone
1750
4080
Fig. 1
(i)
Use the data in Fig. 1 to find the fraction f of ultrasound reflected at an airskin boundary.
f = ...........................
[2]
124
(ii)
(b)
Fig. 2 is a CRO display showing the reflected ultrasound signal from the front
5
edge F and the rear edge R of a bone. The time-base setting is 1.0 10 s cm
1
.
c m
1
c m
1
. 0
1 0
Fig. 2
125
Using appropriate data from Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, calculate the thickness of the
bone.
thickness = ........................................... cm
[4]
[Total 8 marks]
88.
On the figure above, sketch the pattern and show the direction of the magnetic field
inside the solenoid.
[Total 3 marks]
126
89.
(a)
(b)
The fission of
236
92 U
The table below shows 3 possible pairs of product nuclei and their relative yields.
nucleus 1
nucleus 2
relative yield
zirconium-100 ( 100
40 Zr )
tellurium-135 ( 135
52 Te )
6.4%
selenium-83 ( 83
34 Se )
cerium-152 ( 152
58 Ce )
0.40%
rhodium-110 ( 110
45 Rh )
silver-121 ( 121
47 Ag )
0.020%
127
110
45 Rh
and
121
47 Ag .
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
90.
91.
2
1H
3
2 He
1
0n
+ energy
reaction 1
The values of binding energy per nucleon for 21 H and 32 He are given in the table
below.
nuclide
2
1H
1.11
3
2 He
2.57
128
(i)
energy = ................................................... J
[3]
(ii)
Energy may also be generated by the fusion of deuterium and tritium in the
reaction
2
1H
3
1H
4
2 He
1
0n
+ energy
reaction 2
12
129
(b)
The energy generated in reaction 2 is shared between the helium-4 nucleus and
the neutron.
Calculate what percentage of the energy released is gained by the neutron.
Assume that the initial momentum of the products is zero.
percentage = .................................................. %
[5]
[Total 9 marks]
92.
(i)
130
(ii)
93.
Neptunium-239 ( 239
93 Np ) is formed in a fission reactor. This nuclide decays to form
plutonium-239 ( 239
94 Pu ), thus:
239
93 Np
239
93 Np :
239
94 Pu +
2.36 days;
20
239
94 Pu :
atoms of
0
1 e
0
0v
24 100 years.
239
93 Np
239
93 Np
nuclei is monitored. This number of nuclei is plotted against time to give the
graph labelled Np in the figure below.
131
. 0
m
n
b e r o
c le i
(a)
239
94 Pu
t im
132
(b)
239
94 Pu
nuclei to reach
20
2.70 10 .
94.
This question is about changing the motion of electrons using electric fields. The
diagram below shows a horizontal beam of electrons moving in a vacuum. The
electrons pass through a hole in the centre of a metal plate A. At B is a metal grid
through which the electrons can pass. At C is a further metal sheet. The three vertical
conductors are maintained at voltages of +600 V at A, 0V at B and +1200 V at C. The
distance from plate A to grid B is 40 mm.
+
l e c t r o
b e a m
6 V0
B
4
(a)
On the diagram above draw electric field lines to represent the fields in the
regions between the three plates.
[3]
133
(b)
Show that the magnitude of the electric field strength between plate A and grid B
4
1
is 1.5 10 V m .
[2]
(c)
Calculate the horizontal force on an electron after passing through the hole in A.
force = ..................... N
[2]
(d)
Show that the minimum speed that an electron in the beam must have at the hole
7
1
in A to reach the grid at B is about 1.5 10 m s .
[2]
134
(e)
Calculate the speed of these electrons when they collide with sheet C.
speed = ..................... m s
[1]
(f)
Describe and explain the effect on the current detected at C when the voltage of
the grid B is increased negatively.
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[2]
[Total 12 marks]
95.
The diagram below shows the graph of charge Q stored against potential difference V
across a capacitor.
2C 5
2
0
5
0
4
V/ V
135
(i)
capacitance = .................... F
[2]
(ii)
energy = .................... J
[2]
(iii)
The capacitor is discharged through a resistor. The charge falls to 0.37 of its
initial value in a time of 0.040 s. This is the time constant of the circuit. Calculate
the resistance of the resistor.
resistance = ....................
[2]
136
(iv)
Explain why the discharge time of the capacitor is independent of the initial
charge on the capacitor.
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[2]
[Total 8 marks]
96.
