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prior written permission of the author, except to pre-service teachers whose
schools have adopted this reviewer, and provided such instructors have given
due credit to this reviewer and its’ author.
This reviewer is a compilation of various information on generally
acceptable knowledge, concepts, principles, theories, and practices in
education. It adapts contents from various publicly acknowledged
publications, authors, theorists, authorities, and practitioners whose works
are commonly utilized in the academe.
The works of these authors, theorists, authorities, and practitioners
are indispensable to any review program, as they are vital for the
completeness of this material. This review material is primarily aimed at helping
and assisting teachers and reviewees in the pursuit of teacher
professionalization.
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information
presented. However, the authors, editor, and publisher are not responsible
for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of
information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the content of the publication, especially relative to time and other
variables for which the information is used and applied. Any practice
described in this review material should be applied by the reader in accordance
to professional standards of care used with regard to the unique circumstances
that may apply in each situation. Comments and contributions may be sent
to cbrcrequest@gmail.com or by mail to Ultimate Learning Series, 881 G.
Tolentino St., Sampaloc, Manila or through www.carlbalita.com.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks to the many people who in one way or another has
contributed to the fulfillment of this endeavor- my being a teacher
through shared knowledge.
My teachers!
… they must have shown me great example of this noble profession and
vacation. I was forced into nursing but evolved to become a teacher, and
pursued further studies and became a doctor of education. From my
teachers in basic education to my professors in the graduate schools, and
my future teachers.
The hundreds of authors of my references

… whose works served as my substance from which I derived my form
My students, reviewees, trainees, and other incidental students and

mentee
… who forced me into becoming a teacher
My CBRC Family
… who facilitated my growth as a teacher, as well as my CEB group of
companies which provided me a classroom larger than life, especially to
Bong, Nancy, Lando, Jonathan, Bhum, Dang and Algie!
My parent, siblings and relatives

… who guided me through my maturation and education
My beloved family, my wife, Lyne who gave me four lovely kids: Lyca,
Lambert, Lyza and Lyra
… for having served as my reason for being and becoming
… for making my life complete and my journey worth beyond a lifetime
… for my immortal source of complete happiness
THE ULTIMATE PSYCHOLOGY OF TEST SUCCESS
. . . The BALITA Formula
Bring Out the Best in YOU

You are the greatest resource! During the exam proper, you only
have yourself moving towards the end-in-mind – passing the LET! While
Divine help is surely to come to those who seek for it and while other
people have helped you get through this far, the end of the battle is the
test to your sole determination and preparedness to emerge victorious.
This means you have to be so sure that you really have brought out the
BEST in you. To do this, acknowledge that you have all the potentials to
get to the peak of success. You have to unleash the power within and it
has to come from you, believing that you can and you will do it!
Here are few simple instructions to get to the road of success:
· Place your hand over your chest, close to your heart
· Close your eyes and take some few deep breaths
· Say this slowly to yourself, “I will make it to this exam…I
will bring out the BEST in me…The power to succeed in this exam
is within me…the greatest power will help me through this.”
Ask yourself about the “BIG WHY?”!

Why should you pass this test? This is an important answer that will
continue to guide you through the preparation process. It may be hard
but there is a way to make everything easy, including this draining review
process. You have to enjoy it!!! Think about what you are getting from
the review process also offers the best opportunity for you to become
the best TEACHER you could be. The “BIG WHY?” could also come as a
source of inspiration, a continuous fuel that will keep the fire of desire
to succeed in you burning.
Listen to your body and soul!

Your body has needs and is communicated to you in different ways.
It needs your attention too. Assessing and evaluating how your body
performs to reaching your goals is inevitable part of your success. Never
force yourself too hard and too much more than what you actually need and
what you can actually do. If you are sleepy, go and take a rest or a nap. If
you’re hungry, find something to eat. In other words, listen to what your
body is asking you. After giving into what it wants, then it will be easier for
it to give you what you want in return. This is not a “depersonalizing”
experience, but rather a practical optimization of efforts and time. What’s
the use of pushing yourself to continue studying when all you want is to eat
or sleep? Enjoy the review process! This is going to be a nagging reminder.
If your body enjoys what it is going through, the soul could be free finding its
way to what it is envisioned to be. Don’t punish yourself in the process of
learning and growing!
Individualize your learning!

We are unique, in every way you can think of. This applies to learn.
We do have different learning styles. Remember that you are already an
ADULT. Find sense in what you are learning. Don’t just memorize everything.
Internalize every theory and concept. Find meanings and relationships. Many
things slip our conscious mind because it is pushed to the unconscious trash
bin that we cannot easily access. That is simply because our adult tendencies
want the functional value of what we are learning after all. Find your best
mood, place, time, space, company, accessory (like music and light), and
environment. Don’t ever forget YOU are the boss here!
Trust that you have what it takes to be successful!

Let us accept that no one is ever perfect, but we are complete enough
to get through our tasks. Just like you, YOU have what it takes to be a
successful examinee. You only have to compete with yourself and you have
to make sure that you don’t compete with your greatest asset (that may be
your potentially greatest liability too). No one has to fail for you to pass.
Never use others as your benchmark or success indicators. Do not compare
yourself with others. Doing so sacrifices and aggrieves your confidence.
Act now!
The mind is a wonderful domain. It offers all the best in life and your
imagination has to offer. But it should be complemented by a decisive action
to translate dreams and mindsets into tangible and measureable indicators
and results. The key here is ACTION! Options are a thousand, choices are a
lot, but the action you take is the choice that you make. And the choice that
you make defines what you will reap. It could either break you or make you.
Just don’t forget that HE has given us freewill and reason to choose well.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1
ASIAN HISTORY 18
WORLD HISTORY 45
ECONOMICS 58
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION 74
SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY 89
GEOGRAPHY 100
ULTIMATE LEARNING GUIDE TO SOCIAL SCIENCE
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
1
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
I. PRE COLONIAL
Influences of other countries

China India
• Ancient Filipinos traded with • Influences were mainly
the Chinese during the Sung reflected in the local
dynasty anguages.
• Influences were mainly • Waist looms, textiles, modern
economic. Barong Tagalog, and veils are
• Use of umbrellas, gongs, similar to their counterparts in
lead, porcelain India.
• Manufacturing of gunpowder;
metallurgy
• Arranging the marriages of
children by parents
• Wearing white shirts or
dresses as a sign of mourning
Customs and practices

Education
Baybayin: 17 letters (3 vowels, 14 consonants)
Artifacts depicting other writing systems:
1. Calatagan Earthenware Pot (Batangas)
2. Butuan Silver Paleograph
3. Laguna Copperplate (is about a clearance of debt)
2
Ornaments
Visayans were the most tattoed among ancient Filipinos. When the
Spaniards came, they called the former as pintados.
Arts
Bul-ol: (Mountain Province) represents a spirit which the people revere
Social Classes
Tagalogs Visayans
1. namamahay – has a family 1. tumataban – worked for
and house of his own his/her master when
2. sagigilid – has no property at summoned to do so
all, and has to seek 2. tumarampuk – worked one
permission to his/her master day for his/her master
if he/she wants to marry 3. ayuey - worked three days for
his/her master
Marriage customs
Pamumulungan/Pamamalae – a courtship right before a marriage
• Of Muslims (stages):
1. panalanguni (betrothal)
2. pedsungud (settlement of dowry)
3. pegkawing (wedding festival)
• Bigay-kaya/dowry consists of land, gold, or dependents.
Government
The chieftain exercised all the functions of government.
• Barangay: consisted of 30 to 100 families
Burial
• morotal (mourning of a woman
• maglahi (mourning of a man)
• laraw (mourning of a chieftain)
• pasiyam (ninth day of death was celebrated)
Religious Beliefs
• Katalona (Tagalog/Kapampangan) and babaylan (Visayas) were
the spiritual leaders.
• Pangunahing mga diyos: Bathala (Tagalog); Abba (Cebuano);
Laon (Bisaya)
Economic Life
piloncitos (considered as first monetary system of the country)
3
Languages
• Eight may be considered as major: Hiligaynon, Magindanao,
Ilokano, Sugbuhanon, Kapampangan, Samarnon, Tagalog,
Pangasinan
• Languages came from the Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian
language.
• “I found in this language (Tagalog) four qualities of the four
greatest languages of the world – Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and
Spanish. It has the mysticism and difficulties of the Hebrew; the
distinctive terms of the Greek…; the fullness and elegance of
Latin; and the civility and courtesy of Spanish.”
(Chirino, P. Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, p.52)
II. SPANISH PERIOD

Europe’s interest to ‘new lands’
Marco Polo, a Venetian traveler, New technologies – Caravel
who reached China and even (sailing vessel)
became a government official • compass (used for directions)
during Yuan dynasty. In his stay, he • astrolabe (used to determine
was able to write ‘The Travels of distance from equator)
Marco Polo’, which sparked the
European interest to see the
wealth of Asia.
Fall of Constantinople – Asia Minor Portugal – spearheaded maritime
(Turkey) was an important route discovery of new lands
for trade between Europe and Treaty of Tordesillas – authored by
Asia. In 1453, Turkish Muslims Pope Alexander VI to settle
conquered this area and imposed conflicts on new lands discovered
high taxes for anyone who wants by explorers.
to get to the other side. Age of Discovery and Exploration –
Period of history wherein European
countries secure colonies overseas
for themselves
4
Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition
Quick Facts - has 250-270 men
• five ships: Trinidad (main ship), San Antonio, Concepcion,
Santiago (smallest ship), Victoria (only one to return to Spain)
• Marianas Islands are called Ladrones or ‘land of the thieves’.
• Homonhon – place where Magellan first landed
• Enrique – Malay slave who interpreted the languages for
Magellan
• Limasawa – where the first mass was held
• Antonio Pigafetta – recorded the travels
Results
• proved that the world is round, or oblate spheroid
• surfaced a need to have an International Date Line
• first global circumnavigation
• proved existence of Pacific Ocean
Other Spanish expeditions
Loaisa (1525)
• Goal: Make Moluccas a colony of Spain.
• Results: Loaisa died in Pacific. Del Cano died later during voyage.
Andres de Urdaneta returned with only a ship (Santa Maria de la
Victoria) left, out of seven.
Cabot (1526)
• Goal: Establish trade between Spain and East.
• Results: Instead, he went to Rio de Plata, which is rumored to be
a wealthier piece of land.
Saavedra (1527)
• Goals: Find survivors from Magellan’s voyage; find out what
happened to Loaisa’s and Cabot’s.
• Results: Was able to rescue survivors from Magellan’s and
Loaisa’s expedition. Saavedra died during voyage. His crew was
captured by Portugal.
5
Villalobos (1542)
• Goal: Establish a permanent Spanish port in the Philippines.
• Results: Villalobos gave the name Las Islas Filipinas to the
Philippines. He and his crew were captured by Portugal.
Villalobos died in prison because of fever.
Legazpi (1564)
• Goal: Still establish a permanent Spanish port in the
Philippines.
• Results:
1. Had blood compact with Sikatuna and Sigala (Bohol)
2. Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus – first Spanish
town established in the country; now known as Cebu City.
3. Urdaneta Passage – Urdaneta, Legazpi’s chief pilot,
discovered a route via the Pacific to Navidad, Mexico.
This sea lane is later to be used in the Manila-Acapulco
galleon trade.
5. June 3, 1571 – Legazpi became first governor-general
of the country.
6. June 24, 1571 – Manila became the capital city of the
Spanish East Indies, and the second city to be
established by Spain.
7. Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espana – title given
to Manila
Political structure
National level
Governor-general – president of Real Audiencia; has power on
ecclesiastical appointments
Provincial level
1. Some corregimientos: Mariveles, Mindoro, Panay
2. Indulto de comercio – special privilege by the alcalde mayor to
engage in trade (but abolished by Reform Decree of 1866 turning
the alcalde mayor from a businessman into a judge.)
3. Alcalde mayor has the executive, judicial, and military functions.
4. The eight ayuntaminetos (by 1894): Manila, Iloilo, Jaro, Vigan,
Albay, Cebu, Batangas, and Nueva Caceres.
6
Residencia and visita
1. Residencia – judicially reviews an official at the end of his term of
2. Visita – visits an individual official or as a general at any given time
within the official’s term
*See image below for the political structure.*
Changes under Spanish rule

ECONOMIC
• Tributo/buwis – direct tax Polo y servicio personal
• Bandala – indirect tax; an • 16-60 year-old males
enforced sale of goods • This is work without
• Samboangan – tax to crush compensation.
Moro raids • Falla (money paid to be
• Cedula personal – replaced exempted from polo )
tribute; paid by anyone who is • worked for 40 days; then in
over eighteen years old 1884, was reduced to 15 days
• Male population declined.
7
Encomienda – a grant of Spanish Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade

authority to a Spaniard, who • Was the only regular fleet
proved his loyalty to and efforts service in the Pacific Ocean for
for the glory of Spain, to exercise 250 years; had two vessels
control over a piece of land, and • Only Filipino involvement was
even its inhabitants. the construction of the
Two kinds: vessels/galleons
1. encomienda de la real corona • Positive results: Intercultural
– lands reserved for the exchanges between Philippines
Spanish monarchs and Mexico
2. encomienda de particulares
– lands for the King’s loyal
men
Royal Economic Society of Friends Ferrocaril de Manila
of the Country • Only railway line in the country;
• Established by Gov-Gen Basco; connects Manila to Dagupan
through this, the monopoly of
tobacco arises Puente Colgante (Quezon Bridge)
Royal Philippine Company • first suspension bridge in the
• Effort in uniting American and Far East
Asian commerce, and having
direct trade between Spain • Lamps were powered first by
and Philippines coconut oil.
EDUCATIONAL
For boys:
1. Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio – first college for boys
2. Colegio de Ildefonso – sole secondary school outside Manila
3. Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santisimo Rosario – present-day UST
4. Escuela Pia – present-day ADMU
5. Colegio de San Juan de Letran – oldest college in Philippines, and
oldest secondary in Asia
For girls:
1. Colegios of Santa Potenciana – first school for girls
2. Colegio de Santa Isabel – oldest college for girls which operates up
to the present
8
Educational Decree of 1863
• free, compulsory, public primary schools
• at least two schools; one for boys, one for girls
• Learners: 6-14 years old
• required to teach Christian doctrine, Spanish history, reading, and
writing. Girls were taught
SOCIO-CULTURAL
1. Gov-Gen Narciso Claveria made the Filipinos adopt Spanish
surnames in his Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos.
2. Males are wearing barong tagalog or camisa de chino, and trousers.
Females have retained their baro and saya.
3. Fiestas, which is a celebration of a saint, is introduced.
4. Dominican priests, headed by Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose,
introduced movable block printing.
5. Doctrina Christiana (1903) was the first published book in the
country.
6. Tomas Pinpin was known as “Prince of Filipino Publishers”.
7. Fr. Diego Cerra made the Las Pinas Bamboo Organ in 1818, which up
to the present, the only one of its kind in the world.
8. The first museum, Mueso-Biblioteca de Filipinas, was completed in
1892
9. Damian Domingo was known as “Father of Filipino Painters”.
10. Rise of social classes:
a. Peninsulares – Spanish who was born in Spain and lived in the
Philippines
b. Insulares – Spanish who was born and lived in the Philippines,
called as the ‘original’ Filipinos
c. Mestizos – mix of both Spanish and indio; They were regarded
inferior people by both Spanish and Filipinos.
d. Indio – native Filipinos
e. Chinese merchants
9
Reactions and uprisings of Filipinos to the Spaniards
First Filipinos to revolt were Lapu-Lapu of Mactan (1521), and Dagami of
Cebu (1567).
Leader Place Reason
Lakan Dula Manila Resisted Spanish-imposed taxes
Magat Salamat Manila Tried to get rid of Spaniards
Magalat Cagayan Resisted Spanish-imposed taxes
Bankaw Leyte Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Tamblot Bohol Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Juan Ponce Resisted order of Gov. Fajardo to send
Samar
Sumuroy Samarnons to Cavite to construct ships
Francisco
Pampanga Unjust and delayed compensation
Maniago
Andres Malong Pangasinan Abuse of Spanish officials
Tapar Panay Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Francisco Fr. Gaspar Morales refused to give his
Bohol
Dagohoy brother a Christian burial.
Diego and Vigan, Ilocos
Resisted Spanish-imposed taxes
Gabriela Silang Sur
Palaris Pangasinan Resisted Spanish-imposed taxes
Apolinario Spanish friars didn’t recognize his
Quezon
dela Cruz Cofradia de San Jose.
Reasons for the failure of revolts:

