Damage Temperature deg Affected What happens

Appearance Prevention
Mechanism C materials
CS & 0.5 Mo Only in Microstructure change
Graphitization 27 427 - 523 Use Chrome steels
steels microstructure
Difficult / avoid long term Microstructure change
CS & low alloy Only in
Spheroidization 31 440 – 760 exposure to High
steels microstructure
temperature
Only in Ductile to Brittle
Temper PWHT and reducing harmful
343 – 590 P-22, P3 microstructure /
Embrittlement 34 Mn,Si,Ph,Tin,Antimony
Impact test
Increase in
Aging 38 Intermediate temp CS & 0.5Mo Brittle cracks De-oxidation of steel Add Al
hardness&strength
Ferritic alloysteel Avoid exposing to this temp, Loss in toughness at 885F
885(475) Only in bend test
316 - 540 400 series, embrittlement is reversible
Embrittlement 40 or impact test
duplex,300 series by heat treatment
Sigma phase Mircostructure / Solution Loss in toughness at high
538-954 300, 400 series
embritlement 42 impact testing annealing(1066&quench) temperature
Noticeable CS370,
Creep and Stress Variable from matl
All physical Minimize temp, stress P-1(400),p11/p22/p5/p9/4
rupture 49 to matl
defomation 25, 304/480,347/540
Cracks,wide Thermal stresses /
Temp swing
Thermal fatigue 53 All transverse to Design, operation fluctuations
exceeds 90deg c
stress
Increses up to 121 Localized Marine locations are more
Atm Corrosioin 95 All Surface Coating
Deg C corrosion corrosive than dry air
Loose flaky scale
CUI 97 100 – 121 CS,Lowalloy, 300 Surface Coating
under insulation
Pitting, general, Process side <57deg c and Corrsion caused by CW
Cooling water More temp more
Almost all SCC, proper design and proper salts, gases, organic
corrosion 101 fouling
scaling,fouling treatment of CW compounds
Boiler water 104 Almost all Pitting, general, Oxygen scavenging Result of dissolved gases,
condensate corros SCC, oxygen, CO2
 scaling,fouling
CS & Low alloy Locallized CO2 dissolves in water and
CO2 corrosion 106 Corrosion inhibitors
steels thinning/ pitting forms Carbonic Acid
Maintaining temp at back Sulfur chlorine in fuel form
Flue gas dew point
CS,Low alloy, 300 General wastage end of boiler/heater above SO2,SO3,HCl in combustion
corrosion 110
dew point products
water should be treated with bacteria, algae or fungi
Local pitting
MIC 112 -17 to 113 Almost all biocides ( chlorine, bromine,
under deposits ozone, ultraviolet light)
Caustic corrosion Local metal loss Avoiding caustic caustic or alkaline salts
CS,Low alloy, 300
121 like grooving concentration

4.3.12 Graphitic Corrosion

4.3.12.1 Description of Damage
a) Cast irons are comprised of graphite particles embedded in an iron matrix. Graphitic corrosion is a form
of dealloying in which the iron matrix is corroded, leaving corrosion products and porous graphite.
b) Attack results in a porous structure with a loss of strength, ductility and density. It usually occurs under
low pH and stagnant conditions, especially in contact with soils or waters high in sulfates.
4.3.12.2 Affected Materials
Primarily gray cast iron, but also nodular and malleable cast irons experience graphitic corrosion. However,
nodular and malleable cast irons tend to crumble when attacked. White iron is not subject to this damage
because there is no free graphite.