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Stigmasterol
Stigmasterol, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti stigmasterin kapena wulzen antistiffness factor, ndi gulu
limodzi la ma sterols a zomera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala
opangidwa kuti apereke mankhwala opangira mankhwala komanso opangira mankhwala.

Kuchokera: Centum of Valuable Plant Bioactives, 2021

Mawu ogwirizana:

Cholesterol, Sterol, Phytosterol, Campesterol, Beta-Sitosterol, Sitosterol, Toco pherol, Lipids,

Mafuta ambewu, Mafuta Amafuta

Onani mitu yonse

Stigmasterol
Rizwan Ashraf, Haq Nawaz Bhatti, mu A Centum of Valuable Plant Bioactives, 2021

10.5.1 Ntchito yolimbana ndi khansa

Ma Stigmasterols nawonso, ma sterols ena azomera awonetsa zinthu zodabwitsa za anticancer

motsutsana ndi ma cell angapo a khansa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Stigmasterol yadziwika
chifukwa cha mankhwala ake oletsa khansa motsutsana ndi ma cell angapo a khansa kuphatikiza
koma osangokhala m'mapapo, ovary, m'mimba, komanso khansa ya m'mawere ya anthu yomwe
imadalira estrogen (Bradford & Awad, 2007). Ngakhale ntchito yolimbana ndi khansa ya stigmasterol
sinawunikidwe mokwanira, ofufuza ena apereka malingaliro akuti khansa imatha kulamuliridwa ndi
stigmasterol pochotsa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa khansa. Pachifukwa ichi, stigmasterol imatha
kuphunziridwa chifukwa cha ntchito yake yolimbana ndi khansa kudzera m'zigawo zapansi monga
kuthekera kochotsa kupsinjika kwa okosijeni, kuwongolera kuwonongeka kwa DNA, kuyeza kwa
kusintha kwa mbiri yakale, komanso kuyang'anira magwiridwe antchito a impso ndi chiwindi.
Kuphatikiza apo, akuti stigmasterol imatenga nawo gawo popewa kupanga carcinogen, kuletsa
kuchuluka kwa maselo a khansa, metastasis, ndi kuwukira, ndipo nthawi zina kumalimbikitsa
apoptosis ya khansa (Guarneri et al., 2006). Zina mwa njira zogwirira ntchito za anticancer za
stigmasterol zikukambidwa mwachidule.
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Stigmasterol ndi chomera chofunikira sterol chomwe chingalepheretse kukula kwa maselo
osiyanasiyana a khansa poletsa kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukula kwa apoptosis ya maselo a khansa.
Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuyambitsa kwa ma enzymes a caspase (ma enzymes omwe
amakhudzidwa ndi maukonde owongolera ma cell omwe amawongolera kufa kwa maselo). Zomera
za sterol, stig masterol, zikaphatikizidwa mu nembanemba ya cell zimachulukitsa ntchito ya caspase
enzyme popanga kusintha kwamapangidwe a membrane ndi fluidity polowa m'malo mwa cholesterol
ya nembanemba. Kusintha kumeneku kumapangidwe a membrane kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa
mapuloteni owonjezera komanso opangidwa ndi intracellular ndipo kumakhudza njira yotumizira ma
sign yomwe imayambitsa caspase enzyme. Njira ina yomwe imathandizira kupewa khansa ndiyo
kuletsa mitundu yomwe imayambitsa khansa kapena kuwononga ma free radicals.
Ma radicals aulerewa ndi mitundu ya okosijeni yokhazikika (ROS) yopangidwa m'thupi ndi
okosijeni ya maselo opsinjika omwe amatha kuwononga DNA, ndipo chifukwa chake amatha
kuyambitsa kapena kuchulukitsa khansa m'thupi, ndipo kusweka kwa unyolowu kungakhale
kothandiza kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa khansa (Michelini). ndi al., 2016).

Kafukufuku wa seminal ndi Vivancos ndi Moreno (2005) adanenanso kuti antioxidant ntchito ya
enzyme imathanso kusinthidwa ndi synergistic zotsatira za stigmasterol zomwe zimawonjezera
mphamvu ya glutathione peroxidase ndi superoxide dismutase. Izi zidachitika m'maselo amtundu
wa macrophage momwe kupsinjika kwa okosijeni kunayambika ndi phorbol (12-myristate 13-acetate)
ndi antioxidant ntchito ya stigmasterol idayesedwa poyang'anira kupewa kuwonongeka kwa maselo
a macrophages omwe adawonetsa kuti ma phytosterols amathandiza kwambiri kuteteza
kuwonongeka. kuchokera ku ROS. Kafukufuku wa mu vivo pa mbewa za albino adachitidwa kuti
aziyang'anira kuchuluka kwa chotupa cha mbewa pogwiritsa ntchito stigmasterol, yolekanitsidwa
ndi mbali zamlengalenga za Bacopamonnieri Linn., zomwe zimasonyeza ntchito ya antitumor ya
stigmasterol pamene kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha maselo a chotupa kunawonedwa. Kutalika
kwa moyo wa mbewa zochiritsidwa kunkayerekezedwa ndi kulamulira kolakwika ndipo kuwonjezeka
kwakukulu kwa moyo wa mbewa zochiritsidwa kunawonedwa, zomwe zimasonyeza ntchito yomwe
stigmasterol ingathe kulamulira chotupa. Udindo wa antioxidant wa stigmasterol udawonedwa
pomwe kuchepa kwa lipid peroxidation komanso kuchuluka kwa glutathione kunapezeka. Kuphatikiza
apo, kafukufuku wa mbiri yakale wamafuta a chiwindi amathandiziranso zonena za chitetezo cha
stigmasterol kwa mbewa zokhala ndi EAC (Ghosh, Maity, & Singh, 2011).