1. Lack of and weak weaponry – Their captors have guns and cannon
while our ancestors only have spears and bolos.
2. Lack of strategy and some Filipinos worked for and with the
Spanish for benefits.
3. Lack of an excellent leader
4. Geographical setting – Early Filipinos were conditioned to live
separately from each other, making uprisings small-scale and easy
to repress. This caused a communication gap.
5. No lingua franca – There was not even a national language for the
early Filipinos to unite and to have a discourse to each other
smoothly.
10
Rise of nationalism
1. Philippines opened to world commerce – Mail services, banking
facilities, and newspapers begin to surface and to spread. The
Suez Canal was opened, making the time traveled from Europe to
Asia much shorter.
2. The rise of a middle class or ilustrado preceded a development in
agriculture and in entrepreneurship.
3. European liberalism came to the Philippines:
a. John Locke – In his Two Treatises on Government (1869), if a
king did not exercise justly his powers and powers, his
subjects had the right to throw him out of position.
b. Jean Jacques Rosseau – In his The Social Contract (1762), if a
government doesn’t satisfy the needs of its people, then the
people can alter the government to the type of government
they deemed to be rightly established.
• This was when the Age of Enlightenment and French
Revolution happened in Europe.
4. Racial discrimination – “The Spaniards will always be a Spaniard,
and the indio will always be an indio… The monkey will always be
a monkey, however you dress him with shirt and trousers, and will
always be a monkey and not human.” – Fr. Miguel Lucio y
Bustamante, Si Tandang Basio Macunat (Manila, 1885).
5. Secularization Movement – Secularization, a transfer of ministries
established by the regular clergy to the seculars, became a
political and separatist movement; this paved the way for the
Filipinization of the church. The Spanish never trusted the Filipino
friars to head their own ministries.
6. Carlos Maria dela Torre’s administration – He worked for changing
the punishment of flogging Filipino prisoners to a month in jail,
proclaimed freedom of speech, and even attending a meeting of a
rebel leader, Casimiro Camerino.
7. Cavite Mutiny – Gov-Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo, who followed after
dela Torre, abolished his predecessor’s changes. Sgt. Lamadrid led
this conquest and eventually killed the governor-general. The
uprising was blamed to three priests.
11
8. Execution of GomBurZa – Francisco Zaldua witnessed against the
three martyrs - Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora. Their
execution was the Spaniard’s answer to the secularization protest.
Filipinos did not receive this very well.
Propaganda Movement
Objectives of the propagandists:
1. Exercise equality for both Spanish and Filipinos.
2. Recognize freedom of speech, press, and association
3. Annex Philippines as a province of Spain.
4. Provide representation of the Philippines to the Spanish Court.
5. Allow secularization.
Great reformists:
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
Born: December 17, 1856; Jaro, Iloilo
Known as: Great Orator
Penname: Diego Laura
Work:
1. Fray Botod – deals with the abuses and crimes committed by a
friar named Botod.
He became the first editor of La Solidaridad, which is the
mouthpiece of the Filipino propagandists in Spain.
Died: January 20, 1896; Barcelona, Spain; died of tuberculosis;
only 39 y/o
Note: His remains is still in Barcelona, Spain.
JOSE RIZAL
Born: June 19, 1861; Calamba, Laguna
Known as: Greatest man that the Malay race produced
Pennames: Laong Laan, Dimasalang
Works (among others):
1. Noli Me Tangere – a socio-historical novel on the situation of the
Philippines under friars’ greed
12
2. El Filibusterismo – a political novel predicting the coming of a
revolution; in this work, he implied that a peaceful revolution will
work rather than an armed one
3. Makamisa – the third but unfinished novel; written in Tagalog; has
only one chapter and ten pages in it
Died: December 30, 1896; Bagumbayan, Manila; died by execution of
firing squad; only 35 y/o
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
Born: August 30, 1850; Bulacan, Bulacan
Known as: Father of Philippine Journalism (the journalist among the
three), Father of Philippine Masonry, political analyst
Pennames: Plaridel, Dolores Mandapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo,
Kupang
Works:
1. Diariong Tagalog – a nationalistic newspaper
2. Dasalan at Toksohan – parody of the prayer book
3. Ten Commandments of the Friars – His comedic version of 10
Commandments
He became the second editor of La Solidaridad.
Died: July 4, 1896; Barcelona, Spain; died of tuberculosis; only 45 y/o
Failure of Reform Movement

1. Philippines is preoccupied in dealing with its own internal
problems.
2. There was a lack of and difficulty in collecting monetary
contributions.
3. Propagandists were having issues with other propagandists.
La Liga Filipina
• Civic organization created by Rizal in Tondo, Manila
Objectives:
1. To uphold unity and cooperation amongst its members
2. To develop the agriculture, commerce, and education sectors
3. To administer reforms within the government and the society
• La Liga didn’t last long as the organization was perceived as a threat
by the Spaniards; Rizal was captured and exiled to Dapitan,
Zamboanga. This marked the end of the propaganda movement.
13
Katipunan (Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang manga
Anak nang Bayan)
Objectives:
1. Political – separation of Philippines from Spain
2. Moral – teaching of good manners and morals
3. Civic – developing a sense of self-help and defense of the
oppressed
Structure:
1. Kataas-taasang Sanggunian - highest governing body
2. Sangguniang Bayan - provincial body
3. Sangguniang Balangay - municipal body
4. Sangguniang Panghukuman - serves as the judicial body
Membership:
1. Katipon
Password: Anak ng Bayan
Marker: Black hood
2. Kawal
Passowrd: Gomburza
Marker: Green hood
3. Bayani
Password: Rizal
Marker: Red mask
• Kartilla - the Bible of the Katipunan
• 1893 – Year when KKK started accepting women applicants
• Teodoro Patino – through him, the secret society was revealed to
Mariano Gil
• Cry of Pugadlawin - the beginning of Philippine Revolution against
the Spanish; August 23, 1896
ANDRES BONIFACIO
Born: November 30, 1863
Pennames: Agapito Bagumbayan, May Pag-asa
Also known as: Supremo, The Great Plebeian
Works:
1. Translated Mi Ultimo Adios into Tagalog
2. Dekalogo ng Katipunan
14
EMILIO JACINTO
Born: December 15, 1875
Pennames: Pingkian, Dimas-Ilaw
Also known as: Brains of the Katipunan
Contributions:
• served as the editor of Kalayaan, the official newspaper of KKK
• Monica – first wife of Bonifacio
• Gregoria de Jesus – second wife of Bonifacio
• Bonifacio wanted to seek the advice of Rizal towards the former’s
revolution, through Dr. Pio Valenzuela. But Rizal opposed to this
because he viewed that the country is not yet ready for it.
1896 Revolution and the following years

• Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite - were Filipino patriots in Cavite who
were executed (and as a response to the revolution)
• Camilo de Polavieja – the governor-general in office when Rizal
was executed
•
Tejeros Convention - the meeting held between the Magdiwang
and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon
• Daniel Tirona – questioned the credibility of Bonifacio as the

Director of the Interior
• Agapito Bonzon – led the arrest of Bonifacio
• Primo de Rivera – the governor-general in office when the Spanish
searched for Aguinaldo
• Biak-Na-Bato Republic - the first republic ever declared in the
Philippines
• Biak-Na-Bato Pact - disestablished the government; signed by
Aguinaldo and de Rivera which included provision for exile of
Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong
• Malolos Congress - was the constituent assembly of the First
Philippine Republic
• Pedro Paterno – president of the Congress
• Malolos Constitution - the basic law of the First Philippine
Republic; written by Felipe Calderon and Felipe Buencamino
15
• Gregorio del Pilar – Hero of Tirad Pass
• Januario Galot - led U.S. troops to the location for the latter to
defeat the forces of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
• Frederich Funston – leader of the American forces who arrested
Aguinaldo
• Gregorio Aglipay – founded the Iglesia Filipina Independiente
AMERICAN PERIOD
• Wesley Merritt – the first American governor-general of the
country
• William McKinley – US president who recommended a Benevolent
Assimilation
• Benevolent Assimilation – "future control, disposition, and
government of the Philippine islands were ceded to the United
States"
• Elwell Otis – the Governor-General who received the orders for a
Benevolent Assimilation
• Schurman Commission - to study the situation in the Philippines
and make recommendations on how the U.S should proceed
• Cooper Act of 1902 - provided a Bill of Rights for the Filipinos;
created a lower legislative branch with elected Filipino
representatives as legislators
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act – US imported goods have no quota and no
tariff; PH exported goods have no tariff but has a quota
• Simmons-Underwood Tariff Act – Lifted the quota of PH exported
goods
• Francis Burton Harrison – the American governor-general in office
when the Philippinization movement started
• Jones Law/Philippine Autonomy Act – changed the Philippine
Legislature into the Philippines' first fully elected body
• Wood-Forbes Mission - fact-finding commission sent to the
Philippines by U.S. president Warren Harding, which concluded
that Filipinos were not yet ready for independence from the
United States.
16
• Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act - the first US law passed setting a process
and a date for the Philippines to gain independence
• Tydings-McDuffie Law - under the act, the 1935 Constitution of the
Philippines was written; established the Commonwealth of the
Philippines, with the first directly elected President of the
Philippines
• 1937 – year when Filipinas are allowed to exercise their right to
suffrage
• Carmen Planas – first elected woman to the Manila City Council
• Elisa R. Ochoa – first elected woman to the Congress
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
• December 7, 1941 – Japanese bombed Clark Air Base Field
• December 9, 1941 – Japanese bombed Manila
• December 10, 1941 – Japanese soldiers arrived at Batanes and
Northern Luzon
• December 26, 1941 – Douglas MacArthur made Manila an Open City
• Gen. Edward P. King surrendered in behalf of US forces to Colonel
Nakayama – the fall of Bataan
• April 9, 1942 – start of Death March
• US forces surrendered to General Masaharu Homma – the fall of
Corregidor
• KALIBAPI – the only political party allowed
• Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence – its
president is Jose P. Laurel, whose task is to draft a new
constitution
• 1943 Constitution
• No vice president
• The president is more powerful than the Court and the unicameral
legislative body.
• The National Assembly is unicameral.
• Bill of Rights is set aside.
• HUKBALAHAP – founded by Luis Taruc, Jesus Lava, and Jose Banal
• MAKAPILI – a military group to give aid to the Imperial Japanese
Army; organised by Benigno Ramos and Artemio Ricarte
17
ASIAN HISTORY
18
ASIAN HISTORY
I. Asia: Its geography and civilization

Notable Landforms Notable Waterforms
Pamir (South Asia) – known as Huang He River – known as China’s
Roof of the World Sorrow
Himalaya – longest mountain Caspian Sea – world’s largest
range in Asia lake/inland sea
Mt. Everest (Nepal, Tibet) –
world’s highest mountain; also Lake Baikal – world’s deepest lake
known as House of Snow
Dead Sea – body of water with
Tibet – world’s highest plateau lowest elevation from sea level and
with highest level of salinity
Indonesia – world’s largest
Yangtze River – longest river in Asia
archipelago
West Asia East Asia
Saudi Arabia has the world’s
China is also known as Zhongguo ,
largest oil reserves, and is the
meaning Middle Kingdom.
world’s largest oil producer.
Oman is known as the Guardian of

Hong Kong means fragrant harbor .
the (Persian) Gulf .
Turkey is a transcontinental
Macau is the first European colony in
country, the bridge between
East Asia; only established in 1987.
Europe and Asia.
Lebanon is referred to as Land of Taiwan is formerly known as
the Cedars . Formosa .
Bahrain, in Arabic, means two The Japanese call their country

seas . Nippon , which means sun origin.
Gobi Desert, which is situated in
UAE is the result of the united
Mongolia, is the world’s coldest
seven trucial states in the area.
desert.
Mongolia serves as a buffer state
between Russia and China. 19
19
South Asia Central Asia

The Indian subcontinent has three
Mt. Ararat (Armenia) – where Noah’s
major rivers: Indus, Ganges, and
ark came to rest after the flood
Brahmaputra.
Punjab (Pakistan) means five Kazakhstan – world’s largest
rivers . landlocked country
Sri Lanka is formerly known as Kyrgyzstan means Land of the Forty

Ceylon . Tribes .
Southeast Asia
Java is the most populous island in Indonesia.
Brunei – ranked third in world’s countries with biggest oil reserves
Thailand means Land of the Free .
Timor, in Timor-Leste, means east.
Coral Triangle is considered as the richest part of the seas.
Singapore is known as the Computer Country of Asia.
Myanmar is known as the Land of the Golden Pagodas .
Cambodia is formerly known as Kampuchea.
Some environmental concepts:
Desertification – degradation of the soil of its nutrients to support plant
and animal life
Ecological footprint – simply put, the amount of nature needed to
support human life
II. Asian Identity

Evolution of Man
1. Dryopithecus – a possible ape-form ancestor of present humans
because of the resemblance of its teeth with ours
2. Ramapithecus – a more developed ape-form ancestor found in Siwalik
Hills, India; appeared around 14 million years ago
3. Australopithecus africanus – first of the ape-form ancestors to be
considered a hominid; size of brain is same with modern humans
20
4. Homo habilis – called as “Man of skill” or “Handy Man” since they used
stones (from cooled lava) for activities, like to cut meat
5. Homo erectus – called as “Upright Man”; appeared around 500 000 years
ago
6. Homo sapiens – size of the skull is same to modern humans; appeared
around 250 000 years ago
7. Neanderthal – probably appeared during the Ice Age in Europe around
70 000 years ago
8. Homo sapiens sapiens – the fully developed homo sapiens who
appeared around 35 000 years ago
Paleolithic Period Neolithic Period
- Humans lived in permanent
- Humans lived a nomadic life;
constructions and in groups, and
living off hunting and gathering
learned to sharpen and to make use of
food, such as fruits.
tools.
- Differences of paleolithic men

- Animism and handicraft developed.
with other animals:
1. having an upright posture that
enables him to use his hands to - Domestication of animals started.
create and utilize his tools
2. having an ability to speak and - Homo sapiens sapiens is the only
to receive information from the human species that lived with the start
message of this period.
3. having a significantly bigger - most important discovery -

brain size agriculture
- most important discovery –

controlled use of fire
21
Philosophies, beliefs, concepts

Hinduism
- Caste system
- Four classes: Brahmin, Kshatri-ya, Vaishya, Sudra
- Karma and reincarnation
Buddhism
- gives importance to brotherhood, purity, and humility
- founded by Ashoka
Sinocentrism
- states that China is in and is the center of the world.
Propriety
- focuses on the good behaviors or morality of man
Judaism
- introduced monotheism
Divine Origin
- recognizes the emperor as a descendant of the Sun Goddess, making
the former the most powerful leader; ordinary citizens, then, view
themselves as the superior race.
Characteristics of all civilizations:
1. systems for administering territories

2. notable architecture and unique art styles
3. written language
4. division of people into social classes
5. large population centers
6. complex division of labor
22
The Tigris-Euphrates Civilization – lies on the Fertile Crescent, the strip of

land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates; the whole area of the river-
valley is now a part of Iraq.
Akkadian
Sargon I – first great leader of Semites
He founded the first empire.
Babylonian
became known under the rule of Hammurabi
Hammurabi’s Code – a set of political, civil, and economic laws
Marduk – their chief god