You are provided with a number of identical capacitors, each of capacitance 3.0 F.
Three are connected in a series and parallel combination as shown in the diagram
below.
. 0
. 0
. 0
(i)
Show that the total capacitance between the terminals A and B is 2.0 F.
[3]
137
(ii)
Draw a diagram in the space below to show how you can produce a total
capacitance of 2.0 F using six 3.0 F capacitors.
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
97.
The activity of the potassium source is proportional to the count rate minus the
background count rate, that is
activity = constant (count rate background count rate).
(i)
(ii)
Suggest, with a reason, one of the factors which affect the value of the constant
in the equation above.
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
138
98.
The activity of the potassium source is proportional to the count rate minus the
background count rate, that is
activity = constant (count rate background count rate).
(i)
The radioactive decay law in terms of the count rate C corrected for background
can be written in the form
t
C = Coe
[2]
139
(ii)
Fig. 2 shows the graph of ln C against time t for the beta-decay of potassium.
4
. 6
. 4
. 2
. 0
0
lnC
1
t /
Fig. 2
Use data from the graph to estimate the half-life of the potassium nuclide.
half-life = .h
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
140
99.
State three ways in which decay by emission of an -particle differs from decay by
emission of a -particle.
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[Total 3 marks]
100. A single-turn square coil of side 0.050m is placed in a magnetic field of flux density B of
magnitude 0.026 T.
(a)
The coil is placed in three different orientations to the field as shown in Fig. 1(a),
(b) and (c).
( a )
( b
Fig. 1
In Fig. 1(a), the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field. In (b), it is at 45 to
the field and in (c), it is parallel to the field. Calculate the value, giving a suitable
unit, of the magnetic flux linking the coil for the position shown in
(i)
Fig. 1(a)
141
(ii)
Fig. 1(b)
(iii)
Fig. 1(c).
(b)
The coil is rotated in the magnetic field to generate an e.m.f. across its ends. The
graph of the variation of e.m.f. with time is shown in Fig. 2.
1
5
v o
lt a
e0 / m
t im
e
1 6
0
Fig. 2
(i)
On Fig. 2 mark, with an X, a point on the graph at a time when the flux
linking the coil is a maximum.
[1]
142
(ii)
(iii)
The rate of rotation of the coil is doubled. On Fig. 2 draw a graph showing
at least two cycles of the e.m.f. now generated across the ends of the coil.
[3]
[Total 11 marks]
101. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
Describe what conclusions can be drawn about the structure of the atom from
Rutherfords experiment in which -particles are scattered by gold nuclei. Explain how
and why the experiment differs when high-speed electrons are fired at nuclei.
(Allow one lined page)
[7]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 9 marks]
102. (a)
The cosmic microwave background radiation is evidence for the way in which the
Universe began. State a feature of the intensity of this microwave background
radiation.
........................................................................................................................
[1]
143
(b)
The first stars are thought to have formed many years after the Universe came
into being. What are the similarities and differences between the composition of
the Sun and that of the very first stars?
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[3]
[Total 4 marks]
103. In 1929 Edwin Hubble showed that the Universe was expanding by studying the light
from stars and galaxies. Explain how.
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[Total 5 marks]
144
104. (a)
Suggest why many stars within our galaxy do not conform with Hubbles law.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Estimate the age of the Universe, giving your answer in seconds. Show your
1
1
working and take the Hubble constant to be 75 km s Mpc .
age = .............................. s
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
145
105. Describe how the fate of the Universe depends upon its mean density and explain why
this ultimate fate is not yet known.
.................................................................................................................................
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[Total 5 marks]
106. The primary coil of a transformer is connected to the 230 V mains supply. The 12 V
output of the secondary coil is applied to a bulb which draws a current of 3.0 A. At the
frequency of the mains the transformer operates with an efficiency of 96 %. Calculate
(i)
power = ................... W
[2]
146
(ii)
current = ................... A
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
107. This question is about the strong and electrostatic forces inside a nucleus.
The figure below shows how the strong force (strong interaction) and the electrostatic
force between two protons vary with distance between the centres of the protons.
f o
r c e
s t r o n
f o r c e
(a)
l e c t r o
f o r c e
d
b
is t a
e t w
s t a
n
e
t i c
c e
e n
c e
t r e
Label on the figure the regions of the force axis which represent attraction and
repulsion respectively.
[1]
147
(b)
(i)
On the figure above, mark a point which represents the distance between
the centres of two adjacent neutrons in a nucleus. Label this point N.
