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Review of Related Literature and Studies
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Related Literature
Foreign
According to Brookover, Wilbur; And Others (1982), training to use modules helps
teachers, administrators, and school staff produce learners who will get high levels of
achievement regardless of the hindrances to the student’s environment. Modular learning calls
for the relationship between teacher expectations, student perceptions of teacher expectations and
evaluations, and student achievement. Also, this mode of learning addresses principles for
grouping students to maximize achievement and simplify classroom management, and it deals
with the teacher’s strategy of effective instruction. They also talk about the problem of the
discipline of the students while answering their modules. Lastly, modular learning discusses
methods for student cooperative learning, the use of positive reinforcements such as praise, and
According to Oluniyi (2013), this mode of learning has been an alternative to access
education globally. To continue the practices of learning before, the Centre for Distance
Learning at Obafemi Awolowo University began transitioning the existing program from a face-
to-face model to an e-learning model. This study will review the challenges and problems
encountered in transitioning to a new mode of learning. Also, they mentioned the most
significant issue of the learners, which are the solution to Internet Facilities and Inability to use
Computer. Although the respondents admitted that there are e-learning challenges, they also
believe that those challenges could be solved. The transition to this mode of learning made a
massive reaction of the students. Challenges of online learning include the availability of the
technology and skills using the new way of learning, the pedagogical skills for online
Based on this literature, The Open and Distance Learning (ODL) has it goals, according
to National Policy on Education (NPE) this are: to provide quality education and equity in
educational opportunities especially for those who have been denied, to meet special needs of the
curricula, and to ameliorate the effect of internal and external brain drain in tertiary institutions
According to Crowe (2015), The Coronavirus (COVID 19) pandemic affects the delivery
of lessons to the learners. We need to implement new approaches and strategies in teaching and
learning. The Department of Education (DepEd) provides a new method: the modular distance
learning modality that will suit the location of learners. The Department of Education conducted
an individual survey to the parents of the students that prefer to have a modular distance learning
modality. The schools provide learning modules for learners to use in studying at home.
One of the biggest challenges that school organizations are experiencing today is
managing their capacity to meet all the learning needs of students. This struggle hinders creating
a wide variety of suitable learning materials to cater to the needs of learners to complete their
competencies and roles as a student. But some of the parents, due to lack of education in guiding
their child to their learning modules, prefer combining it with an online explanation of the
independently from time and space with the support of technology and individuals around them.
Some schools and institutions choose this kind of new setup in learning because learners need to
access education, update their skill development, increase the cost of effectiveness, increase the
quality of educational structure, improve the capacity of the system of education, balance
inequalities between age groups, provide education to specific target groups, provide emergency
case training to target groups, expanding the capacity of education in new subject areas, an
associate working and family life with education and adding an international dimension to
education. Despite the beautiful goals and objectives, it also encounters obstacles and problems.
The first problem is related to the equipment and materials used, and the second is related to
expectations, time management, and interpersonal communication. At the same time, the barriers
to the teachers or instructors are related to identifying expectations, providing feedback, and
interpersonal relations. O’Doherty, Dromey, Lougheed, Hannigan, Last, and McGrath (2018)
stated in their research based on the literature that barriers in modular distance learning are
limitations in time, skills, and lack of institutional strategies and support and negative attitudes of
everyone involved.
According to Rust (2000), the philosophy of modular learning empowers the student to
have a coherent and relevant curriculum. They stated that choosing this type of distance learning
is not referred by your friends or because they do not clash with part-time work commitments.
One problem that they see in modular learning is that there is too much summative assessment,
and this is likely to be even more “true” with each module having at least one evaluation and
probably more.
The personal tutor system made them think they could be the way to decrease the number
of students that have problems with modular learning. Also, they considered creating designs in
which the student takes responsibility for tracking and recording their knowledge. In this case,
students will be alarmed if they are not learning or not accomplishing their modules on time.
They called it Personal Profiling. When the majority of students are not able to engage in this
process, it means that they do not initially recognize the relevance or value of it sufficiently to
Local
Modular learning activities are widely used as an alternative to better assisting them in
the acquisition of autonomous learning Nardo (2017). Most of the subjects, such as natural
sciences and social sciences, are taught using the modular approach in teaching and learning
Self-studying is one of the significant ways distance learning works. Thus, Sejpal (2013)
pointed out that the "module" concept is related to the notion of a language curriculum that is
work assessment.
According to Tupas & Laguda (2020), the modular approach is an efficient and effective
tool for helping students learn. It is unusual in that each student may utilize any or all the
educational resources at any time of day, and they are available at any time. This method is
instructional modules.