Hittites
the first to use iron to their weapons in warfare
also used horses and chariots
Assyrian
TiglathPileser I – first great Assyrian ruler
Assur – Assyrian’s center
Ashurnasirpal II – next great Assyrian ruler; under his rule, Assyria
reached its peak
Nineveh its capital
Ashur – their chief god
known for the most brute and ferocious rule enforcement
Sumerian
Ur – oldest citystate
practices polytheism
cuneiform – first writing system
ziggurat – pyramidlike temple
governed by concept of theocracy
the first to create bronze and wheels
used lunar calendar
developed sexagesimal system (base 60) 23
Chaldean
Nebuchadnezzar – their greatest ruler
Babylonian Captivity – Under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldeans
invaded Jerusalem, and brought thousands of Jews to Babylonia as
slaves.
Hanging Gardens – one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
They are very interested in astronomy; they were nicknamed as

“stargazers of Babylon”.
The zodiac came from them, as they believed that the stars and
constellations have an effect on man’s fate.
Persian
Cyrus the Great – their first leader; allowed different religions to exist
under his rule
Darius the Great – annexed Iran, Indus valley, and more; this made Persia
the most powerful empire in the ancient world
satrapy – the term for Persia’s provinces; for a higher government’s

efficiency. Its governors are called satrap.
Zoroastrianism – Persia’s official religion; founded by Zoroaster
Ahura Mazda – chief god/god of truth
Phoenician
known as “The Great Merchants of the Ancient World”
Main product: purple textile; came from murex, a shellfish. Only the
wealthiest can buy this product due to the time and effort it takes to get
the purple liquid.
the first to make glass bottles
Most important contribution: (Phoenician) alphabet, borrowed later by
Greeks
Ba’al – Lord of the Heavens
Ba’alat – Goddess of Byblos
24
Hebrew
Abraham – led the Jewish people
Exodus how they were delivered from slavery and left Egypt
Introduced monotheism
Torah the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, Pentateuch
The Indus Valley civilization – Unlike other civilizations, this one is noted
by archaeologists to have a concept of urban planning, like construction
of floodways. Archaeologists also found out that Indians had traded with
their Sumerian counterparts due to the discovery of artifacts (especially,
the use of seal/marking in trade).
Aryans – the first nomads to occupy Indus
Veda – consists of four collections of prayers, oration, and ritual guidelines
Rig Vida – the oldest and most important of the four Vedas
Caste system
known as Varna in Rig Veda
untouchables – the beggars or anyone who has the lowest
Kinds of job
Brahmins – the priests and scholars
Kshatriya – the warrior/army
Vaishya – the merchants and farmers
Sudra – the artisans
Mauryan Empire
After the death of Alexander the Great (where India is a part of his
empire) Chandragupta Maurya swiftly grabbed the power of governing the
easternmost part of Alexander’s territory from Seleucus I, its governor.
Chandragupta was advised by Chanakya, author of Arthasastra, a book on
statecraft, economic policy and military strategy.
Ashoka – Under his rule, Maurya is on its peak.
After reflecting on the casualties brought by the Kalinga War, Ashoka
turned to Buddhism for selfrenewal.
Buddhism was his personal religion, and it was spread throughout the
empire. After he died, the empire collapsed. 25
25
Gupta Empire (the Golden Age of Hinduism)
Founded by Sri Gupta
Aryabhata – discovered that planets rotate on their axis
Any religion was allowed. Sanskrit and Hinduism began to develop and to
spread. The courts started to have legal texts and observe formal
processes.
Kalidasa the greatest poet and dramatist in the Sanskrit language of India
The Huang He-Yangtze river-valley civilization - Huang is the Chinese word

for yellow and it refers to the fine, yellow sediments that the river carries
into the floodplains and the sea.
Shang Dynasty
the first to provide a written history of China
oracle bones – proof that they have a writing system
practiced animism
Zhou (Chou) Dynasty
has the longest reign of any dynasty
exercised feudalism
built roads and made coins
made use of iron and bronze for weapons and farming tools
Confucius was born.
Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty
Shi Huangti was 13 y/o when he became the emperor
He exercised autocracy.
He ordered for a Great Wall to be built for defense against invaders.
Han Dynasty
founded by Liu Pang; he exercised a centralized government.
Under Wu Ti’s rule, the civil service examination started.
Paper was discovered. Silk Road became known.
Ssuma Chien – the first great historian of China
26
Sui Dynasty
a shortlived dynasty, but laid the foundations for the Golden Age of
China
Under Yang Ti’s rule, the Grand Canal was built. It connected the Yangtze
and Huang He rivers.
Tang Dynasty
founded by Li Yuan
Tang Taitsung – known as Tang’s greatest emperor
Li Po, Tu Fu – great writers
Buddhism spreads.
Golden Age of China
Sung Dynasty
founded by Sung Taitsu
discovery of magnetic compass, paper printing, and gunpowder
Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan successfully invaded China in 1729.
Marco Polo – became a court official under Khan
Mughal Empire
Tamerlane – known as the greatest leader during the Muslim invasion of
India
Akbar - During his rule, it was the Golden Age of Mughal Empire.
Jahangir – His name means “Grasper of the World”.
Shah Jahan – His name means “King of the World”; He ordered for Taj
Mahal to be built as a tomb for his wife
Aurangzeb – last ruler of Mughal Empire
27
Japanese Civilization
Ainu – first settlers of Japan
Yamato empire founded by Jimmu; became Japan’s first emperor
Nara period
Nara – first capital of Japan
Seventeen Articles – written by Prince Shotoku, it is the first written set
of laws of Japan
Heian period
Heian – second capital of Japan
The Tale of Genji – the world’s first fulllength novel, written by Lady
Murasaki Shikibu
Shogun – a hereditary military dictator; the ceremonial representative of
the emperor
shogunate – founded by Yoritomo Kamakura; means tent government
Feudal system
daimyo – military governors
samurai – the military officials tasked to serve their lords
bushido – code of ethics that is followed by samurais
Kamakura Shogunate
defeated the Mongols’ invasion twice
Sengoku (14671568) – warring states
Odu Nobunaga (introduced firearms in Japan), Toyotomi Hideyoshi
became known
Ashikaga Shogunate
also known as Muromachi Period
founded by Ashikaga Takauchi
considered as the weakest shogunate
Tokugawa Shogunate
founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu
moved the capital to Edo (presentday Tokyo)
alternate attendance policy – forced vacation of daimyos with their
family 28
28
Southeast Asian civilizations – A powerful empire is considered to be
powerful when it has a control over a large area of sea routes and ports.
Khmer empire (Cambodia)
founded by Jayavarman II
Angkor – its capital
Angkor Wat – grandest work of architecture under Jayavarman’s reign
Annam empire (Vietnam)
was a part of China until 939; then governed by Ly Dynasty
Buddhism – most important contribution by the Chinese to them
Siam empire (Thailand)
Muang Thai means Land of the Free
Sukhotai Kingdom – founded by Rama Kanken
Burmese empire
Anawrata – first king of Burma; after his death, the nation was divided.
Buyin Naung successfully reunited the nation again.
Pegu – the capital until 1581
Malay Asia
Malay Asia – composed of Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines
Malay Archipelago – composed of Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines,
Brunei, TimorLeste, and Singapore
thalassocracy – a state thas has a rule over the sea
Srivijaya empire
controlled and taxed over sea routes of Malacca Strait, Kendah Strait,
and Sunda Strait in exchange of protection from pirates
annexed by Madjapahit empire around 1350 AD
Sailendra empire
began around 8th century AD in Java
had favorable agreements with Srivijaya
disappeared around 1025
Madjapahit empire
last Hindu empire that reigned in Malay Archipelago
founded by Raden Widjaya around 1293
Hayam Wuruk – greatest leader of Madjapahit; under his reign, Srivijaya
was annexed
29
Korean Civilization – Korea is also known as the ‘Hermit Kingdom’
Gojoseon Kingdom
first kingdom in Korea; founded by Dangun Wanggeom
eventually collapsed; divided into Koguryo, Paekche, Shilla
Goguryeo Kingdom
Dongmyeong – chieftain of Goguryeo; developed the military
territory is from northern part of Korean peninsula to Manchuria
Baekje Kingdom
territory is found in southwest part of Korean peninsula
was more peaceloving than Goguryeo
Silla Kingdom
territory is found in southeast part of Korean peninsula
Goryeo Kingdom
Wang Geon unified the three kingdoms.
Yi I, a Korean Confucian, defeated Goryeo
Sejong the Great, fourth ruler
used a centralized government
founded Yi Dynasty
Hangul – Korea’s alphabet
Later conquered by Mongols
Ruled wth a centralized, Confucian government was developed.
After which, the kingdom collapsed.
The Golden Age of Korea
30
III. Transformation of Asia
Factors leading to the start of Age of Discovery and Exploration
1. Marco Polo’s Expedition 4. Glory

2. God 5. Development of Technology
3. Gold
Portugal’s Exploration to the East
Prince Henry – built a navigation school
Bartolomeu Dias – reached the tip of southern Africa; called it Cape of
Storm then Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama – reached Calicut, India in 1497; opened a direct sea
route from Europe to Asia
Francisco Albuquerque – first viceroy of Portugal to the East
Alfonso de Albuquerque – viceroy of East Indies; conquered Goa, made
it capital of Portugal in the East
Spain’s Exploration to the East
Ferdinand Magellan - discovered the strait (now, Magellan Strait) to
reach Pacific Ocean
Colonization of Asia
Portugal
Went to China as Ming Dynasty is implementing a policy of isolation
Ocean Devils – term by the Chinese to any foreigner who arrives in their
country
Rafael Perestrello – first Portuguese to visit in China
Macau – served as the trading center between the two countries; until
1999, it’s the last colony in Asia to be independent
Francis Xavier – spread Christianity in Japan in 1549; became known as
‘Apostle of the Indies’
31
Spain
All of its colonies are in the Northern Hemisphere, except for
Philippines.
Cebu – first colony in the country
Manila – second colony in the country
Philippines became the foundation for the spread of Christianity in Asia.
Dutch
Dutch East India Company – has authority over its trade in Asia
Batavia – first Dutch colony in Indonesia
Dutch built a trading port in Nagasaki, after helping the Japanese to get
rid of Portuguese.
British
The largest empire in world’s history
Battle of Plassey – After Mughal empire collapsed, British won (under
the leadership of Robert Clive) over the French to take control of India.
British East India Company
French
Has a port in Pondicherry, its first for French East India Company until
Battle of Plassey
Moved east, then conquered Vietnam
Russia
Cossack – nomadic tribe in search of new territory in Central Asia, led by
Yermak Timopeyavich
Treaty of Nerchinsk – set the boundaries and trades between Russia and
China;
32
Tension between China and Europeans
Cathay – name of China as given by Kublai Khan

Ming Dynasty
Ming defeated the Mongols in 1368.
Admiral Zheng He – led the army for China’s maritime goal
Chu Yuan Chang – founded the dynasty; changed his
Emperor Yunglo changed the capital to Peking, where the
Named to Ming Tai Tsu; set the capital in Nanking
Forbidden City
Qing Dynasty
Was able to annex Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia, Tibet
Queue – a hairstyle often worn by men
Rule of Kangxi
Francis Verbist – Jesuit priest who became Kang’s teacher
Sixteen Maxim on the Art of Government – his book that emphasizes the
need to listen to the people for a good statesmanship
Rule of Chien Lung
His rule is known as ‘The Enduring Kingdom’.
The Dutch did kowtow for trading purposes only.
First Opium War (1839-1842)

Cohong - was a guild of Chinese merchants or hongs who operated the
import-export monopoly in Canton
Cause: addiction of the Chinese to illegally imported opium by the British

Commissioner Li Zexu – helped to halt the opium trade and to send a letter
to Britain regarding this matter; Britain refused. Li ordered to stop all opium
trades and put sanctions; British still refused. British was stripped of
privilege; they had to leave Canton and head to Macau and Hong Kong.
First imperial war in the East; China lost.
Treaty of Nanking – 1. New trading ports in China are opened; 2. Hong Kong
was given to Britain; 3. British exerted extraterritorial rights, meaning the
British are not under the laws of China; 4. Cohongs are closed.
33
Taiping Rebellion – leader: Hung Hsiu-chuan; He wanted to establish a new
dynasty: Taiping Tienkuo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace); controlled
southeastern part of China; set the capital in Nanking; rebellion is ended by
Frederick Townsend; Manchu government called Townsend and his army as
‘The Ever Victorious Army’.
Second Opium War (1856-1860)
Cause: a group of Chinese attacked a British vessel containing opium; the

French teamed up with the British.
Russians occupied Ussuri and established Vladivostok, a military base in

Pacific. Japanese occupied Rukyu Island, off Formosa.
Tientsin Convention – Opium trade is made legal; Christian missionaries

and foreigners are allowed to have residence in China.
Boxer Rebellion – The US was last of the imperialist countries to grab a

piece of land in China; they recommended an open door policy for China.
Empress Dowager secretly talked with rebel groups to fight off the
Europeans. The Righteous and Harmonious Fists sparked a rebellion, but
didn’t make a big success.
Boxer Protocol (most notable result): Europeans are allowed to house

military forces to their respective spheres of influence.
British Imperialism in India
After the Mughal empire collapsed, there was a power vacuum (the political
condition when someone has lost control of something and no one has
replaced them) in India. Sepoy, in Persian, means soldier.
Charles Cornwallis – first British governor-general in India
British reforms:
1. Introduced an educational system in India, based from
Britain’s and English as the medium of instruction
2. Sanctioned slavery and female infanticide
3. (Tries to) eradicate thuggi (an organised gang of professional
robbers and murderers) and suttee (funeral custom where
a widow sets herself on fire on her husband’s death)
4. Stopped locals to be in control of economic decisions, of
crops to produce, of purchasing goods by fellow Indians
34
Sepoy Mutiny – Cause: a spread of rumor that riffles are sealed with the oil
from pig’s or cow’s fat
The first war for independence by the Indians - swaraj – means ‘self-rule’
Act for the Better Government India – Britain now has a direct control over
India, following the mutiny
Effects: - unified India and developed its economy - constructed facilities,

roads, dams, bridges, dikes
Indians were not able to produce crops for food - Indians became a second-
class citizen in their own country
Modernization and Westernization of Japan
Commodore Matthew Perry - forced Japan, with their show of big military
force to enter into trade with the United States
Kanagawa Convention – USA was able to have an embassy in Japan; this

was the start of imperialism in Japan
Emperor Mutsuhito – founded the government of Meiji Japan or the

‘enlightened rule’
Sent scholars to overseas to study other countries’ practices,

e.g. Germany’s centralized government and weaponry
Japan’s economy was already highly developed in early 20th century
Japan won the (First) Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and resulted in Treaty
of Shimonoseki. They also won the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and
resulted in Treaty of Portsmouth.
Japan annexed Korea as a protectorate (a state that is controlled and

protected by another); imposed the Japanese ways
35
Rise of Nationalism in India
Indian National Congress was founded in 1885; Muslim League in 1906.
Indians fought side by side with Britain, in hopes that the latter will give
their independence. Britain didn’t do this.
Indians rejected the Government of the Indian Act of 1919, since it only
recognizes a small number of the Indians’ rights.
Under the Rowlatt Act, it allowed the British to jail Indians for two years,
without due process.
Indians went to Punjab for a prayer brigade, without knowing that public
gatherings are not allowed. Reginald Dyer ordered to shoot people. This is
the Amritsar Massacre.
Mohandas K. Gandhi and the independence movement

- satyagraha – active non-violence/civil disobedience
- also known as Mahatma, which means ‘Great Soul’
Campaign:
1. Do not buy products from Britain
2. Do not enter the British-held public school
3. Do not pay taxes
4. Do not participate in the elections
5. Do not wear clothes worn by the British.
Salt Act – The Indians should buy their salt only from the British government,
and there is an additional tax in buying it.
-As a response, Gandhi led the Indians for the Salt March.
Government of the India Act of 1935 – partial independence of India

- Indians can now elect fellow Indians in higher posts.
- It allows a direct election.
- Burma is separated from India.
36
Rise of nationalism in China
Sun Yat-sen: Father of modern China

- Founded Revive China Society; to grab the power from Qing
but was not successful
- Then founded Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), which
believes the progress of China will come from its
modernization
- Double Ten – National Day of the Republic of China;
Kuomintang overthrew the Qing dynasty. Sun became the
first president of China.
- Yuan Shikai – replaced Sun Yat-sen as the president
- Three Principles of the People:
1. Nationalism
2. Democracy
3. People’s welfare
May Fourth Movement (1919)

- Initiated by university students as a response to the verdict
of the Treaty of Versailles over China (especially of the
transfer of Germany’s occupied territories in China to Japan)
- Mao Tse-tung – a teacher of University of Beijing; later known
as a great revolutionary leader
- He founded the Communist Party in Shanghai;
aimed to unite with Nationalist Party and to accept
Soviet Union’s offers
- Nationalist Party became stronger after Michael Borodin, a
political adviser from Soviet Union, offered aid.
Nationalist Party
- Led by Chiang Kai-shek
- Shanghai Massacre – Many members of the Communist Party
were killed by the forces of Kai-shek.
- 1928 – Chiang became the president of Nationalist Republic
of China
- His promises of progress weren’t fulfilled due to corrupt
officials under his authority; many transferred their support
to the Communist Party.
37
Communist Party
- Led by Mao Tse-tung; He believed that the famers of the
rural areas can be the manpower he needs for a revolution.
- A civil war happened between the two parties (1930).
- Mao led the Red Army.
- Long March - military retreat undertaken by the Red Army
of the Communist Party of China to evade the pursuit of the
Kuomintang; the (around) 12500 km-long march from Jiangxi
to Shaanxi
Sun Yat-sen: Three Principles of the People.