Explain why you chose point N.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
On the figure, mark a point P which represents the distance between two
adjacent protons in a nucleus.
Explain why you chose point P.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
(c)
On the figure, sketch a line to show how the resultant force between two
protons varies with the distance between their centres. Pay particular attention
to the points at which this line crosses any other line.
[3]
(d)
(i)
Write an expression for the electrostatic force between two point charges Q
which are situated at a distance x apart.
[1]
148
(ii)
distance = ...................................... m
[2]
[Total 11 marks]
(b)
(i)
(ii)
149
(c)
20
20
atoms of
(ii)
20
atoms of plutonium-
[2]
(d)
20
150
(ii)
Use this ratio, together with the numbers of atoms in the original mixture, to
deduce the total time (from the start) before the number of atoms of
plutonium-239 and plutonium-240 are equal.
151
109. When a helium nucleus ( 42 He ) is produced by hydrogen fusion, 28.4 MeV of energy is
released.
Calculate how much energy is released when 1.00 kg of 42 He nuclei is produced.
Give your answer in joule.
energy = .............................................. J
[3]
[Total 3 marks]
110. In the Sun there is a series of reactions called the hydrogen cycle.
(a)
(b)
Fusion of a hydrogen nucleus and a deuterium nucleus is most likely when they
approach each other along the same line. The figure below illustrates this.
1
1
2
1
152
In one such interaction, the two nuclei both decelerate and come to rest.
(i)
(ii)
Q1Q 2
4 0 r
[2]
153
(iii)
[2]
(iv)
Using the answers to (ii) and (iii), calculate the initial kinetic energies of the
hydrogen nucleus and the deuterium nucleus.
154
111. (a)
The table of Fig. 1 shows four particles and three classes of particle.
hadron
baryon
lepton
neutron
proton
electron
neutrino
Fig. 1
Indicate using ticks, the class or classes to which each particle belongs.
[2]
(b)
The neutron can decay, producing particles which include a proton and an
electron.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
155
(iv)
Write number equations which show that charge and baryon number are
conserved in this quark reaction.
charge ..................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
baryon number .....................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
(c)
Fig. 2 illustrates the paths of the neutron, proton and electron only in a decay
process of the kind described in (b).
t r o
r o
t o
l e
c t r o
Fig. 2
Fig. 3 represents the momenta of the neutron, pn, the proton, pp and the electron,
pe on a vector diagram.
p
p
Fig. 3
(i)
Draw and label a line on Fig. 3 which represents the resultant pr of vectors
pp and pe.
[1]
156
(ii)
(b)
235
92 U
141
56 Ba
and
92
36 Kr
157
(c)
energy = ..J
[3]
(d)
Most of the energy released arises from the electrostatic repulsion of the two
nuclei as they move apart. Use the information in (b) to show that the force F
between the two nuclei at the instant after fission occurs is about 3000N.
14
Assume the nuclei act as point charges a distance r apart of 1.3 10 m.
[4]
[Total 10 marks]
158
113. (a)
(b)
The figure below shows an evacuated circular tube in which charged particles
can be accelerated. A uniform magnetic field of flux density B acts in a direction
perpendicular to the plane of the tube.
Protons move with a speed v along a circular path within the tube.
e av c u a
t u b e
P
(i)
t e
p
p
a t h
o f
r o t o n
On the figure above draw an arrow at P to indicate the direction of the force
on the protons for them to move in a circle within the tube.
[1]
(ii)
State the direction of the magnetic field. Explain how you arrived at your
answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
159
(iv)
Calculate the value of the flux density B needed to contain protons of speed
7
1
1.5 10 m s within a tube of radius 60 m. Give a suitable unit for your
answer.
B = unit
[5]
(v)
State and explain what action must be taken to contain protons, injected at
twice the speed (2v), within the tube.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 13 marks]
160
114. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
State and compare the nature and properties of the three types of ionising radiations
emitted by naturally occurring radioactive substances.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
[6]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 8 marks]
161
115. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.
Describe experiments which would enable you to determine the nature and energy of
the emissions from a sample of rock containing several radioactive nuclides. A space
has been left for you to draw suitable diagram(s), if you wish to illustrate your answer.
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[6]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 8 marks]
162
117. Astronomers are searching for planets which orbit distant stars. The planets are not
visible from the Earth. Their existence is revealed by the stars motion which causes a
shift in the wavelength of the light it emits.