However, it is contrary to this idea that distance education will not have this value where
painful and eats a lot of time Cabansag P., Cabansag V., & Soriano (2020). It necessitates an
increased motivation level due to certain levels of constraints such as discipline, preparation, and
Philippines. In accordance with this are the problems and disadvantages for teachers and
students, such as the difficulty of students in answering modules, some modules were responded
by guardians/parents, and not all students are committed to answering modules, with some doing
it merely for formality and completeness. Participants also provide comments and suggestions
that may be useful in the future. They suggest that MDL should be combined with ODL if
possible so that students can receive greater help from their teachers and that modules be
produced as soon as possible. Students must be accountable for completing their modules for
continuous learning based on the suggestions. Furthermore, teachers and parents must be aware
of their duties and provide more specific examples of the lesson while reducing activities to
According to Chin (2020), the Philippine education system is now adjusting to blended
learning. Despite calls for "Academic Freeze" in the aftermath of the pandemic, the DepEd
believes that education must not be compromised. As a result, they developed various modes of
learning, including Modular Distance Learning. The common problems and difficulties of this
modality include technical issues such as the availability of resources, the reliability of the Self-
Learning Module, students being distracted by other things, and the educational background of
parents or guardians, because not all of them are well-equipped with appropriate education.
Based on the Manila Bulletin’s latest news by Malipot (2020), a teacher’s federation
called the attention of DepEd due to raised issues concerning the preparation of modular
learning. The problems identified were a lack of materials in printing modules, pressure and
stress in creating modules and activity sheets in a limited time-frame, which caused teachers to
stay until the evening in school just to prepare and finish the printing of modules, and
reproduction cost, which is a big problem because schools are asked to find ways to raise funds
in a limited of time. Other LGUs give their assistance, although assurances from LGUs in some
Related Studies
Foreign
For the reason of limited resources, the researchers are not able to find foreign studies.
Local
Module (SLM) and is very convenient for most standard Filipino students. Regarding the issues
and concerns of teachers on the use of modular learning, it was established that teachers are
oriented and well prepared to fulfill their duties and assignments on modular distance learning
throughout the pandemic. Guiamalon et al. (2021). Teachers are completely trained and
In a study conducted by Nacar & Camara (2021) about the lived experiences of teachers
in implementing modular distance learning in the Philippine setting, it was found that teachers
had experienced various issues and challenges in Modular Distance Learning like monitoring the
progress of learners and as well as transporting modules in remote areas. With this situation,
students may be at risk of dropping out or failing because teachers have difficulty
During this time of the pandemic, where the students are in new normal schooling, stress
is one of the primary problems students’ faces, especially for the students who are handling
work, responsibilities and studying at the same time. Therefore Barcenas & Bibon (2021)
conducted research about the coping mechanism of island school students on the problems
encountered in modular distance learning. The study shows that the students are desire help from
educated others due to the unavailability and inaccessibility of a sudden support system; cheating
or referring to the internet for education, and cautiously organized modules to conduct time well
A study conducted by Resoles (2021) about the effects of distance learning modality on
the teaching performance of educators in the Philippines shows that educators face various
problems that need immediate solutions through appropriate policy proposals, strategic
programs, and further studies to explore the issue like motivation and willingness among
teachers, technological limitations, Accessibility issues, Wages, and benefits, as well as mental
health issues.
With many studies about the harmful effects of modular distance learning, a study
conducted by Betlen (2021) focuses on the positive impacts of modular distance learning on
students, and the study shows that the effect of the modular learning approach on the academic
achievement of the students has come to the realization. Students using a modular learning
approach have significantly improved their academic performance. He also showed a reasonable
According to Dargo and Dimas (2021), most schools in rural areas utilized Modular
Distance Learning (MDL) to ensure the continuity of education. Their study discovered that
there are 2.25% decrease in the General Weighted Average of the learners after the execution of
MDL. In addition, the negative effects they discovered that may be a problem are lacking
and disruptions at home. They offer several solutions to these concerns, such as conducting
As stated in the study of Talimodao and Madrigal (2021), there several challenges that
teachers experienced on activities, outputs, and tests. There are also some problems about the
incapacity of parents to teach their children and comply in distribution or retrieval of self-
learning printed modules. They also stated that teachers need support in the said modality from
the school administrators by making them undergo training thematic assessments that is good for
instruction that allows learners to use self-learning modules (SLM's) in print or digital format,
which is applicable in the context of the learners. This serves as a complete guide for both
This mode of learning is very visible during this time of pandemic because social
gatherings are prohibited for the safety of all, especially the learners. According to the studies we
gathered, modular distance learning is the best approach or method that the Department of
Education can do despite the many challenges they may experience. Such as the availability of
students' devices, internet connection, government funding insufficiency, and the time and
expertise of the parents who would help their child in answering the modules.