Mao Tse-tung: The New Democracy.
1949 – Chiang retreated in Formosa, creating the Republic of China.

Mao created in Mainland China the People’s Republic of China.
Rise of Nationalism in Southeast Asia
Philippines
- colonized by Spain, British (only in Manila), American,
Japanese
- forefront nationalistic groups: Propagandistas, Katipunan
- 1896 Revolution – first nationalistic revolution in Asia
- Spark of nationalism against Spanish forces: execution of
GomBurZa, then of Rizal
- Date of full independence (from all other countries): July 4,
1946
Burma
- colonized by Britain; became a province of India
- Dobama Asiayone (We Burmese Association) (1937) – Aung
San became its leader, then became a prime minister
- Aung San – known as ‘bogyoke’; founder of: Communist Party
of Burma, Tatmadaw (armed forces), Union of Burma
Indonesia (East Indies)
- colonized by Netherlands
- Budi Utomo (Glorious Endeavor) – founded by Wahidin
Sudirobusodo in 1908; improve the lives of farmers; first
nationalistic organization in Indonesia
- Sarekat Islam (Islamic Association) – founded by Oemar Said
Tjokroaminoto in 1912; for peace and economic reforms
38
- Volksraad (People’s Council) – for expression of grievances
- Partai Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian Communist Party) –
was easily defeated by government
- General Study Club – became the Nationalist Party of
Indonesia, where Sukarno became its leader
- Sukarno – became first president of Indonesia
Vietnam
- Nguyen Ai Quoc – communist leader; changed his name to
Ho Chi Minh; founded the Indochinese Communist Party
- also founded Viet Minh (League for the Independence of
Vietnam)
Rise of Nationalism in West Asia
Turkey
- Kemalism (Six Arrows) – contains the founding ideology of
the Republic of Turkey
- Mustafa Kemal Ataturk - Turkey’s first president; Father of
Turks
Arab World and Saudi Arabia

- Pan-Arabism – the unification of the Arab world
- Sykes-Picot Agreement - a secret 1916 agreement between
the United Kingdom and France defining their respective
spheres of influence and control in West Asia after the
collapse of Ottoman Empire
- McMahon-Hussein Correspondence - Britain agreed to
recognize Arab independence after World War I
- Balfour Declaration - promised a national home for the Jews
in Palestine
- Abdul Aziz (Sheik Ibn-Saud) – most powerful of the Arab
clans; was able to unite all kingdoms, then formed Saudi
Arabia
Persia (Iran)
- Reza Shah Pahlavi - built the Trans-Iranian Railway (1927–
38); emancipated women (1935)
Israel and Zionism

- Zionism – belief that Judaism is a nationality and a religion
at the same time, and that its goal is to create and to develop
their own state in their ancestral homeland, which is Israel;
founded by Theodore Herzl 39
World War II in Asia and in the Pacific
- Kamikaze - Japanese pilots who initiated suicide attacks to

deliberately targeted enemy ships
- Manhattan Project – the code name of a research and
development undertaking that produced the first nuclear
weapons
- Harry Truman was the US President in this certain
period in history.
- Little Boy - the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on
August 6, 1945 by the Boeing B-29
- Fat Man – the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August
9, 1945
- Potsdam Declaration - called for the surrender of all
Japanese armed forces; Japan did so on August 10, 1945
- V-J Day - Victory over Japan Day; the day on which Japan
surrendered, in effect ending the war
Cold War in Asia
- Cold War – state of tension between superpowers USA (led

the Western or Democratic Bloc) and Soviet Union (led the
Eastern or Communist Bloc)
- There was a tension between mainland China (supported
by Soviet Union) and Taiwan (led by Chiang Kai-shek;
supported by USA).
- China invaded Mongolia and Tibet, both of which are
autonomous already.
- Korean War of 1950-1953

- 38th parallel – the dividing line between the Korean
peninsula, creating the two Koreans
- North of 38th parallel – occupied by Soviet Union,
became communist North Korea
- South of 38th parallel – occupied by USA, became
democratic South Korea
- 1950 – North Korea invaded the South. Douglas
MacArthur led the opposing forces for three years.
- Demilitarized zone - an area in which treaties or
agreements between nations, military powers or
contending groups forbid military installations,
activities or personnel
40
- Vietnam Wars
- Battle of Dien Bien Phu – 1954; the
nationalist and communist forces joined to
heavily defeat the French
- 17th parallel – the dividing line, established by the
1954 Geneva Accord, between Vietnam, creating the
communist North and democratic South; Ho Chi Minh
led the north; Ngo Dinh Diem initially led the south.
- Second Vietnam War – 1959-1975; Communist forces
defeated its opponents.
- Cambodia
- became the military base of North Vietnam
- Khmer Rouge – the Cambodian communists led by
Pol Pot
Tensions in West Asia

- First Arab-Israeli War – Israelis won.
- Second Arab-Israeli War – Cause: Gamar Abdel Nasser (the
president of Egypt then) decided to occupy Suez Canal.
- Third Arab-Israeli War or Six-Day War – Israelis won the war;
occupied Judea and Samaria (of Jordan), Golan Heights (of
Syria), Sinai, Gaza Strip, and West Bank
- Fourth Arab-Israeli War or Yom Kippur War – Yom Kippur is
most important holiday of the Jewish year.
- During this time, Israel was under its first female prime
minister – Golda Meir
- Anwar Sadat, then president of Egypt, went to Israel and
offered peace, “We used to reject you… Yet, today we agree
to live with you in permanent peace and justice.”
- Camp David Accrod of 1978 – first mutual peace agreement
between Israel and Arab countries.
- Palestinian Liberation Front – formed by Yasser Arafat;
Palestinians do not want to be governed by Israelis.
- intifada - series of Palestinian demonstrations, nonviolent
actions like mass boycotts
41
Religions in Asia
Hinduism
- world’s oldest religion
- pantheism - the belief that God is equal to the universe, its
physical matter, and the forces that govern it
- moksha - liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth
(samsara)
- believes in reincarnation and karma
- Brahma, who creates the universe; Vishnu, who preserves
the universe; Shiva, who destroys the universe.
Buddhism
- Siddhartha Gautama – left the royal life; prayed under a
Bodhi tree; knowns as “the enlightened one”
- Four Noble Truths: the essence of Buddha’s teachings; the
truth of suffering, the truth of the origin of suffering, the
truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that
leads to the end of suffering.
- Eightfold Path – a guide to the right thoughts and actions of
man
- nirvana - state of ultimate happiness
- Wheel of Drama – its eight spokes are the Eightfold Path
Islam
- Muhammad founded Islam on Medina. Allah is the supreme
God. Quran is the Holy Book.
- Hegira - Muhammad’s departure from Mecca to Medina
- Five Pillars:
- Shahadah: reciting the Muslim profession of faith
- Salat: performing prayers five times each day
- Zakat: paying alms for the poor and the needy
- Sawm: fasting during Ramadan
- Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
- jihad – holy war
- symbol: crescent moon
42
Christianity
- Jesus is the Son of God. Christ means “anointed one”. Bible
is the Holy Book.
- world’s largest religion; observes monotheism
- three main groups:
Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Eastern Orthodoxy
- head of churches: Roman Catholicism – Pope; Eastern
Orthodoxy – Patriarch; Protestantism – no recognized main
leader
- symbol - cross
Judaism
- Abraham is considered as the father of Judaism
- Exodus - how the Israelites leave slavery in Egypt through
the strength of Yahweh, their God, to the Promised Land of
Canaan
- Wailing Wall - based on the practice of mourning at the only
remnant left of the Temple Mount and praying for its
rebuilding
- Kosher – food that adhere to the dietary law
- symbol – Star of David
Sikhism
- founded by Guru Nanak in Punjab, India
- 5K’s of Sikhism
- Kesh (uncut hair) – hair is symbol of strength and holiness
- Kara (steel bracelet) – symbol of connection with Guru
- Kanga (wooden comb) – symbol of a clean mind and body
- Kaccha (cotton underwear)
- Kirpan (steel sword) – symbol for God/defense for the
poor
Shintoism
- the ethnic religion of the Japanese; for establishing a link a
between present-day Japan and its ancient past.
- kami - the spirits or phenomena that are worshipped
Jainism
- three principles: ahimsa (non-violence), anekantavada
(non-absolutism), and aparigraha (non-attachment)
43
(Some) Regional organizations
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

- founded: 1967
- number of current members: 10
- headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
- an intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates
economic, educational, and cultural integration amongst
its members
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

- founded: 1989
- headquarters: Singapore
- a response the growing interdependence of the Asia-
Pacific
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

- founded: 1960
- headquarters: Vienna, Austria
- coordination and unification of the petroleum policies of
its Member Countries and ensure the stabilization of oil
markets
44
WORLD HISTORY
45
The Egyptian Civilization
- God of the sun: Ra; god of the sky: Horus

- Egypt was divided into two kingdoms: Lower Egypt (where its ruler
wore a red crown) and Upper Egypt (ruler wore white)
- King Menes was able to unite the two kingdoms. He established
Memphis as its capital.
Old Kingdom (around 2660-2180 BCE); referred as “Age of Pyramids”
- Observed theocracy - a system of government in which priests rule
in the name of God or a god
Middle Kingdom (around 2040-1640 BCE)

- Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II – first ruler of the Middle Kingdom
- Amenemhet II started coregency or a joint ruling, with his son
Senusret I
- Hyksos successfully invaded Egypt. Ahmose was able to crush the
invaders after some time.
New Kingdom
- Ahmose introduced a centralized government.
- Amenhotep IV introduced monotheism; their god was known as
Aton. Amenhotep IV changed his name into Akhenaton.
Sphinx - a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human
The Greek Civilization
Minoan Civilizatiion
- Hellas – the term that the Greeks would call themselves; from their
mythological leader, Hellenes
- Four races of Greeks – Acheans, Ionians, Dorians, Aetolians
- The island Crete housed the Minoans, from their ruler King Minos.
Mycenaean Civilization
- tholos - a circular structure, often a temple, of ancient Greece
- megaron - was the great hall in ancient Greek palace complexes
- polis – the term for Greek city-states
- acropolis – a polis built upon an area of elevated ground
- phratry - A clan group consisting of a number of families
- Mt. Olympus – highest mountain in Greece; believed to be the home
of the gods
46
The City-State of Athens
- Attica – main site of Athenian civilization
- practiced aristocracy and direct democracy
- Draco – best known for his Draconian code - response to the unjust
interpretation of oral law by Athenian aristocrats
- Solon – best known for his Council of the Four Hundred, which laid
the foundations of democracy
The City-State of Sparta

- known for their great military force
- Helots – the slave-warriors of Sparta
- Delian League - was an association of Greek city-states whose

purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire
- Peloponnesian War - was fought by the Delian League led by Athens
against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta
- Hippocrates – a Greek doctor; regarded as Father of Medicine;

professionals today swear by the Hippocratic Oath
- Demosthenes – the greatest orator
- Aristarchus - presented the first known model that placed the Sun
at the center of the known universe
- Thucydides – historian who wrote about the Pelopponesian War
- Phidias – sculptor of the Statue of Zeus in Olympia
- Socrates – known for the Socratic Method
- Plato – student of Socrates; wrote ‘The Republic’, about a just society
and a just man
- Aristotle – wrote ‘Politics’, an explanation of the strengths and
weaknesses of monarchy, aristocracy, democracy
- Zeno – founded the Stoic school of philosophy
- Epicurus – introduced the concept of epicureanism, the importance
of disciplining one’s desires
The Roman Civilization
- Etruscans - the first known people in the Italic peninsula

- Law of the Twelve Tables – Italy’s first code of law, binding on both
patricians and plebeians
- Punic Wars - a series of three wars fought between Rome and
Carthage
- Hannibal - known for leading the Carthaginian army and a team of
elephants across the Alps in the Second Punic War
47
- Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – brothers who sought to introduce
land reforms
- Sulla – revived the dictatorship rule in Rome
- First Triumvirate – Crassus (belonged to the wealthy class), Gnaues

Pompeius (a known general), Julius Caesar
- Julius Caesar Crossing the Rubicon – event that started the Roman
Civil War, between Pompey and Senate
- Ides of March - the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar
- Second Triumvirate – Octavian (later known as Augustus Caesar),

Mark Antony, Marcus Lepidus
- Pax Romana - long period of relative peacefulness after the end of
the Final War of the Roman Republic
- Caligula – emperor known as the most tyrannical and infamous of

all; designated his horse named Incitatus as part of a council
- Tiberius Claudius – annexed Britain in the empire
- Nero - the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
- Five Good Emperors: Nerva, Trajan (who was given the title
Optimus), Hadrian (who built the Hadrian Wall), Antoninus Pius,
and Marcus Aurelius (used the merit system in determining
Sgovernment officials)
- Virgil – wrote ‘Aeneid’, the national epic of ancient Rome

- Horace – the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus
Caesar
- Ovid - best known for ‘Metamorphoses’, a 15-book continuous
mythological narrative
Byzantine Empire
- Diocletian – revived Old Rome and became Byzantine Empire, the

New Rome
- Constantine – renamed Byzantine (a place) into Constantinople, the
center of the new empire; Constantinople became the boundary
between Asia and Europe
- Under his rule, Christianity became a dominant religion
- Justinian – first great leader of the empire; Hagia Sophia was built
during his time
- Code of Justinian – set of laws that was issued; now known
formally as Corpus Juris Civilis
48
- Vandals - a “barbarian” Germanic people who sacked Rome,
but defeated by Byzantine Empire
- Church on the Western side: Roman Catholic Church Eastern
side: Greek/Eastern Orthodox Church
- Cyrillic alphabet – means of St. Cyril to educate the Slavs
- Praetorian Guard – personal bodyguards of the emperor
Islamic Civilization
- Al-Razi – greatest doctor in the Muslim world from 500 to 1500AD

