FINAL OUTPUT

for

EDUM 573
PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES OF EDUCATIONAL
MANAGEMENT

Submitted by:

VINCENT PASCUAL R. VIASON

Submitted to:

DR. BRENDA L. PASQUIL

 1. Explain the evolution of management thoughts and principles. (20pts.)

Management theory has been evolving since the beginning of time. It began when man
recognized that he needed to live in communities. Powerful leaders gathered the people and
separated them into many groups. The distribution was based on the masses' physical strength,
mental aptitude, and intellect. The point is that management has existed since the start of
civilization in some form or another. For an example of sophisticated management principles in
action, consider the organization of the Ancient Roman Catholic Church, the military services,
and ancient Greece. They're all examples of this. The industrial revolution, on the other hand,
brought about substantial changes. The need for a more comprehensive and formal
management structure arose unexpectedly. As a result, we now have refined and enhanced
management ideas and theories. However, understanding how this development occurred is
critical. It will assist in improving one's understanding of the process and utilizing management
concepts efficiently for the benefit of the organization. The early nineteenth-century Industrial
Revolution brought massive changes to the workplace. Factory operations and workforce were
researched by management theorists since factories were the primary source of employment.
There were periods when demand was great, but workplaces were held back by a lack of
productivity and efficiency. Multiple management theories and concepts emerged throughout
the Industrial Revolution, and they are still relevant today. Management theories aid in the
investigation of an organization, its corporate designs, structures, and individual or group
behavior. These theories give a lens to address fundamental concerns about how things run or
operate by investigating the impact of internal and external environments that have greatly
created an impact that has been very useful until now.

2. Elaborate briefly the 14 principles of management. Cite some examples.

(20pts.)

Henry Fayol, known as the "Father of Modern Management Thought," transformed

management theory. He offered a general theory that may be applied to all levels and
departments of management. Managers utilize the Fayol hypothesis to organize and govern an
organization's internal operations. He concentrated on improving management effectiveness.
1. Division of Work – Work division boosts employee productivity, efficiency, accuracy, and
speed. This notion applies to both management and technical levels of work. 2. Authority and
Responsibility – These are the two most significant characteristics of a leader. Managers can
perform more effectively with authority, but responsibility keeps them accountable for the
tasks accomplished under their guidance or leadership. 3. Discipline – Nothing is possible
without discipline. It is the most critical component of any project or management. Good
performance and clever connections make management job easier and more comprehensive.
Employees' good behavior also contributes to their professional growth and promotion.4. Unity
of Command – This implies that an employee should have only one boss and should follow his
directions. A conflict of interest emerges when an employee is expected to report to multiple
superiors, which can lead to misunderstanding. 5. Unity of Direction – Everyone participating in
the same activity should have the same goal in mind. This means that everyone in a company
should have the same aim and drive, making work easier and accomplishing the stated goal
faster.
6. Subordination of Individual Interest - This means that a company should collaborate for the
greater benefit rather than for personal advantage. Be subservient to the aims of the
organization. This refers to the complete chain of command inside a firm. 7. Remuneration –
This is critical for motivating a company's personnel. It is possible to get monetary or non-
monetary recompense. It should, however, be in conformity with an individual's efforts. 8.
Centralization – the management or any authority in charge of decision-making should be
impartial while maintaining a balance between hierarchy and power division. 9. Scalar Chain -
The steps in the hierarchy should be taken from top to bottom. This is crucial so that each
employee knows who their immediate boss is and may contact them if necessary. 10. Order – A
well-defined work order is essential for a strong work culture in a firm. Positive workplace
atmosphere leads to higher productivity. 11. Equity – Employees must be treated properly and
with dignity. The manager is responsible for ensuring that no employees are discriminated
against. 12. Stability – It is the obligation of management to guarantee job security to its
employees. 13. Initiative – Managers must help staff gain more interest and value. 14. Esprit de
Corps - Management is responsible for motivating and supporting its employees on a daily
basis. Building trust and mutual understanding may lead to a beneficial outcome and work
environment.

3. Differentiate the different theories of management by explaining each item.

(20pts.)

Management theories provide leaders with solutions for increasing productivity and
employee happiness. They want to improve communication between executives and their
teams, as well as promote efficiency and collaboration in order to achieve corporate objectives.
Management theories are a set of concepts and guidelines that instruct leaders on how to
manage processes, people, information, and other responsibilities in the workplace. The
theories are aimed at addressing how managers might put strategies in place to attain
organizational objectives. Classical management theories emphasize on execution and
maximizing output through external rewards, and they are usually divided into three categories.
The workplace is viewed as a social setting in behavioral management theories. The theory aims
to boost human potential by teaching skills and encouraging teamwork. The previous two
hypotheses are built upon in modern management theories.

-CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT THEORY is the oldest management theory. It focuses on operations

and the creation of standards to increase production output. Compensation is considered the
primary motivation for employees. A manager practicing Classical Management Theory would
be focused on improving output and rewarding high-performing employees through wages or
bonuses. There are three primary theories that comprise the classical management theory:
Scientific Management It was developed by Frederick Taylor, who attempted using a scientific
approach for improving operations; Administrative Management Theory developed by Henri
Fayol, this theory considers all of the many activities that a business must conduct. and
Bureaucracy Theory Developed by sociologist Max Weber, this theory emphasizes formal
authority systems promotes reason to guide management decisions, rather than charisma or
nepotism.
-BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT THEORY. Increasingly complex industries and organizations gave
rise to more human interests in the workplace. Management theories began to include more
people-oriented methods. Human behavior and satisfying the interpersonal needs of
employees became more central to management. A manager practicing Behavioral
Management Theory might motivate teamwork through fostering a collaborative atmosphere.
There are two major theories that make up behavioral management theory: Human Relations
Theory considers the organization as a social entity. This theory recognizes that money alone is
not enough to satisfy employees. Morale is considered to be integral to employee performance.
Behavioral Science Theory combines elements of psychology, sociology, and anthropology to
provide a scientific basis. It examines why employees are motivated by specific factors, such as
social needs, conflicts and self-actualization. This theory recognizes individuality and the need
for managers to be sociable.

-MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORY. Modern organizations must navigate constant change and
exponential complexities. Technology is an element that can change and upend businesses very
rapidly. Modern Management Theory seeks to incorporate these elements with human and
traditional theories. A manager practicing Modern Management Theory might use statistics to
measure performance and encourage cross-functional cooperation. The three major modern
theories comprise modern management theory: Quantitative Theory arose out of the need for
managerial efficiency during World War II. It was developed using experts from multiple
scientific disciplines to solve the issues around integrating systems of people, materials and
systems. This theory was developed primarily to enhance and support military decision-making.
Systems Theory views management as an interrelated component of the organization. Instead
of viewing the organization as a series of silos, each department is part of an overall system or
organism. Management must support goals and process flows that serve the overall
organizational health.
Contingency Theory was developed by sociologist Joan Woodward after she examined why
some companies performed better than others. She found that high performing organizations
make better use of technology and their managers made better decisions in situational
contexts. This theory recognizes that effective managers must be adaptable to unique
situations and circumstances.

4. Enumerate the leadership styles and approaches of management by

expounding each. (20pts.)

We may be drawn to one leadership style due to your natural strengths or aspirations,
but we don't have to feel bound by it. There is no one-size-fits-all approach to leadership. There
is no such thing as a "correct" style. One leader may be charismatic and inspiring, while another
excels at team development. We only need to be agile to be an effective leader. Depending on
who you're leading and the problem at hand, we might even use different leadership styles in
different scenarios. Here are the leadership styles and approaches in management:
1) TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
These powerful leaders serve as role models for others to follow. This leadership style, as
defined by leadership studies professors Bruce Avolio and Bernard Bass, involves connecting
with team members' sense of identity and the organization's collective identity in order to
improve morale and job performance. A visionary who inspires others and stimulates critical
thinking and innovation is a transformative leader. Politicians like Winston Churchill and
business visionaries like Steve Jobs are examples of transformational leaders.
2) PARTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP
Instead than using a standard top-down method, leaders who use this hands-on approach
attempt to introduce a more democratic dimension to management. This leadership style
acknowledges that employees are stakeholders in the company and have the right to speak up.
Participatory leaders give employees who will be most affected by specific decisions the ability
to participate in and/or make decisions about such issues.
3) VALUE-BASED LEADERSHIP
Value-based leaders inspire others to operate in accordance with the company's shared
fundamental principles. Values-based leadership, rather than relying just on metrics,
emphasizes the organization's mission and purpose, resulting in positive change. This implies
having a leader who "walks the walk" and supports the organization's core beliefs. This type of
leader is motivated by core values that are modeled and linked with the company's ideals.
4) SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Is a framework that helps leaders align their actions to the needs of the people they're trying to
impact. Situational leaders, according to the Center for Leadership Studies, must be able to:
Determine whether a person is capable of completing a specific task, adapt your leadership
style to the diagnosis and communicate an influence strategy in a way that your followers will
understand and embrace.
5) SERVANT LEADERSHIP
Servant leaders improve the lives of others by focusing on improving companies and, as a
result, creating a more compassionate and equitable world. The term servant leader was coined
by Robert K. Greenleaf to describe someone who makes a conscious decision to strive to lead in
a way that prioritizes the needs of others. The servant leader dedicates himself or herself to the
community's growth and well-being. Instead than concentrating on acquiring power, this leader
distributes it and assists others in performing at their best.

5. Give the functions of management theories with regards to technology. Explain

each (20pts)

Technology has advanced in leaps and bounds in recent decades, allowing modern
wonders to emerge from ideas that were previously thought unattainable. In reality,
'technology' has long been associated with 'advancement,' with applications in practically every
aspect of human life. The impact of technology has been enormous, constant, and long-lasting
in every subject, from startling discoveries to dazzling innovations in 1).Human Resources,
Accounting, and Administration, 2). Communication, 3). Branding. Technology has had and
continues to have a significant impact on the more global parts of business and industry, with
newer and more efficient methods of operation being developed on a daily basis. When it
comes to the global economy, we regard technology as a separate industry, with IT at the top of
the heap. With its ongoing providing of solutions for all types of organizational challenges and
demands, the scale of this industry's impact on the economy is quite clear. Technology, on the
other hand, raises quality standards while also giving feasible solutions for sustainability, which
is another critical feature and responsibility of organizational operations.
It's no different at the corporate level. E-mail, Instant Messengers, and, of course, Mobile
Phones have all revolutionized the way people communicate today. Web conferences and the
usage of smartphone applications such as Whatsapp, for example, create an ideal atmosphere
for 'work from home' or even 'offsite' business situations like the one described above. Through
the use of technology, a corporation can now send a representative to another branch, an
associate, or a client company and still keep track of the project's progress. A growing number
of small businesses are using cloud-based solutions like Office 365 to enable and encourage
team members to work from home.

Overall, we can only conclude that technology, particularly IT, has crept into every core of
organizational and management activity, and that no organization today can achieve its goals or
even run smoothly without it. I believe that the impact of technology on management and
organizations is at an all-time high.