Is Matter Around us Pure

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute in grams which can be

dissolved in 100g of the solvent at a given temperature is
called solubility of the solute.

Salt (20 g)

No more salt
Water
can’t be added
 Substance (or Solute) Solubility in water (at 20C)

1. Copper sulphate 21 g

2. Potassium nitrate 32 g

3. Potassium chloride 34 g

4. Sodium chloride 36 g
5. Ammonium chloride 37 g

6. Sugar 204 g
 Note

If a solution has maximum amount of solute present at higher

temperature then it is known as super saturated solution.
Solubility Mass of solvent is considered.

Solution must be saturated.

Mass or Volume of the solution

Concentration
is taken into consideration.

Solution need not be saturated in nature.

 Various factors that effect solubility

Effect of temperature

Effect of pressure

Nature of solvent
Nature of solute
Size of solute particles

Mechanical stirring

Note

The solubility of solids in liquids, however, remains unaffected

by changes in pressure.
Effect of temperature

Most solids and liquids are more soluble in water at higher

temperatures.
The solubility of gases in liquids increases on decreasing the
temperature or decreases on increasing the temperature.
Effect of pressure

The solubility of gases in liquids, however,

increases on increasing the pressure and
decreases on decreasing the pressure.

Example

In cold drinks, carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under

In sea more water animal species
are found in deep sea as dissolved
oxygen is more.
 Nature of solvent

Solvents with high value of dielectric constant can dissolve polar ionic
compounds to a larger extent than the solvents with low value of dielectric
constants.

Nature of solute
Ionic compounds (or polar compound) are more soluble in water (i.e., a polar
solvent).

Non-polar compounds are more soluble in non-polar solvents like benzene.

[Like dissolves like]
Size of solute particles

𝟏
Size of solute particles ∝
𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
Mechanical stirring

Mechanical stirring increases solubility

 Solubility curves
150
140
The graphs which show the 130
120
variation of solubility with 110
100
temperature are called
90
solubility curves. 80
70
With its help, solubility of 60
50
any solute at a particular 40 NaCl
30
temperature can be find out.
20
10 CaSO4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°C)
Graph between solubility and temperature
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 NaCl
10

CaSO4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°C)
Graph between solubility and temperature
 Solubility of gases in liquids

The solubility of a gas in liquid depends on-

Nature of the gas

The pressure applied

Temperature

The nature of the liquid

which is taken as solvents.
 Henry's law

The solubility of gas in liquid is defined as the mass of a gas

dissolved in a given volume of a liquid at constant temperature
is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium
with the liquid.

mP At constant temperature

m = KP where K is proportionality constant

x = KH P x – Mole fraction of gas

P – Partial pressure of gas over the solvent
 Suspension

Heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles

are spread throughout the liquid without
dissolving in it.

The particles have a tendency to settle down at the

bottom of the container and can be filtered out.

Lemonade
 Example

Chalk-water mixture is a
suspension of fine chalk
particles in water.
 Example

Muddy water is a suspension

of soil particles in water.
Properties of a Suspension

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.

The size of solute particles in a suspension is quite large.

It is larger than 1000 nm or 10-6 m in diameter.

The particles of a suspension can be seen easily with

naked eyes and under microscope.

A suspension scatters a beam of light passing through it .

The particles of suspension settle down.

The process of settling down is called sedimentation. So,

suspensions are unstable. After sedimentation, it does
not scatter light any more.

The solid particles present in the suspension can be

easily separated by ordinary filter papers.

Suspensions are either opaque or translucent.