- Al-Khwarizmi – Father of Algebra
- One Thousand and One Nights - collection of Middle Eastern folk
tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age
- Introduced the number zero
African Civilization
Western African empires:
1. Ghana Empire
- Soninke – first inhabitants in Ghana
- Timbuktu – center of trade; Kumbu – capital city of
Ghana
- Empire collapsed due to invasions; became part of
Mali Empire
2. Songhai Empire
- Sonni Ali – founder of Songhai Empire
3. Mali Empire
- Sundiata Keita – founded Mali Empire
- Musa I – thought to be the richest person on Earth
who ever lived; Mali Empire collapsed after his
death
Eastern African empires:

1. Kush Empire - empire south of Egypt
2. Aksum Empire – empire established in area of present-day
Eritrea
Civilizations in the Pacific Melanesia
– Group of islands; from the Greek melas ‘black’ and nesoi ‘islands’;
found on north and east of AustraliaMicronesia
– Group of islands; means small islandsPolynesia
– Group of islands; means many islands; found on the central and
southern Pacific Ocean
49
Central and South American Civilizations
Maya (2000 BCE – 250CE)

- Hunab Ku – creator of earth; Itzama – god of sky
- famous for use of mathematics and astronomy
Aztec (around 1325 - 1521)

- Tenochtitlan – capital of the empire
- Huitzilopochtli – god of sun and war; Tlaloc – god of rain;
Quetzalcoatl – god of wind and wisdom
- Hernan Cortes – Spanish leader who overthrew the empire
Inca (around 1438 - 1533)

- Manco Capac – founder of the civilization
- Cuzco – capital of the empire
- Viracocha – creator of earth; Inti – god of sun
- ayllu - the traditional form of a community
- Francisco Pizarro captured the last free-reigning Incan
emperor, Atahualpa
Holy Roman Empire
- Dark Ages - a cultural-economic deterioration occurred in

Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire
- founded by Charlemagne around 800CE; lasted for about a
thousand years
- Francis II – last Holy Roman emperor
- Voltaire: “The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor
Roman, nor an empire”
- Visigoth – found a territory in Gaul and Spain

- Ostrogoth – under the leadership of Odoacer, they overthrew
Romulus Augustulus
Middle Ages
- Benedictine Rule – integration of prayer, manual labour, and

study into a daily routine
- Crusades (1095-1291) - a series of religious wars to recapture
Christian lands from Muslim control, especially of Holy Land
- Third Crusade is also known as the The Kings’ Crusade
50
- Bubonic Plague – also known as Black Death; originated in China
then killed up to 60% of the population in Europe
- Thomas Aquinas – wrote Summa Theologica; divided into three

parts, each discussing God the Father, man, and Jesus
- Beowulf - one of the most important works of Old English/Anglo-
Saxon literature
- Song of Roland – a French epic poem; based on the Battle of
Roncevaux Pass in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne
- Nibelungenlied – a German epic poem; tells of dragon-slayer
Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, how he was murdered,
and of his wife Kriemhild’s revenge
- Divine Comedy - a long narrative poem about an imaginative vision
of the afterlife by Dante Alighieri
- Canterbury Tales – written by Geoffrey Chaucer; group of pilgrims
as they embarked a journey from London to Canterbury
- guild - an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the

practice of their craft in a particular town
- mercantilism – promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s
economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the
expense of rival national powers
- manorialism - peasants of medieval Europe were rendered
dependent on their land and on their lord
- feudalism - relationships derived from the holding of land in
exchange for service or labour
- John Wycliffe – an advocate for translation of the Bible into the

vernacular; attacked the privileged status of the clergy;
- John Huss – first Church reformer; morning star of the Reformation
- Martin Luther – wrote ’95 Theses’, which attacked the indulgences
set by the Church, therefore sparking the Reformation
- Ulrich Zwingli – most important figure in the Swiss Protestant
Reformation
- John Calvin – wrote doctrines of predestination and of the absolute
sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul
- King Henry VIII - initiated the English Reformation, separating the
Church of England from papal authority and appointing himself the
Supreme Head of the Church of England; best known for his six
marriages
51
Rise of a National Monarchy
- King William the Conqueror – wrote the book ‘Domesday Book’, a

manuscript record of the “Great Survey” of much of England and
parts of Wales completed in 1086
- Henry II – introduced three important reforms: Common Law,
Circuit Courts, Jury System
- King John – Magna Carta
- Edward I – was able to unite England, Scotland, and Wales
- called for a Parliament; House of Lords – from the wealthy
people; House of Commons – from the civilians
- War of the Roses - a series of English civil wars for control of the
throne of England
- Hundred Years’ War – the long conflict between the kingdoms of
France and England from 1337 to 1453
- Moors – a group of Muslims who invaded Spain and then the
whole Iberian Peninsula
- Reconquisita - a series of campaigns by Christian states to
recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors)
- Inquisition - a group of institutions within the government
system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy
Renaissance Period
- Humanism - prime importance to human rather than divine or

supernatural matters
- Francesco Petrarch – considered as the Father of Humanism
- Giovanni Boccacio – wrote ‘’Decameron’’, a collection of novellas
- Leonardo da Vinci – leading figure of Italian Renaissance; best
known for his works “The Last Supper” and the “Mona Lisa”
- Niccolo Machiavelli – The end justifies
- Raphael Sanzio – best known for his works in architecture and
painting, especially ‘Transfiguration’ and Madonnas
- Michelangelo Buonarotti – his most famous works include: Sistine
Chapel ceiling, David, Pieta
- Johann Gutenberg – introduced a mechanical movable type
printing to Europe, thus starting the Printing Revolution
- Desiderius Erasmus – the greatest scholar of the northern
Renaissance; the first editor of the New Testament
- Thomas More – wrote “Utopia”, a work of fiction and socio-
political satire depicting a ‘perfect’ society
- Miguel de Cervantes – regarded as the greatest writer in the
Spanish language; wrote Don Quixote 52
- Counter-Reformation - the period of Catholic resurgence initiated
in response to the Protestant Reformation
- Diet of Worms – made famous by Martin Luther’s appearance for
his response to charges of heresy
- Edict of Worms – declared Luther to be an obstinate heretic and
banned the reading or possession of his writings
First Wave of Colonialism and Imperialism
- Bartholomew Diaz – first known European to sail around the

southernmost tip of Africa
- Vasco da Gama – first European to reach India by sea
- Christopher Columbus – accidentally arrived upon the Americas
and thought the inhabitants were Indians
- Amerigo Vespucci – the first person to recognize North and South
America as distinct continents
- Francisco Pizarro – led an expedition that conquered the Inca
Empire
- Juan Ponce de Leon – the first Governor of Puerto Rico by
appointment of the Spanish crown
- John Cabot – led the first European exploration of the mainland
of North America
- Francis Drake – led the second circumnavigation of the world in a
single expedition
- Alfonso de Albuquerque – led the conquest of Goa, India and of
Malacca in 1511; appointed head of the fleet of the Arabian and
Persian seas, and of the Indian Ocean
- Columbian exchange – the widespread transfer of plants,
animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas
between the Americas and the Old World
Scientific Revolution
- Nicolaus Copernicus – Polish astronomer who reintroduced a

heliocentric model of the Solar System
- Johannes Kepler – best known for his laws of planetary motion
- Galileo Galilei – inventing the thermoscope and the telescope for
scientific observations of celestial objects
- Rene Descartes – the father of analytical geometry
- John Napier – the discoverer of logarithms; made common the
use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics
- Christian Huygens – the inventor of the pendulum clock
- Isaac Newton – formulated the laws of motion and universal
gravitation 53
Age of Enlightenment
- Age of Enlightenment -centered on reason as the primary source

of authority and legitimacy
- Thomas Hobbes – wrote “Leviathan”, which established the social
contract theory
- John Locke – postulated that, at birth, the mind was a tabula rasa;
believed to start the concept of introspection
- Voltaire – advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech,
and separation of church and state.
- Baron de Montesquieu – wrote “The Spirit of the Laws”, which
includes a divided French society composed of three classes: the
monarchs, the aristocrats, and the commoners
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau – wrote “Emile, or On Education” a treatise
on the education of the whole person for citizenship
Scientific Revolution
- James Hargreaves – invented the spinning jenny in 1764

- Richard Arkwright – the creator of the modern factory system
- Edmund Cartwright – invented the power loom
Second Wave of Colonialism and Imperialism
- White Man’s Burden – the alleged duty of white colonizers to care

for nonwhite indigenous subjects in their colonial possessions
- protectorates – a country that is controlled and protected by a
more powerful country
- spheres of influence – any area in which one nation wields
dominant power over another
American Revolution
- Boston Tea Party – a group of Massachusetts colonists disguised as

Mohawk Indians board three British tea ships and dump 342
chests of tea into the harbor
- First Continental Congress – a meeting of delegates from twelve
of the Thirteen Colonies in response to the British Parliament’s
enactment of the Coercive Acts in the American colonies
- Second Continental Congress – the convention eventually led up
to the Declaration of Independence
- Declaration of Independence – Main author: Thomas Jefferson;
Purpose: To announce and explain separation from UK
54
French Revolution
- Oath of the Tennis Court – an oath by the French Estates-General

for the Third Estate (after which they were locked from a
meeting) never to separate until a written constitution had been
established for France
- Reign of Terror – a period of about 11 months during the French
Revolution, after King Louis XVI’s death
- Maximillen de Robespierre – the architect of the Reign of Terror,
then overthrown and arrested by the National Convention
- Napoleon I – the first emperor of France; military leader who
rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several
successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars
- Hundred Days’ War – the date on which Napoleon arrived in Paris
after escaping from exile on Elba, and the date of the return of
Louis XVIII to Paris
Nationalism in Europe and its Colonies
- Simon Bolivar – political leader who played a leading role in the

establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
and Panama as sovereign states
- Jose Maria Morelos – revolutionary priest who led the Mexican
independence movement
- Jose de San Martin – the prime leader of the southern part of
South America’s successful struggle for independence from the
Spanish Empire
- United Provinces of Central America – union of what are now the
states of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and
Nicaragua
- Risorgimento – an ideological and literary movement that helped
to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people
- Giuseppe Mazzini
- Otto von Bismarck
- Realpolitik – a system of politics or principles based on practical
rather than moral or ideological considerations
- Pan-Slavism – the political ideology concerned with the
advancement of integrity and unity for the Slavic-speaking
peoples
- Czar Nicholas II
55
First World War
- Balkan Peninsula is also known as the powder keg (can cause

continuous conflicts) of Europe
- Triple Alliance – a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-
Hungary, and Italy
- Triple Entente – the understanding linking the Russian Empire,
France, and the United Kingdom
- Franz Ferdinand was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a Serb
- Bolsheviks – founded by Vladimir Lenin, the minority group of the
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
- Mensheviks – the minority group of the Russian Social Democratic
Labour Party
- Big Three – the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United
Kingdom, or their leaders Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt and
Winston Churchill
- League of Nations – an intergovernmental organization founded
on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that
ended the First World War
Second World War
- Kellogg-Briand Pact – a 1928 international agreement in which

signatory states promised not to use war to resolve disputes
- Axis Powers – Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy),
and Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
- Allied Powers – Franklin Roosevelt (the United States), Winston
Churchill (Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (the Soviet Union)
- appeasement – a diplomatic policy of making concessions to an
aggressive power in order to avoid conflict
- Holocaust – murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime
- Nuremburg Trials – a series of military tribunals held by
the Allied forces under international law and the laws of
war after World War II
- United Nations – a replacement for the ineffective League of
Nations
56
Cold War
- Iron Curtain - symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union to block

itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and
non-Soviet-controlled areas; Bamboo Curtain - the People’s
Republic of China, and the capitalist and non-Communist states
of the region
- Truman Doctrine – an American foreign policy created to counter
Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War
- Berlin Wall – a guarded concrete barrier that physically and
ideologically divided Berlin
- Mikhail Gorbachev - the last leader of the Soviet Union; made
efforts to democratize his country’s political system and
decentralize its economy
- glasnost – used by Mikhail Gorbachev as a political slogan
for increased openness and transparency in government
institutions and activities in the Soviet Union
- perestroika – a political movement for reformation
within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement – were two rounds of
bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties
involving the United States and the Soviet Union — the Cold War
superpowers — on the issue of arms control
57
ECONOMICS
58
Foundation of Economics
Economics came from the Greek word oekonomia – “management of the
household”
Classical Economists:
John Stuart Mill – stated supply Jeremy Bentham – developed the
and demand as a relationship concept of utilitarianism, which is the
rather than just two quantities greatest good for the greatest number
Jean-Baptiste Say – wrote A David Ricardo – known for his law of

Treatise on Political Economy comparative advantage
Adam Smith – wrote the book, Thomas Malthus – wrote the Theory on
An Inquiry into the Nature and Population which states that the
Causes of the Wealth of Nations, human population will surpass the
(considered to be the first limit where the world’s resources can
modern work of economics) sustain human life.
Neoclassical Economists:
Alfred Marshall – wrote Principles John Maynard Keynes – wrote the book
of Economics (1890) and The General Theory of Employment,
compiled the concepts of supply Interest, and Money and this became
and demand, marginal utility, the basis of the field of
and costs of production macroeconomics
Divisions of economics
Microeconomics – studies the
behavior of single entities, such Macroeconomics – studies the overall
as the household, the business performance of the economy
form, and the resource owner
- focuses on the flow of goods - focuses on the nature of economic

and services (and its allocation) growth and its indicators, such as the
from the producers to the overall flow of goods and services, and
consumers national income
59
Fundamental Concepts in Economics
Production – the Distribution – the Consumption – Scarcity – the
use of economic manner of the spending by economic
resources to distribution of individuals on problem
create goods and total output and goods and between having
services income among services unlimited human
individuals wants and needs,
but only having
limited resources
Philippine Economy from past to contemporary periods

Pre-Spanish Spanish
> subsistence economy - non-
> encomienda – lands are given to
monetary economy which relies
those who are proven to be loyal to the
on natural resources to provide
Spanish crown
for basic needs
American Japanese
> Philippines constantly supply
USA with agricultural and forest > Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
products but was forced to Sphere – economic and political banner
import a great number of which gained little support from the
manufactured items from the Filipinos
USA.
Manuel Roxas – rehabilitation of Elpidio Quirino – postwar

Philippines; continuation of free reconstruction; increase in economic
trade with America aid
Ramon Magsaysay – Agricultural

Carlos Garcia – Filipino First Policy –
Tenancy Act – breaking down of
heavily favors Filipino businessmen
large estates, provision of
over foreign investors
greater protection of tenants
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Diosdado Macapagal – Five-Year Ferdinand Marcos – one of the

Socio-Economic Integrated founding fathers of the Association of
Development Program – talks of Southeast Asian Nations in 1967;
free and private enterprise; created spending program on public
objectives: restoration of works and infrastructure, and for self-
economic stability, reduction in sufficiency in rice
number of poor Filipinos,
establishment of a dynamic basis - in his second term, the country was in
of future growth a pool of huge debt
Fidel V. Ramos – economic

Corazon Aquino – faced a severe
revitalization plan: government
economic depression in 1984 to
deregulation, increase in private
1985; pursued the policy of
investment, and maintenance of peace
privatization
talks with guerillas
Joseph Estrada – proposal of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – boasts of

amendments to the constitution impressive growth rate, especially that
concerning protectionist of 2004 where it grew by 6.1%; credited
provisions to attract foreign for a light blow in the country after the
investments global recession in 2009
Employment – the persons in the labor force who are at work or with a
job
Unemployment – persons in the labor force who are: without work,
currently available for work, or seeking or not seeking work
Capital goods – or physical resources; the man-made resources used as
productive inputs for production of goods/services
Scarcity and Shortage

