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Applications of Feedback: - Oscillators - Phase-Locked Loop
Applications of Feedback: - Oscillators - Phase-Locked Loop
Applications of Feedback: - Oscillators - Phase-Locked Loop
Boyd
EE102
151
Oscillators
feedback is widely used in oscillators, which generate sinusoidal signals to generate sinusoidal signal at frequency 0, closed-loop system should have poles at j0 other poles should have negative real part (i.e., other terms decay) closed-loop pole at j0 L(j0) = 1, i.e., L(j0) = 180 + q360, |L(j0)| = 1
intuition: gain around whole loop, including sign, is q360; the feedback regenerates the signal (at frequency 0)
Applications of feedback
152
vin(t) a
vout (t)
design variables: R, C, a transfer function of RC feedback network is 1 Vin(s) = F (s) = Vout(s) (sRC)3 + 5(sRC)2 + 6(sRC) + 1 loop transfer function is L = aF
Applications of feedback 153
Bode plot of F :
|F (jRC)|
20 40 60 80 2 10
10
10
10
RC
0
F (jRC)
180
PSfrag replacements
360 10
2
10
10
10
RC
Applications of feedback 154
want loop transfer function L = aF = 1 at 0 L(j0) = aF (j0) = F (j0) = 180 from Bode phase plot we see 0 2.5/(RC) from Bode magniture plot we see F (0) 30dB, so we need a +30dB
analytically:
so 0 =
6/(RC)
summary: with gain a = 29, system oscillates at freq. 0 = (can check third pole is real & negative)
6/(RC)
in practice, gain needs to be a little larger; nonlinearities limit amplitude of oscillation (careful analysis is hard)
intuitive analysis of RC oscillator: at 0 = 6/(RC), RC network gives 180 loop phase shift
Applications of feedback
156
Applications of feedback
157
vphase
Loop lter
osc vout
VCO
signals on left (marked in, osc) are frequency-varying sinusoids, of form cos((t)t); instantaneous frequency (t) varies only a small amount around some xed value signals on right (vphase, vout) are (usually) voltages idea: feedback from phase detector adjusts voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) frequency to match input frequency
Applications of feedback 158
Phase detector
phase detector generates voltage proportional to phase dierence of freqeuncy-varying sinusoids
vphase(t) = kdeterr(t)
t
err(t) =
0
(in( ) osc( )) d
provided phase dierence err is less than 90 or so kdet is the detector gain (V/rad)
Applications of feedback
159
Applications of feedback
1510
PSfrag replacements
osc free
kosc
vout
transfer function from free to osc is s s + kdetkoscG(s) which is zero at s = 0, so free does not aect osc (in steady-state) transfer function H from in to osc is H(s) = kdetkoscG(s) kdetkoscG(s)/s = 1 + kdetkoscG(s)/s s + kdetkoscG(s)
phase detector gives integral action: H(0) = 1 for constant in, osc(t) in as t , i.e., VCO frequency locks to input frequency
Applications of feedback
1512
simplest PLL uses G(s) = 1, which yields 1 H(s) = 1 + s/(kdetkosc) (hence the name rst order)
kosckdet is called loop bandwidth osc(t) tracks in(t), with time constant 1/(kdetkosc)
Applications of feedback
1513
Phase detectors
basic idea of common phase detector:
v1(t) w1(t)
PSfrag replacements
F (s)
v2(t)
w2(t)
input signals are converted to squarewaves, then multiplied lowpass ltered (averaged) by F (s)
Applications of feedback
1515
w1(t)
w1(t)w2(t)
Applications of feedback
1516
1 w1(t)w2(t) 0 1
180
360
this phase detector operates between 0 and 180 instead of 90; doesnt aect PLL if bandwidth of lowpass lter is w1(t)w2(t) input frequencies, its output
Applications of feedback
1517
Lock range
lock range: range of in over which can the PLL can maintain lock recall that we must have |err| < /2 or so for linear phase detector operation transfer function from in free to err: F (s) = 1 s + kdetkoscG(s)
lock range analysis for rapidly varying in: assume |in(t) free(t)| for all t err = f (in free) where f is impulse response of F by peak-gain analysis, peak of err(t) is no more than
|f ( )| d
|f ( )| d /2
Applications of feedback
1519
1 s + kdetkosc
f (t) = ekdetkosct
1 |f ( )| d = F (0) = kdetkosc
therefore lock range, for rapidly varying in, is (/2)kdetkosc (same as slowly-varying lock range . . . )
Applications of feedback
1520
analysis of losing and acquiring lock is very dicult there is no complete theory or analysis, but lots of practical experience
Applications of feedback
1521