In line with this, local studies stated that this type of learning was recognized in Asia and
the West to continue the acquisition of autonomous learning. Most of the curriculum developers
decided to make and use modules as a big part of this method because it is the easiest way to
utilize and most appropriate for all types of learners. A module is a self-contained, self-
particular topic.
Some foreign studies also demonstrated researchers' about modular distance learning.
Based on them, this method reinforces positive praise and assessments that help instructional
programs. The transition to this mode of learning caused a massive reaction from the students,
but they believed that those challenges could be solved. What matters most is the benefit we can
get from having and administering this kind of setup. Most institutions choose this kind of new
normal setting because learners need to access education and the academe aims to give quality
To sum it up, the advantages the studies emphasized were, learning continues depending
in the student’s willingness to accept change, parents realized their roles as it is very important.
In education, students learn to value their time and modular learning teach their students values,
Theoretical Framework
The researchers gathered the following theories that will support the study.
According to Culatta 2021, Andragogy is instructing the students to focus on how the
students did the activity than the content being taught. These strategies can apply to the activities
such as case studies, role-playing, simulations, and self-evaluation. Also, Andragogy has four
assumptions about learning design; first, educators must know why students need to learn
something. Second, students need to learn experientially. Third, students learn best when they
approach us through problem-solving. Lastly, they know best when the topic is of immediate
value.
This theory will help the researchers to explain that even modular learning is done
without seeing each other, they can still utilize instructions and strategies that will make the
learners bring out their best performance, and by that teacher will be able to see the process on
student’s learning. Also, this kind of strategy will focus more on the process and less on the
content being taught. In this way, educators adopt the role of facilitator rather than lecturer or
grader.
According to Instructional Design Hub 2012, the Theory of Independent Study idealizes
learner freedom. Wedemeyer characterized independent study, which is first learning takes place
through the student’s activity, second learning is made convenient for the student in their
environment. Lastly, the learner takes responsibility for the pace of their progress, with the
This theory will help the researchers guide educators to design individualized instruction,
foster learner autonomy, and provide appropriate support (teaching), all of which may make the
instruction more effective for the learner. Also, this will emphasize the importance of learner
autonomy and self-responsibility that will make the learner responsible for the pace of their
distance education, influencing the process of teaching and learning. It will always rely on
distance learning, this aspect of technological mediation needs to be considered. Also, this theory
refers to the degree of psychological distance between learner and teacher. It tells that space and
time are the most prominent distance education problem. Distance education relies on
technology problems to deliver communication, instruction, and content to the students. But to
manipulating tools to accomplish a task. Learner-Interface Interaction will make the students
aware of their ability to interact through technology, thereby influencing the learning in a
meaningful way.
This theory will help the researchers to address the problems in implementing modular
learning to the teachers and parents, like the distance between teachers and students, issues in
technology they are using, and the problems in the communication. Researchers will educate
readers on the issues that need to have a solution. By presenting this theory, they will have an
idea about the “Learner-Interface Interaction” that they can use to improve students’
increasingly became widely accepted. The most know schools and universities are alarmed
about delivering quality education despite the situation. Being advanced in our technology opens
new possibilities in traveling to places where such instruction could be provided in a shorter
period. Still, most significantly, it opens new opportunities in our ways of learning. Even this
opens many possibilities, and this is connected to challenges. Schools experience conflict in
running their mode of education, which is modular. Most learners often rue the time wasted and
issue in implementing modular learning in our school's systems. Everybody needs to be alarmed
about delivering quality education through modular learning. Especially in the situation that
learners often rue the time wasted and wish they had better opportunities to gain quality learning.
Also, we in the field of education need to be concerned about how we provide quality education
Input: Process: Output:
to the students and how we are going to improve the running of modular learning in our school
Feedback
In presenting the conceptual framework of the study, the researchers used the Input-
Process-Output (IPO) Model. The Input diagram above shows what are the data needed in order
to develop the study which are the experiences and problems of students and teachers in
implementing modular distance learning. The Process diagram explains what the researchers
perform on the data gathered, which is to analyze and assess their problems. On the output
diagram, this is where the researchers produced the main idea of the study which is to address the
problems faced by the teachers and students in the primary level on implementing modular
Problems are expected to occur in conducting new ideas or practices such as Modular
Distance Learning. However, in this study, these problems are needed to be addressed in order to
make some adjustments and develop intervention programs that will help to address the
identified problems. The solutions to these problems may come from the individuals who are
involve in it.
Definition of Terms
Modular Distance Learning (MDL). A form of distance learning that uses printed or
RRL Foreign
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Oluniyi (2013). The Challenges and Prospects of the Transition to Open and Distance Learning
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