Three fundamental and
Shortage – results from a high interdependent economic problems:
demand and less supply of a 1. What to produce (and how much)?
certain commodity
2. How shall the goods be produced?
Opportunity cost – a benefit that 3. For whom shall the goods be
a person could have received, produced?
but decided to give it up,
to take another benefit 61
Economic system - system of production, resource allocation, and
distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic
area
Types: traditional, command, Alternative types: capitalism,
market, mixed socialism, welfare states
1. Traditional – current practices 1. Capitalism – characterized by private
were passed down from ownership of capital goods; there
generation to generation; exists competition in a free market
doesn’t allow change; basically a
subsistence economy
2. Command – a highly dictatorial 2. Socialism – characterized by
system; doesn’t give the collective or government ownership
consumers a freedom of choice; and administration of the means of
means of production are owned production and distribution of goods
by the government
3. Market – system is coordinated 3. Welfare States – The government
through a connection of market overrules market forces to protect its
and prices; depends on the prices people, and to provide for them means
which are dictated by demand to have at least a minimum standard of
and supply living
4. Mixed – results from the
reality that a market exists in a
pure, single form; there is a little
bit of this and that
Needs – a requisite that must be Want – a desire for something that one
met for one’s survival can live without
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Alderfer’s ERG Theory – groups the five
human needs are depicted as needs from Maslow’s into three; a
hierarchical levels such that flexible theory such that it allows
needs at the bottom should be different needs can be pursued
satisfied first before s/he can go simultaneously
to achieve a higher level of need
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1. Physiological needs 1. Existence needs – composed of
Maslow’s first two levels
2. Safety and security needs 2. Relatedness needs – composed of
the third and fourth levels
3. Love and belongingness needs 3. Growth needs – composed of the
fourth and fifth levels
4. Esteem needs
5. Self-actualization
Consumption – the use of goods and/or services for a consumer to be directly
satisfied
Utility – term used for satisfaction

Total utility – the overall utility derived from consuming certain units of a
good
Marginal utility – the additional utility derived from consuming an additional
unit of the good
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility – states that as additional units of a
good are consumed, the additional utility derived from each additional unit
tends to diminish
Production – the use of economic resources to create goods and services

that is to be used to satisfy man’s wants
Input – the resources used to produce goods and services

Output – the product created as a result of the combination of inputs in the
production process
Four factors of production – also known as economic resources
1. Land – all natural resources; payment for the use of land is called r
ent
2. Labor – the human effort used in production; payment for the use
of labor is called wage
3. Capital – the man-made factors used in a production; payment for

the use of capital is called interest
4. Entrepreneurship – the skill in-charge of combining and handling

all other economic resources to be of best use; payment for the use
of entrepreneurship is called profit
63
Production function – the functional relationship between output and the
factors of land, labor, and capital
Production capacity – the given amount of land, labor, and capital resources
that a company can use at a given time
Total Product – the overall production of several units of a given input

Marginal Product – the additional output produced by an additional unit of
the input
Average Product – the average contribution per unit of input
Law of Diminishing Returns – is in reference to the diminishing values of the

Marginal Product
Productivity – the ratio of output to input; measures how much each unit of
input can produce and how well it is utilized
Returns to Scale – the comparison between the increase in the units of
output with the increase in the units of the input
Foundation of Economics
Demand – the willingness of the consumer to buy a commodity at a given
price
Law of Demand – there is an inverse relationship between the price of a
good and the demand for that good
Ceteris paribus – “all other things remaining constant”
Non-price determinants of demand:

1. Income 4. Price of a related good
2. Taste 5. Population
3. Expectations on future
prices and income
Supply – the amount of a commodity available for sale

Law of Supply – there is a direct relationship between the price of a good
and the supply for that good
Non price determinants of supply:

1. Number of sellers
2. Improved technology
3. Cost of production
64
Equilibrium – the state of balance; attained when there is a point where
demand is equal to the supply
Shortage – when the demand exceeds supply

Surplus – when the supply exceeds demand
Floor price – the minimum price at which sellers can offer their goods
for sale
– the seller cannot sell output at a price that is lower than
the floor price
– for the benefit of the seller/producer
Ceiling price – the maximum price at which sellers can offer their goods
for sale
– the seller cannot sell output at a price that is higher than
the ceiling price
– for the benefit of the buyer/consumer
Elasticity of demand
1. Price elasticity of demand – the degree of responsiveness of quantity
demanded for a good to a change in the price of the good itself
Two measures of price elasticity o.d.:

a. Point elasticity – the degree of elasticity on a single point on the
demand curve
b. Arc elasticity – the elasticity from one point to another point on the
demand curve
% change (Ä) in demand > % Ä in price = coefficient of price elasticity is

greater than 1; demand is elastic (or responsive to price changes)
% Ä in demand < % Ä in price = coefficient of p.e. is lesser than 1; demand
is inelastic
% Ä in demand = % Ä in price = coefficient of p.e. is equal to 1; demand is
unitary elastic
An elastic demand means that the goods are non-essential, for example,
chocolates.
An inelastic demand means that the goods are essential, for example,
rice.
65
2. Income elasticity of demand - the degree of responsiveness of quantity
demanded for a good to a change in the income of the people demanding
the good
Normal goods – As income increases, the demand for the normal good
increases. Examples: clothes, fastfood meals
- has a positive sign to indicate the positive relationship between income
and demand for the normal good
Inferior goods – As income increases, the demand for the inferior good
decreases. Examples: ukay-ukay clothes, dried fish
- has a negative sign to indicate the negative relationship between income
and demand for the inferior good
3. Cross Elasticity of demand - the degree of responsiveness of quantity

demanded of a good when a change in price takes place in another good
Market structures – the interconnected attributes of a market
Perfect competition – the ideal form but difficult to attain

Characteristics:
1. Plurality of buyers and sellers; 3. Perfect mobility of resources;
2. Homogeneity of goods; 4. Perfect knowledge of market
conditions
Demand curve: straight horizontal line; demand is perfectly elastic; seller

can sell any number of output at that given price
Imperfect competition
1. Monopoly – where a single firm is the only supplier of a good/service
and there are no close substitutes
– has complete control of the market and of the price of his /
her good or service
– most extreme case of imperfect competition
2. Monopolistic competition – where a relatively large number of

sellers offer relatively close substitutes of each other
– works under the concept of product differentiation – the creation
of variations of a product
– Competition does not focus only on price but also on quality,
advertising, and sales promotion.
Advantage: Consumers have a wide range of products to choose
from.
66
3. Monopsony – where the good/service is sought only by one buyer,
where he/she dictates his/her terms to its sellers.
4. Oligopoly – where a small number of firms sell either homogenous

or differentiated products
- Firms, of about two to 15, tend to have an interdependence among
themselves.
- can be exposed to having output restriction and internal
inefficiency
Macroeconomics
Employment – the use of economics in the production of goods

and services
Flow – the income earned over a particular period
Stock – the income earned at a given point in time
Raw materials – the unprocessed goods
Intermediate – the semi-processed goods, which are not ready
goods yet to be consumed
Final goods – the goods ready for direct consumption
Inflow – can raise the level of economic activity within the flow
Outflow – can lower the level of economic activity within the flow
Examples of outflows:
1. Savings – the portion of income that is set aside, not for
consumption yet
2. Taxes – the portion of income that is given to the
government; cannot be used until the latter makes
something out of it
3. Imports – the purchases made from foreign production; the
portion of income goes to another country
Gross Domestic Product – the measurement for the productive activities in

the economy within the country.
GDP = Gawa Dito sa Pilipinas
Gross National Product – the measurement for all final products produced
by the resources of the economy
GNP = Gawa Ng Pilipino
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GNP Accounting
1. Expenditure Approach – computing the GNP by classifying the final

goods according to their end use
Components:
a. Consumption (C) – the spending of households
b. Government spending (G) – spending for the non-
capital goods to maintain the operations of the
national and local government units
c. Investment (I) – spending for the capital goods for use in
consumption
d. Net Exports – Exports minus Imports
2. Income Approach – computing the GNP by the total incomes earned

by households in a nation in a year
Current GNP – GNP expressed in current market prices

Real GNP – GNP expressed in a year in the past for comparison of GNP values
between the year of reference and current year
Per Capita GNP – GNP per member of the total population
Inflation
the phenomenon where there is a continuing increase in prices
Who gains in inflation?

1. Flexible income earners,
2. Speculators (or hoarders),
3. Debtors
Who loses in inflation?

1. Fixed income earners,
2. Pensioners,
3. Creditors
Types of inflation
1. Demand Pull Inflation – This is when excessive demand pushes the

prices of goods/services upward.
2. Cost Push Inflation – This is when increasing costs in producing goods
are carried onto the prices of those goods themselves.
3. Structural Inflation – This is when the changes in the structure of the
economy affects the prices of goods.
68
Other concepts
1. Deflation – the general decline in prices; caused by a reduction in

the supply of money or in spending
2. Disinflation – a slowing of the rate at which prices increase; usually
occurs during a recession
3. Hyperinflation – the extremely rapid inflation
4. Stagflation – condition of slowly growing economic growth but fast
growing prices
5. Stagnation – the period of little or no economic growth
Fiscal Policy
Government Economic Functions

1. The government is a tax collector.
a. Income tax – tax imposed on incomes of individuals and
businesses
b. Personal income tax – Tax on incomes earned by individuals
c. Corporate income tax – Tax collected from businesses
d. Realty tax – Tax imposed on property
e. Estate tax – Tax paid by the heirs of inherited property
f. Capital gains tax – Tax paid by sellers of real property
g. Community tax – Tax paid by the residents of the country;
also known as residence certificate or cedula
h. Tariff – Tax imposed on imports from foreign countries
i. Ad valorem tax – Tax imposed on luxury imported goods
j. Sin tax – Tax imported alcoholic liquors and cigarettes
k. Value Added Tax – Tax making the price of goods higher;
originally set at 10% of the value of the good/service; With
Expanded Value Added Tax, it is now at 12%
2. The government is a big spender.

3. The government is an investor.
4. The government is a borrower.
Classification of Taxes
1. Direct taxes – Taxes levied on people and they pay the tax directly
to a tax-collecting agency
2. Indirect taxes – Taxes levied against goods/services and on people
indirectly
69
System of Taxation
1. Regressive Tax - The rate of taxation decreases as the income of

taxpayers increases.
2. Progressive Tax – The rate of taxation increases as the income of
taxpayer increases.
3. Proportional Tax – The rate of taxation is in proportion to the
income of taxpayer.
The Government Budget
1. Deficit budget – when government expenditure/spending exceeds

government revenue
2. Surplus budget – when government revenue exceeds government
expenditure/spending
3. Balanced budget – when government expenditure/spending
equals government revenue
Types of Fiscal Policy
1. Expansionary fiscal policy – It is when the government uses fiscal

policy to increase the amount of money available to the
population.
2. Contractionary fiscal policy – It is when the government uses fiscal
policy to decrease the amount of money available to the
population.
Money and Monetary Policy
Investment expenditure – the capital spending that is derived from

accumulated savings and other sources external to the circular flow
Savings – the unspent portion of income; set aside as stock for future use
Determinants of savings:
1. Price level 2. Population growth 3. Income level
Determinants of investment:
1. Savings levels
2. Interest rates
3. Innovations
4. Profit
5. Expectations
70
Money – anything of value that is generally accepted as a medium of
exchange and standard of value
Functions of money
1. Medium of exchange – to obtain ownership of goods and services

2. Standard of value – the basis of putting value on goods
3. Store of value – should be able to retain value
4. Standard of deferred payment – a means to pay off one’s debt
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas - The primary objective of the Bangko Sentral is

to maintain price stability conducive to a balanced and sustainable growth
of the economy. It shall also promote and maintain monetary stability and
the convertibility of the peso (from RA 7653).
Elements of the Philippine Economy
Commerce – the trading of goods and services

Industry – the manufacturing of a good
Business Organizations
1. Sole Proprietorship – a person who owns the business and is

personally responsible for all activities in his/her business
2. Partnership – an agreement resulting from two or more persons in
which they combine their resources in a business
3. Corporation - a group of people authorized to act as a single entity
but the owners are separated and distinct
4. Cooperative – an effort for a joint use of all of the members’
available resources to improve their income
Business cycle – sequence of economic activities in a nation’s economy
Four phases: Recession – Recovery – Growth – Decline
Factors that shape the business cycle
1. economic forces, like productivity

2. Political factors; election of new officials with new policies
3. Government control of money
71
Factors outside the business cycle
1. Government policies
2. International trade and competition
3. International exposure
4. Consumer demand
5. Innovations
Factors internal to the economy
1. volatility of investment spending

2. momentum
3. technological innovations
4. variations in inventories
Other factors
1. fluctuations in government spending

2. monetary policies
3. Fluctuations in exports and imports
Privatization – transfer of ownership from the public sector to private sector
Advantages:
1. More efficient delivery of goods and services
2. More efficient management
3. Better service and accountability
4. Decrease in corruption
Domestic Trade
Middleman – a person who acts as an intermediary or agent between the
producer/s and the consumer/s
Types of middleman
1. Jobber – buys from wholesalers and sells to retailers who aren’t

generally served by the wholesalers
2. Wholesaler – buys from producers and sells them, in bulk, to retailers
3. Retailer – buys goods, in bulk, from the producers or middlemen,
and sell them, in still smaller quantities, directly to the consumers
72
Non-store retailing – retailing outside retail stores; usually done through
internet, catalogs, phone, up to door-to-door selling
Underground economy – the unreported economic activities; like those of

sidewalk vendors
Foreign Trade
Law of Absolute Advantage - the ability of an individual, a firm, or country

to produce a greater quantity of a good or service than other competitors;
crucial for a country to identify what resource/good/service that it can offer
to world trade
Law of Comparative Advantage – states that a country should specialize in

the production of goods in which they have a greater comparative advantage,
and should import the goods in which they have the lesser advantage
Specialization – when people/countries concentrate their efforts on a

particular set of tasks
Bases for international trade

1. Natural resources
2. Product differentiation
3. Difference in technology
4. Difference in demand 5. Entrepreneurship 6. Labor resource
Economic Growth and Development
Economic growth – measured in terms of increases in output or in production

Economic development – covers economic growth and the processes by
which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of
its people
Indicators of economic development

1. The GNP
2. Growth in income
3. Extent of industrialization
4. Unemployment rate
5. Social indicators
Sustainable development – “…meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
(from the Brundtland Commission)
73
1987 PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
74
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in
order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that
shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of
law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
ARTICLE I: National Territory
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the
islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which
the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial,
fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the
subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around,
between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their
breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
ARTICLE II: Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Principles
- Philippines is a democratic and republican State.
- The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts
the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of
the land…
- Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed
Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State.
- The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people.
- The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and
property, and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the
enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.
- The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
State Policies
- The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with
other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty,
territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination.
- The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues
a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
75
ARTICLE III: Bill of Rights
- No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process

of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
- The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and
for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of
arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally
by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant
and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to
be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
- The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable

except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires
otherwise as prescribed by law.
-No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or
of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition
the government for redress of grievances.
- No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting

the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever
be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or
political rights.
- The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall

be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the
citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
- The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary
to law shall not be abridged.
- Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
- No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
-Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
- Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall
have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have
competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
76
person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with
one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
- No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which

vitiate the free will shall be used against him.
- Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17
hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
- No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due

process of law.
- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until
the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against
him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses
face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after
arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused
provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.
- The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except
in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
- All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before
all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
- No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
- No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.
- No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment
for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
- Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman

punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for
compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter
provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to
reclusion perpetua.
- The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment

against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate
penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
- No ex post facto law or bill of attainder (an act of a legislature declaring a

person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often
without a trial) shall be enacted. 77
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHTS
1. Natural/Inherent Rights – God-given rights given to human beings

as he created us, but the State do not confer these so they have to
be ‘translated’ into man-made laws.
2. Statutory Rights – Rights assured by laws passed by the state’s
legislative branch
3. Constitutional Rights – Rights assured, indicated, and protected by
the Constitution (primarily found in its Art. III)
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
1. Civil Rights – guarantees the right of citizens to secure their means

of happiness
2. Political Rights – guarantees the participation of citizens in the
administration of their government
3. Rights of a defendant – rights to a person when he is charged with a
criminal case
RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW
1. Substantive due process – aims to protect individuals against policy

enactments which exceed the limits of governmental authority
2. Procedural due process – requires the government to follow fair
procedures that apply equally to everyone
Warrant of arrest – an order in writing issued by a judge commanding a

peace officer to take a designated person into custody in order that he may
be bound the answer the commission of an offense
Search warrant – an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the
Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace offer, commanding
him to search for personal property described therein and bring it before
the court
Liberty of abode – an individual may build his home in any place that may
appeal to him
Liberty to travel – an individual may go from one place to another, anytime

of the 24 hours.
Citizenship – the legal status of a person in relation to the state
Nationality – the ethnic origin of a person 78