A large planet P is shown orbiting a star S in the Fig. 1. Both the star and the planet
rotate about their common centre of mass C.
P
C
l ig
t o
a r t h
Fig. 1
163
When measured from a stationary source in the laboratory, a spectral line has a
wavelength of 656.3 nm.
The light from star S is examined over a period of 74 hours. The change in wavelength
for the same spectral line is recorded. The velocity has been calculated and the
data shown in Fig. 2.
time / h
15
/10
velocity / m s
6.7
3.1
38.1
17.5
12
66.0
30.3
19
76.0
34.9
23
69.1
31.7
29
43.8
20.1
35
6.8
3.1
41
32.2
14.8
48
66.0
30.3
55
76.0
34.9
61
62.5
28.7
67
32.2
14.8
74
6.1
Fig. 2
(i)
Use the Doppler equation relating with velocity v to calculate the change in
1
wavelength for the final velocity of 6.1 m s .
164
[3]
165
(ii)
v e
Plot a graph of the stars velocity against time using the grid in Fig. 3. The first
seven points are already completed. The data required from Fig. 2 are repeated
beneath the grid.
c i t y 1
l o
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
t im
8 0/ h
Fig. 3
[2]
time / h
velocity / m s
41
14.8
48
30.3
55
34.9
61
28.7
67
14.8
74
6.1
166
(iii)
(iv)
On Fig. 1, mark a point on the stars orbit that would correspond to a velocity of
zero on the graph. Label this point X.
[1]
(v)
Use your graph to estimate the time T for the planet to make one complete
revolution around the star.
time .........................h
[1]
(vi)
30
GMT 2
4 2
radius = .....................m
[2]
[Total 10 marks]
167
118. Large distances in the Universe may be measured in parsecs. Explain what is meant
by a parsec.
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[Total 2 marks]
119. Explain how a main sequence star can develop into a supernova. Discuss what may
remain after the explosion.
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[Total 6 marks]
168
26
120. It is estimated that the Sun radiates energy at the rate of 3.8 10
44
supernova explosion may produce 10 J of energy.
(i)
W and that a
Calculate the rate at which mass is converted into energy within the Sun.
[2]
(ii)
Calculate the time, in years, that it would take the Sun to produce the same
amount of energy as that released in a supernova explosion. Assume 1 year to
7
be 3.2 10 s.
time = .................................... y
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
169
122. Describe the important properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation and
how the standard model of the Universe explains these properties. Explain their
significance as evidence for the past evolution of the Universe.
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[Total 5 marks]
123. Why is our understanding of the very earliest moments of the Universe unreliable?
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[Total 2 marks]
170
124. The future of the Universe may be open, closed or flat. Explain the meaning of the
terms in italics, using a graph to illustrate your answer.
's iz e
o f U
m
n
e a s u r e
i v e r s e
'
iv e
r s e
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[Total 4 marks]
26
kg m .
H0 = ...........................s
[Total 2 marks]
171
172
127. In order to take an X-ray photograph, the X-ray beam is passed through an aluminium
filter to remove low energy X-ray photons before reaching the patient.
(a)
(b)
The average linear attenuation coefficient for X-rays that penetrate the aluminium
1
is 250 m . The intensity of an X-ray beam after travelling through 2.5 cm of
2
aluminium is 347 W m .
5
[3]
173
(c)
The X-ray beam at the filter has a circular cross-section of diameter 0.20 cm.
Calculate the power of the X-ray beam emerging from the aluminium filter.
Assume that the beam penetrates the aluminium filter as a parallel beam.
power = ............................ W
[2]
(d)
power = ..................... W
[2]
174
(ii)
velocity = ..................... m s
[2]
(iii)
Calculate the p.d. across the X-ray tube required to give the electrons the
velocity calculated in (ii).
p.d.= ........................ V
[3]
[Total 13 marks]
128. The ratio of reflected intensity to incident intensity for ultrasound reflected at a
boundary is related to the acoustic impedance Z1 of the medium on one side of the
boundary and the acoustic impedance Z2 of the medium on the other side of the
boundary by the following equation.
reflected intensity (Z 2 Z1 ) 2
=
incident intensity (Z 2 + Z1 ) 2
175
(a)
State the two factors that determine the value of the acoustic impedance.
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[2]
(b)
air
4.29 10
blood
1.59 10
water
1.50 10
brain tissue
1.58 10
soft tissue
1.63 10
bone
7.78 10
muscle
1.70 10
176
(i)
Use appropriate data from the table to identify the unknown medium. You
must show your reasoning.
medium = ............................
[4]
(ii)
Calculate the depth at which the ultrasound pulse was reflected if the speed
1
of ultrasound in soft tissue is 1.54 km s .
depth = ...................... cm
[2]
177
(iii)
wavelength = ............................... m
[2]
[Total 10 marks]
129. A transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient in its operation. The primary coil is
connected to a 230 V a.c. source. The secondary coil is connected to a 50 resistor.
The potential difference across the resistor is 12 V a.c.
Calculate
(i)
current = ................... A
[2]
178
(ii)
current = ................... A
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
130. (a)
(i)
(ii)
The diagram below shows the binding energy per nucleon for five nuclides,
plotted against nucleon number.
9
b i n d in g
n u c le o
e
n
n
8
. 0
. 0
e r g y
/ M
e V
5 6
2 F6
p e
9
3
1
5
3 5
I3
. 0
2
1
. 0
. 0
0
2
6C
1
n
Y59
05
u c le
1 5
o n
3 5
U
9 2
0
e
2 0
r
179
56
26 Fe
has the highest binding energy per nucleon. 126 C and 235
92 U have less
binding energy per nucleon.
Explain how these values relate to the possibility of fission or fusion of the
12
235
nuclides 56
26 Fe , 6 C and 92 U .
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[4]
(b)
(i)
A 235
92 U nucleus inside a nuclear reactor can absorb a thermal neutron.
State what is meant by a thermal neutron.
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[1]
(ii)
[1]
180
(iii)
are produced.
Write a nuclear equation for this reaction.
[1]
(iv)
Use data from the diagram above to deduce how much energy in MeV is
released when one nucleus of 235
92 U undergoes these reactions.
181
131. In the JET fusion experiment, a plasma consisting of a mixture of deuterium ( 21H ) and
tritium ( 31 H ) is confined within a magnetic field of high flux density.
The plasma is heated using two methods.
method 1
4
c u r r e
1 60 A
51
t i m
2
e
01
Fig. 1
method 2
Fast-moving deuterium atoms are injected into the plasma. The nuclei of
the injected deuterium atoms collide with nuclei in the plasma and so
transfer energy to it.
182
When the plasma temperature is high enough, deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse,
producing a helium nucleus and a neutron. This reaction may be represented as
follows.
2
1H
3
1H
4
2 He
1
0n
energy
The energy released is shared between the helium nucleus and the neutron, which
move off in opposite directions.
4
2
1
0
Fig. 2
(a)
For method 1, calculate the total energy input provided by the current source.
energy = ....................................... J
[4]
(b)
183
(c)
Show that the helium nucleus gains 20% of the total energy released in the
fusion reaction, and the neutron gains 80% of the energy released.
You may assume that the initial momentum of the helium-neutron system is zero.
[4]
[Total 10 marks]
their composition
their stability.
184
their composition
185
134. (a)
terms used
s distance moved
in equation
s = ut +
u initial velocity
1 2
at
2
question
answer
Is s t?
t time taken
to t since u is constant.
a acceleration
v final velocity
v = u + at
Is v t?
u initial velocity
a acceleration
t time taken
p pressure
[2]
pV = nRT
Is p T?
V volume
n amount of gas
R gas constant
T temperature
P power
[2]
P = Fv
Is P F?
F force
v velocity
[2]
A area of circle
r radius of circle
A = r
2
Is A r ?
[1]
186
(b)
What features of a graph plotting one variable against another would determine
whether the two variables were directly proportional?
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[2]
[Total 9 marks]
135. A radioactive material is known to contain a mixture of two nuclides X and Y of different
half-lives. Readings of activity, taken as the material decays, are given in the table,
together with the activity of nuclide X over the first 12 hours.
time / hour
activity of
material / Bq
activity of
nuclide X /Bq
activity of
nuclide Y /Bq
4600
4200
400
3713
3334
12
3002
2646
18
2436
24
1984
30
1619
36
1333
1323
296
187
(a)
radioactive
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[1]
(ii)
nuclide
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[1]
(iii)
half-life.
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[1]
(b)
(i)
(ii)
188
(c)
02
0
t im
6 04
/ h o u
(d)
189
(e)
Explain why it is not possible to give a half-life for a mixture of two nuclides.
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[3]
[Total 16 marks]
190