Jus sanguinis – basis of citizenship is the blood relationship; the principle
that our Constitution adopts
Jus soli – basis of citizenship is the place of birth
INSTANCES OF SUFFRAGE
1. Elections – the people choose their officials for definite and fixed
periods
2. Plebiscite – the people decide on whether to ratify or to reject any
proposed amendment to, or revision of, the Constitution
3. Referendum – the submission of a law, or of a part of it, passed by
the national or local legislature to the people for their rejection or
ratification
4. Initiative – the people directly propose or enact laws
5. Recall – the method of removing a local elected officer from office
during his term/before his term ends by a vote of the people in an
election called for that purpose
ARTICLE IV: Citizenship
The following are citizens of the Philippines:

(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption
of this Constitution;
(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
(3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
(4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from
birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine
citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with
paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
- Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner

provided by law.
- Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their
citizenship, unless by their act or omission they are deemed, under
the law, to have renounced it.
- Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and
shall be dealt with by law.
79
ARTICLE V: Suffrage
May be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines…, who are at least eighteen
years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one
year and in the place wherein they propose to vote for at least six months
immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other
substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
ARTICLE VI: The Legislative Department
The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines

which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives…
SENATE
Composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected.
Qualifications to run:
1. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
2. able to read and write
3. a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years
immediately preceding the day of the election
4. on the day of the election, is at least 35 years of age
5. a registered voter
Term of office: six years and shall commence… at noon on June 30 next
following their election.
No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Shall be composed of not more than 250 members.
Who shall be elected from legislative districts
Who shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national,
regional, and sectoral parties or organizations
Each city with a population of at least 250 000, or each province, shall have at
least one representative.
Qualifications to run:
2. able to read and write
3. on the day of the election, is at least 25 years of age
4. (except for the party-list representatives) a registered voter
in the district in which he shall be elected
5. a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year
immediately preceding the day of the election.
80
Term of office: a term of three years which shall begin… at noon on June 30
next following their election.
No member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more than three
consecutive terms.
Regular election of the Senators and the Members of the House of

Representatives shall be held on the second Monday of May.
The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session

assembled, voting separately, shall have the sole power to declare the
existence of a state of war.
In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law,

authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions
as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a
declared national policy.
Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which
shall be expressed in the title thereof.
No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed
three readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form
have been distributed to its Members three days before its passage, except
when the President certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment
to meet a public calamity or emergency
Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented
to the President.
- If he approves the same, he shall sign it.
- Otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections
to the House where it originated, which shall enter the objections
at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it.
- If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such
House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the
objections, to the other House by which it shall likewise be
reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the Members of
that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each
House shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the
Members voting for or against shall be entered in its Journal. The
President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where
it originated within thirty days after the date of receipt thereof;
otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.
81
ARTICLE VII: Executive Department
The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.
Qualifications:
2. a registered voter, able to read and write
3. at least forty years of age on the day of the election
4. a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years
immediately preceding such election
There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same qualifications and
term of office and be elected with and in the same manner as the President.
He may be removed from office in the same manner as the President.
The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such

appointment requires no confirmation.
Term of office: be elected by direct vote of the people for a term of six years
which shall begin at noon on June 30 next following the day of the election
and shall end at noon of the same date six years thereafter.
The President shall not be eligible for any reelection. No person who has
succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four years
shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time.
No Vice-President shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.
The regular election for President and Vice-President shall be held on the
second Monday of May.
Rules of succession:
1. If the President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice-President-elect shall

act as President until the President-elect shall have qualified.
2. If a President shall not have been chosen, the Vice-President-elect
shall act as President until a President shall have been chosen and
qualified.
3. If at the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect
shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the
Vice-President-elect shall become President.
4. Where no President and Vice-President shall have been chosen or
shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become
82
permanently disabled, the President of the Senate or, in case of his
inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall act as
President until a President or a Vice-President shall have been
chosen and qualified.
If serious illness of the President, the public shall be informed of the state
of his health.
The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments, appoint the heads of the executive departments,
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of the armed
forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose
appointments are vested in him in this Constitution…
The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the

Philippines… In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires
it, he may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of
the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under
martial law. Within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of martial law
or the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, the President
shall submit a report in person or in writing to the Congress. The Congress,
voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in regular or
special session, may revoke such proclamation or suspension, which
revocation shall not be set aside by the President. Upon the initiative of the
President, the Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation
or suspension for a period to be determined by the Congress, if the invasion
or rebellion shall persist and public safety requires it.
The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any

citizen, the sufficiency of the factual basis of the proclamation of martial
law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ or the extension thereof,
and must promulgate its decision thereon within thirty days from its filing.
A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution,
nor supplant the functioning of the civil courts or legislative assemblies,
nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies
over civilians where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically
suspend the privilege of the writ.
The suspension of the privilege of the writ shall apply only to persons
judicially charged for rebellion or offenses inherent in or directly connected
with the invasion.
83
Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this
Constitution, the President may grant reprieves, commutations and pardons,
and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment. He shall
also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of
all the Members of the Congress.
No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless

concurred in by at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
ARTICLE VIII: Judicial Department
The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower
courts…
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and
enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse
of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any
branch or instrumentality of the Government.
The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen

Associate Justices.
All cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty, international or executive

agreement, or law, which shall be heard by the Supreme Court en banc, and
all other cases which under the Rules of Court are required to be heard en
banc, including those involving the constitutionality, application, or
operation of presidential decrees, proclamations, orders, instructions,
ordinances, and other regulations, shall be decided with the concurrence of
a majority of the Members who actually took part in the deliberations on
the issues in the case and voted thereon.
No person shall be appointed Member of the Supreme Court or any lower

collegiate court unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A
Member of the Supreme Court must be at least forty years of age, and must
have been for fifteen years or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in
the practice of law in the Philippines.
84
ARTICLE IX: Constitutional Commissions
A. The Civil Service Commission

The Civil Service Commission, as the central personnel agency of
the Government, shall establish a career service and adopt measures to
promote morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness, progressiveness, and
courtesy in the civil service. It shall strengthen the merit and rewards
system…
B. The Commission on Elections

A free and open party system shall be allowed to evolve according
to the free choice of the people…
C. Commission on Audit
The Commission on Audit shall have the power, authority, and duty
to examine, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and
receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property, owned or held
in trust by, or pertaining to, the Government…
ARTICLE X: Local Government
General Provisions
The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines

are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. There shall be
autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter
provided.
Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources
of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges subject to such guidelines
and limitations as the Congress may provide, consistent with the basic policy
of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees, and charges shall accrue exclusively to
the local governments.
- Local government units shall have a just share, as determined by law, in
the national taxes which shall be automatically released to them.
The term of office of elective local officials, except barangay officials, which
shall be determined by law, shall be three years and no such official shall
serve for more than three consecutive terms.
85
ARTICLE XI: Accountability of Public Officers
Public office is a public trust.
The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the
Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be
removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable
violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other
high crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other public officers and
employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but not by
impeachment.
The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate all
cases of impeachment.
A vote of at least one-third of all the Members of the House shall be necessary
either to affirm a favorable resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of
the Committee, or override its contrary resolution. The vote of each Member
shall be recorded.
The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases of
impeachment. When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath
or affirmation. When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote. No person
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members
of the Senate.
The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan…
There is hereby created the independent Office of the Ombudsman,

composed of the Ombudsman to be known as Tanodbayan…
ARTICLE XIV:
Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports
Education
The State shall:
…Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated
system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society;
…Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary
and high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear
their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of school
age;
86
Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well
as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly
those that respond to community needs; and
Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training
in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills.
All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as

part of the curricula.
At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion

shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public elementary
and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or
approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children
or wards belong, without additional cost to the Government.
No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and

no group of aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in
any school. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to schools
established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents and,
unless otherwise provided by law, for other foreign temporary residents.
Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.
Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to

fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements.
The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement.

Non-teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the
protection of the State.
The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure
that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available
talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction
and fulfillment.
Language
The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be

further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and
other languages.
87
For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of
the Philippines are Filipino and… English.
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions
and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
ARTICLE XV: The Family
The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation.
Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family

and shall be protected by the State.
ARTICLE XVI: General Provisions
The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed

force which shall undergo military training and serve, as may be provided by
law. It shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State.
ARTICLE XVII: Amendments or Revisions
Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:
(1) The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or (2) A
constitutional convention.
Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the

people through initiative.
88
SOCIOLOGY
&
ANTHROPOLOGY
89
Sociology – is the study of association, group, society, and social
interaction, and focuses on social organization, social institutions, and
social problems.
Herbert Spencer August Comte Karl Marx
believes that
coined the concept capitalism is favored
coined the word
‘survival of the by the upper class
‘sociology’
fittest’ (bourgeoisie), and is
the root of misery of
believes that the lower class
Father of sociology
societies undergo (proletariats)
advocated
‘positivism’, the use believes that history
advocated Social of empirical is dictated by
Darwinism investigation to economic
understand society determination
and its patterns
Pioneers of sociology
Max Weber George Hegel Emile Durkheim
History is a formula
For societies to have
advocated of thesis (an idea) +
stability, there
‘verstehen’, which is antithesis (a
should be a balance
the emphatic challenge to the idea)
of social regulation
understanding of = synthesis (a new
and personal
people’s thoughts idea that later will be
freedom.
a thesis).
Charles Cooley Erving Goffman Robert Merton
advocated believes that social

advocated dramaturgy, which patterns yield to
“lookingglass self”, means social social functions:
the ability to interactions are to be a. Manifest function
visualize oneself taken in the the seen and
through the eyes of perspective of a b. Latent function
other people theatrical the unseen and
performance unexpected
functions- 90
Evolutionary Structural Social Conflict Symbolic
Theory Functionalism Theory Interactionism
states that a
society is a
views a society shared reality,
as a complex views a society that resulted
explains how
system which as a platform of from the daily
human
achieves inequality that, interactions of
societies come
solidarity and in turn, creates individuals;
to exist, grow,
stability when conflict and these
and develop
its parts work change interactions
together make people
find meaning in
General theoretical paradigms
symbols
states that
every
individual is
Simpleprimitiv guided by In this theory,
e societies social some people
eventually structures, and are benefitted;
evolve into his/her social some are
complexmoder functions are deprived.
n ones. for the normal supported by
operations of Goffman,
the society Cooley
looks for
patterns of supported by
change Comte, supported by
Durkheim, Marx
supported by Merton
Spencer
91
Sociological Sociological Sociological inquiry –
imagination – a quality perspective – a the scientific
of mind to look at our distinctive point of investigation of the
own experiences in view making use the repetitive patterns in
terms of what is going social world to guide human behavior
on in the world our thinking and
actions
Methods, techniques, and tools in sociological inquiry
1. Experiment
Exposes subjects to a specially designed situation for the
sociologist to record their reactions
Most effective tool for a cause and effect relationship
2. Survey
Best tool for gathering information from a large number of people
Usage of random samples and pre-tested questions ensures high
reliability and validity.
3. Case Study
Examines a particular subject in depth over a long period of time
Also known as scientific biography, case history or diary of
development
4. Field observation
Researchers have firsthand experiences as they immerse in the
community.
In non-participant observation, researcher comes as a third party.
5. Structured/directive interview
Questions are asked in a planned, phased manner to provide
systematic and comparable data.
6. Unstructured/nondirective interview
In here, there are no predetermined questions nor answers; the
respondent is in charge of the course of the interview.
7. Historical approach
Makes use of historical archives to craft an explanation for current
social phenomena
92
Culture – refers to the customary ways in which social groups organize their
ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving and these are passed on from one
generation to another
Components of Culture
1. Norms – the guidelines which serve as the expectations for people

to do in relation with one another; the shared, standard rules to
specify what is right and wrong; there are three kinds of norms:
folkways, mores, and laws
I. Folkways – the habitual ways of doing something without

giving much thought; do not have particular moral and
ethical significance
II. Mores – the vital norms to a society; the society’s code of

ethics and moral standards; there are two kinds: duty and
taboo
A. Positive mores/duty
the behavior that must be done because it is good
“thou shall behavior”
B. Negative mores/taboo
the behavior that must not be done because it is
bad
“thou shall not behavior”
C. Laws – the formalized norms enacted by people with
legitimate authority; have formal sanctions
2. Non-material culture (ideas, beliefs, values)
Ideas – man’s conception of his physical, social, and cultural

world
Beliefs – man’s conviction about a certain idea; man’s

perception of reality
Values – abstract concepts of what’s important; what guides

a person’s way of life
3. Material culture – the concrete and tangible objects created and

used by man to satisfy his varied needs and wants
93
4. Symbols – an object, gesture, sound, color, or design that represents
something other than itself; an arrival of mutually shared meaning
Different viewpoints/perspectives on culture
1. Cultural relativism
States that cultures differ and only has a meaning within its cultural
setting
Every cultural element must be received in terms
2. Culture shock
The feeling of disbelief and disorganization when one encounters a
different cultural pattern
3. Ethnocentrism
The feeling of superiority of his culture over other cultures
Sees his own culture as the only right way of living
4. Xenocentrism
The feeling of inferiority of his culture as to other cultures
Believes that what is foreign is best; reverse ethnocentrism
5. Noble savage mentality – the notion that simple cultures or earlier

cultures are better to live in than the current one the individual is in
6. Subculture
Refers to the smaller groups which develops a more distinct culture
from the larger society they are in
7. Counterculture
Refers to the smaller groups whose standards is in conflict with and
oppose the standards of the dominant culture
8. Culture lag
Refers to the gap between the material and non-material cultures;
usually, material culture advances more rapidly
94
Symbolic uses of culture
1. Pop culture – the popular culture of the contemporary society
2. Culture of poverty– the ways of life of the poor, implying a cycle of

deprivation
3. Culture of opulence
The ways of life of the rich in their world of glitz and glamour
4. Culture of conspicuous consumption – the ways of life of the

superrich in buying goods and services which are in excess of what
they actually need
5. Culture of silence
The individual’s or group’s habit of silence as a resigned response to
authority
6. Culture of corruption
The established patterns of illegally obtaining wealth and power in
the office
7. Culture of apathy
The inaction and lack of interest of the people in regard to the issues
and concerns which need attention and resolution
8. Culture of dehumanization – the abusive and exploitative practices

by the power-wielding members of the society against the deprived
and disadvantaged group of the society
Causes of cultural change
1. Discovery – the process of finding a new place/object that previously

existed
2. Invention – the utilization and/or combination of previously known

elements to produce an original product
3. Rebellion – the replacement of whole social order and existing

norms and proposal of new order and norms
95
4. Diffusion – the spread of cultural traits directly (through, for
example, trade) or indirectly (influences); there are four kinds:
a. Acculturation– cultural borrowing and cultural
imitation
b. Assimilation – blending of two distinct cultures
through long periods of interactions
c. Amalgamation– hereditary fusion of members of
different societies
d. Enculturation– deliberate infusion of a new culture
to another
5. Colonization – the establishment of a colony subjected to the rule

of the colonizing state
Anthropology – a social science of man dealing with the physical, cultural,

and social culture of minority groups of the society
Sex – based on the biological differences of humans
Gender – based on the socio-cultural differences of humans
Gender identity – the inner experience or sense of oneself as a result of

socialization
Gender roles – activities assigned to individuals; starts in family then

reinforced by other social settings
Sanction – system of reward and punishment to ensure that norms are

followed
Deviance – any activity by members of a social group that violates the

established social norms
Types of Deviance
1. Innovators – accept goals, but reject means to achieve those; ex.
corrupt government officials
2. Ritualists – reject goals, but accept social norms; ex. religious fanatic
3. Retreatists – rejects both goals and means to achieve those; ex.

alcoholics
4. Rebels – rejects both goals and means to achieve those, but sets up
new goals or means; ex. rebel leaders
96
Gemeinschaft – a social system wherein most relationships are personal,
traditional, private, and filial
Gesselschaft – a social system wherein most relationships are impersonal,

formal, contractual, and bargain-like
Demography – the statistical analysis and description of human populations

with reference to their size, structure, age, sex, and other related factors
Fertility – the actual number of children born in a given area at a given time
Crude birth rate – number of registered births per 1000
Mortality – the number of deaths in a given area at a given time

Crude death rate – number of registered deaths per 1000
Life expectancy – the average number of years a person can expect to live
from the moment of birth
Migration – the spatial movements of a person or group of persons from

one place to another, for permanent or temporary residency; there are two
kinds:
1. Immigration – when one enters his/her place of destination
2. Emigration – when one leaves his/her place of origin
Population pyramid – a graph displaying the age and gender structure of a

population
Dependency ratio – the proportion of 0-4 and the 65-over age levels per one
hundred persons aged 15-64
Population density – the number of persons that can be equally distributed

per square kilometer, considering the population in the area
Theories on population growth and decline
1. Malthusian theory
Thomas Malthus, in his An Essay on the Principle of Population
theorized that the increase in population is uncontrollable and that
it would reach, then exceed the level at which the planet could
sustain each individual’s needs
Population increases geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16…) while food supply
increases arithmetically (2, 3, 4, 5…).
97
2. Demographic transition theory
Societies go through five stages of population dynamics:
a. Stage 1 – birth and death rates are high and stable
b. Stage 2 – birth rate remains high; death rate declines due to
improvement of medicine and health services; infant
mortality rate declines
c. Stage 3 – death rate is low; birth rate diminishes due to
expansion of women’s education and access to
contraception
d. Stage 4 – birth and death rates are low
e. Stage 5 – only recently added; predicted both more- and
less- fertile societies
Marriage – the systematized and institutionalized purpose of continuing a

family, and of begetting and rearing children
Patterns of family organization
a. Based on internal organization

1. Nuclear family – composed of a husband and a wife and
their children in a union recognized by other members of
the society
2. Extended family – composed of two or more nuclear
families, economically and socially related to each other
3. Conjugal family – the nuclear family from a core family only
consisting of spouses and their children
4. Consanguineal family – the nuclear family from a core family
only consisting of blood relatives
b. Based on descent (genealogical ties of a person)

1. Bilateral descent– accounting of descent through both the
father’s and the mother’s families
2. Patrilineal descent- accounting of descent through the
father’s family only
3. Matrilineal descent- accounting of descent through the
mother’s family only
c. Based on residence
1. Patrilocal – the family lives with or near the husband’s family
2. Matrilocal – the family lives with or near the wife’s family
3. Neolocal – the family lives in a new home, independent
from each of the couple’s parents
4. Bilocal – the family lives with or near the husband’s or
wife’s family 98
d. Based on authority
1. Patriarchy – the oldest male in the family is in-charge,
usually the father
2. Matriarchy – the oldest female in the family is in-charge,
usually the mother
3. Equalitarian/Egalitarian – the husband and the wife is in-
charge, exercising a more or less equal amount
Other terms and concepts

Alienation – an individual’s feelings of estrangement from a situation, a
group, or a culture
Archaeology – the scientific analysis of the material remains or artifacts
Ascribed status – a social position assigned to a person at birth
Caste system – a system of social inequality in which an individual’s status
is determined at birth, usually according to their parents’ social position
Cultural pluralism – emphasizes the advantages of cultural diversity
Discrimination – act of mistreatment of people based on categorization
which are irrelevant to the situation
Ethnography – the direct participant observation of a small group, and
recorded in written description
Generalized others – a child’s generalized impression of what other people
expect from him/her
Hegemony – the ideological/cultural domination of one social group over
another
McDonaldization of society – the principles (efficiency, calculability,
predictability) of the fastfood restaurant are coming to dominate more and
more sectors of society
Megalopolis – a developing urban form in which separate cities grow
together and become interdependent
Skepticism – a call for objective analysis of all aspects of society; a
suspension of judgment until all information are in
Sociobiology – states that social groups adapt to their environment, by the
evolution of genetically determined traits
Stereotypes – simplified and unsupported generalizations about others;
used for discrimination
Underground economy – the business of surviving as shown by sidewalk
vendors, street vendors
* - means that the entry is ranked first in the world in its respective category
99
GEOGRAPHY
100
AUSTRAL
NORTH SOUTH
ASIA AFRICA EUROPE ASIA AND ANTARCTICA
AMERICA AMERICA
OCEANIA
Rank (by
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th 5th
land area)
Rank (in
human 1st 2nd 4th 5th 3rd 6th 7th
population)
Kilimanjar Aconcagua Aoraki

Highest *Everest Denali Elbrus Vinson
o (Argentina (New
mountain (Nepal) (USA) (Russia) Massif
(Tanzania) ) Zealand)
Longest Great Rocky Great

Scandina Transantarc
mountain Himalayas Escarpme Mountai *Andes Dividing
vian tic
range nt ns Range
Longest
Yangtze *Nile Missouri Amazon Volga Murray Onyx
river
*Caspian Michigan-
Largest lake Victoria Titicaca Ladoga Eyre Vostok
Sea Huron
Great Great
Gobi *Sahara Bardenas
Largest Basin Atacama Victoria
(Mongo-lia; (Nor-thern Reales Itself
desert (USA; (Chile) (Australi
China) Africa) (Spain)
Mexico) a)
Largest
China Algeria Canada Brazil *Russia Australia N/A
country
Saint
Smallest *Vatican
Maldives Seychelles Kitts and Suriname Nauru N/A
country City
Nevis
Most popu-
*China Nigeria USA Brazil Russia Australia N/A
lous country
Most
*Shanghai, Lagos, Mexico, São Paulo, Moscow, Sydney,
populous N/A
China Nigeria Mexico Brazil Russia Australia
city
No. of
48 54 23 12 51 14 N/A
countries
* means the entry is ranked first in the world in its respective category 101
Five largest islands in the world:
1. Greenland 4. Madagascar
2. New Guinea 5. Baffin Island (of Canada)
3. Borneo
Countries with largest number of Christian population:

1. USA 4. Mexico
2. Brazil 5. Nigeria
3. Russia
Countries with largest number of Muslim population:

1. Indonesia 4. Bangladesh
2. India 5. Nigeria
3. Pakistan
Seven Wonders… lists

… of the Ancient … of Nature … of the Modern World
World*
1. Great Pyramid of Giza 1. Auroras borealis and 1. Channel Tunnel
(Egypt) - a tomb for australis - a natural light (between UK-France) -
pharaohs display in the Earth's longest undersea
sky, visible to the polar portion of any tunnel in
regions the world
2. Temple of Artemis 2. Grand Canyon (USA) - 2. CN Tower (Canada) -
(Turkey) - a temple to Nearly two billion years tallest freestanding
goddess Artemis of Earth's geological structure in the world
history have been 1976–2007
exposed through its
layers upon layers of
rock.
3. Hanging Gardens of 3. Great Barrier Reef 3. Empire State Building
Babylon (Iraq) - (Australia) - the world's (New York, USA) -
Nebuchadnezzar II built largest coral reef tallest structure in the
this for his wife who system world 1931–1967; first
was missing her home. building with over 100
stories.
102
4. Statue of Zeus 4. Guanabara Bay 4. Golden Gate Bridge
(Greece) - a shrine to (Brazil) - second largest (California, USA) -
Zeus bay in Brazil longest suspension
bridge main span in the
world from 1937 to 1964
5. Mausoleum at 5. Mount Everest 5. Itaipu Dam

Halicarnassus (Turkey) - (Nepal/China) - To (Brazil/Paraguay) -
a tomb for Mausolus Tibetans, its name is largest operating
Chomolungma hydroelectric facility in
the world in terms of
annual energy
generation
6. Colossus of Rhodes 6. Parícutin Volcano 6. Delta
(Greece) - celebration (Mexico) - presented Works/Zuiderzee Works
of Rhodes' victory over the first occasion for (Netherlands) - largest
the ruler of Cyprus modern science to hydraulic engineering
document the full life project
cycle of an eruption of
this type
7. Lighthouse of 7. Victoria Falls 7. Panama Canal
Alexandria (Egypt) - a (Zambia/Zimbabwe) - (isthmus of Panama) -
guide for trade ships to locally known as Mosi- cutting the travel time
Alexandria oa-Tunya, "The Smoke by connecting the
that Thunders" Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans midway
New Seven Wonders of New7Wonders Nature … of the Middle Ages
the World**
1. Great Wall of China – 1. Iguazu Falls 1. Stonehenge
built for defense (Argentina/Brazil) - (England) - consists of a
against the barbarians largest waterfalls ring of standing stones
and for price control of system in the world
goods from the Silk
2. Petra 2. H? Long Bay 2. Leaning Tower of Pisa
(Jordan) - famous for its (Vietnam) - the name (Italy) - known
rock-cut architecture means ‘descending worldwide for its
dragon’ unintended tilt
103
List of former names of present-day countries
Present name Former name
1. Cambodia Kampuchea
2. France Gaul
3. Tokyo, Japan Edo, Japan
4. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Saigon, South Vietnam
5. Democratic Republic of Congo Zaire
6. Iraq Mesopotamia
7. Myanmar Burma
8. Iran Persia
9. Istanbul, Turkey Constantinople, Turkey
Cochinchina (south),
10. Vietnam Annam (central), Tonkin (north)
11. Sri Lanka Ceylon
12. Thailand Siam
13. Taiwan Formosa
14. Ethiopia Abyssinia
15. St. Petersburg, Russia Petrograd and Leningrad, Russia
List of well-known festivals

Name Location Date
rd
Ati-atihan Kalibo, Aklan 3 weekend of January
rd
Sinulog Cebu City, Cebu 3 weekend of January
th
Dinagyang Iloilo City, Iloilo 4 weekend of January
Panagbenga Baguio City, Benguet February
Moriones Marinduque Holy Week
th
Pahiyas Lucban, Quezon May 15
th
Pintados Tacloban City June 29
rd
Kadayawan Davao City 3 week of August
th
Masskara Bacolod City October 19
San Fernando City,
Giant Lantern Saturday before Christmas Eve
Pampanga
104
List of city and municipality nicknames in the Philippines

Manila - The Distinguished and
Quezon City – The City of Stars
Ever Loyal City
Dagupan – Milkfish Capital of the Bocaue, Bulacan – Fireworks Capital of
Philippines the Philippines
Cebu City – The Queen City of the
Bacolod – The City of Smiles
South
Roxas City – Seafood Capital of the
Zamboanga City – City of Flowers
Philippines
General Santos – Tuna Capital of Dipolog City – Orchid City of the
the Philippines Philippines
Samal, Davao del Norte – Island Mati, Davao Oriental – Coconut Capital
Garden City of the Philippines
Guimaras – Mango Capital of the Camiguin – Lanzones Capital of the
Philippines Philippines
List of some countries and their capitals
COUNTRY CAPITAL COUNTRY CAPITAL

Australia Canberra Israel Jerusalem
Brazil Brasilia Italy Rome
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Japan Tokyo
Cambodia PhnomPenh Jordan Amman
Canada Ottawa Kuwait Kuwait
China Beijing Laos Vientiane
Egypt Cairo Lebanon Beirut
Germany Berlin Libya Tripoli
Greece Athens Malaysia KualaLumpur
India NewDelhi Myanmar Yangon
Indonesia Jakarta New Zealand Wellington
Iran Tehran North Korea Pyongyang
Iraq Baghdad Portugal Lisbon
105
COUNTRY CAPITAL COUNTRY CAPITAL

Russia Moscow Thailand Bangkok
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Timor Leste
Singapore Singapore Turkey Ankara
South Korea Seoul UAE AbuDhabi
Spain Madrid UK London
Syria Damascus USA Washington,D.C.
Taiwan Taipei Vietnam Hanoi
REFERENCES:
Agoncillo, T. A. (1990). History of the Filipino people (8th ed.). Quezon City,
Philippines: Garotech Publishing.
Bustamante, E. D. (2013). Sulyap sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Quezon City,

Philippines: St. Bernadette Publishing House Corporation.
Dinio, R. P., & Estallo, D. B. (2010). Moving forward: Economics for high
school students. Makati City, Philippines: Don Bosco Press, Inc.
Samson, M. B., Antonio, E. D., Dallo, E. M., Imperial, C. M., & Soriano, C. D.
(2010). Kayamanan II (2nd ed.). Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.
San Juan, W. R., Centeno, M. J., Teñoso, M. Q., & Anterola, M. G. (2007).
Sociology, culture and family planning. Pasig City, Philippines: Unlad

Publishing House.
Soriano, C. D., Antonio, E. D., Dallo, E. M., Imperial, C. M., & Samson, M. B.
(2010). Kayamanan III (1st ed.). Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.
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Influences of other countries

Customs and practices

II. SPANISH PERIOD

Changes under Spanish rule

Encomienda – a grant of Spanish Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade

Reasons for the failure of revolts:

Failure of Reform Movement

1896 Revolution and the following years

• Daniel Tirona – questioned the credibility of Bonifacio as the

I. Asia: Its geography and civilization

Oman is known as the Guardian of

Bahrain, in Arabic, means two The Japanese call their country

South Asia Central Asia

Sri Lanka is formerly known as Kyrgyzstan means Land of the Forty

II. Asian Identity

- Differences of paleolithic men

3. having a significantly bigger - most important discovery -

- most important discovery –

Philosophies, beliefs, concepts

Characteristics of all civilizations:

1. systems for administering territories

The Tigris-Euphrates Civilization – lies on the Fertile Crescent, the strip of

Hammurabi’s Code – a set of political, civil, and economic laws

Marduk – their chief god

known for the most brute and ferocious rule enforcement

Hanging Gardens – one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

They are very interested in astronomy; they were nicknamed as

satrapy – the term for Persia’s provinces; for a higher government’s

The Huang He-Yangtze river-valley civilization - Huang is the Chinese word

Aurangzeb – last ruler of Mughal Empire

Factors leading to the start of Age of Discovery and Exploration

1. Marco Polo’s Expedition 4. Glory

Philippines became the foundation for the spread of Christianity in Asia.

Cathay – name of China as given by Kublai Khan

First Opium War (1839-1842)

Cause: addiction of the Chinese to illegally imported opium by the British

First imperial war in the East; China lost.

Second Opium War (1856-1860)

Cause: a group of Chinese attacked a British vessel containing opium; the

Russians occupied Ussuri and established Vladivostok, a military base in

Tientsin Convention – Opium trade is made legal; Christian missionaries

Boxer Rebellion – The US was last of the imperialist countries to grab a

Boxer Protocol (most notable result): Europeans are allowed to house

British Imperialism in India

Charles Cornwallis – first British governor-general in India

Effects: - unified India and developed its economy - constructed facilities,

Modernization and Westernization of Japan

Kanagawa Convention – USA was able to have an embassy in Japan; this

Emperor Mutsuhito – founded the government of Meiji Japan or the

Sent scholars to overseas to study other countries’ practices,

Japan’s economy was already highly developed in early 20th century

Japan annexed Korea as a protectorate (a state that is controlled and