Kafukufuku wa mbiri yakale pakhungu yemwe adathandizidwa ndi dimethylbenzanthracene

(DMBA) adawonetsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa khungu ndipo zotsatira za stigmasterol
pakukonzanso kuwonongeka kwa khungu zidafufuzidwa. DMBA ndi immunosuppressor komanso
lab-scale carcinogenic chemical yomwe imayambitsa khansa dala ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito
kwambiri pophunzira za in vitro anticancer kuthekera. Pamene kuwonongeka kwa khungu la DMBA
kunkachitidwa ndi stigmasterol yomwe inachotsedwa ku A. indica, kukonzanso mu zigawo
zowonongeka za dermal ndi epidermal pakhungu. Kusintha kwa histological komwe kumawonedwa
mu dermis ndi hypodermis kudalumikizidwa ndi antioxidant ntchito ya stigmasterol. Ngakhale
mawonekedwe onse a stigmasterol adawonetsa zodabwitsa za antioxidant ntchito,
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kukhalapo kwa magulu a hydroxyl pa mphete yonunkhira ya stigmasterols kunapezeka kuti

ndiwoyambitsa ntchito yawo ya antioxidant. Zotsatira zina zidawunikidwa kudzera mu mayeso
a Comet omwe adawonetsa kuti DMBA idapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa DNA mu
ma lymphocyte. Zotsatira izi zamaphunziro osiyanasiyana zikuwonetsa kuti kuthekera kwa
anticancer kwa stigmasterol kungakhale chifukwa cha antigenotoxic ndi antioxidant katundu
(Ali et al., 2015).

> Werengani mutu wonse

Udindo wa mangrove endophytic bowa

mu shuga mellitus
R. Nathiya, Gayathri Mahalingam, in Biotechnological Utilization of Mangrove Re
sources, 2020

21.3.1.1 Avicennia sp

Ma metabolites achiwiri monga stigmasterol, stigmasterol-3-O--d galactopyra

noside ndi atatu triterpenoids, lupeol, taraxerol, ndi betulinic acid, anatengedwa
kuchokera ku pneumatophores (mizu yamlengalenga) ya mtengo wa mangrove A.
marina. Pakati pa mankhwalawa, stigmasterol-3-O--d galactopyranoside inawonetsa
antiglycation prop erties ndi zolepheretsa peresenti ya 58.4% (Mahera et al., 2011).
Ethanolic extracts of the tsamba ndi khungwa la A. officinalis L. adanenedwa kuti ali
ndi in vitro antidiabetic activities (-glucosidase, -amylase inhibitory), antimicrobial
activities, ndi antioxidant ntchito. Zochita za pharmacological za masamba a ethanolic
ndi makungwa a A. officinalis L. zitha kukhala chifukwa cha synergetic effect ya
phenols, tannins, ndi flavonoids (Das et al., 2018).

> Werengani mutu wonse

Ecdysteroid Chemistry ndi Biochem istryÿ

R. Lafont, ... HH Rees, mu Reference Module mu Life Sciences, 2017

4.1.1 Chiwembu chambiri cha mapangidwe a cholesterol kuchokera ku ma

phytos terols
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Mitundu ina yomwe yapatsidwa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi sterol yophatikizika, yokhala ndi ma

com pounds ochepa ndi ena ang'onoang'ono. Kusiyanasiyana kwa sterol (1) kuchuluka kwa maatomu

a carbon (27 mpaka 29) monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa ndi (2) chiwerengero ndi malo a

unsatura tions, omwe amadziwika kuti ÿ: makamaka ÿ5 ndi ÿ7 pa phata la steroid, ndi ÿ22 ndi ÿ24 pa

unyolo wam'mbali (mkuyu 9). Kuonjezera apo, ma sterols akhoza kukhala aulere kapena osakanikirana,

mwachitsanzo, sterol acyl esters ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta acids kapena sterol

acylglucosides, kumene shuga wambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi 3-OH ya sterol ndi mafuta acid

(Eichenberger, 1977; Grunwald, 1980).

Chithunzi 9. Mapangidwe a cholesterol ndi oimira phytosterols.

Ma sterols olowetsedwa amakhudzidwa ndi zochita za mitundu yambiri ya michere: (1) ma hydrolytic

enzymes (esterases kapena glycosidases) kuchokera m'matumbo a tizilombo (onani Gawo 5), zomwe

zidzatulutse ma sterols aulere kuchokera ku conjugates; (2) reductases ndi/kapena oxidases; ndi (3)

michere yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "dealkylation process." Zochita (2) ndi (3)

zafufuzidwa mozama kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi kuphatikiza njira zingapo:

kudyetsa zoyesera ndi zakudya zomwe zili ndi sterol imodzi; mu vivo maphunziro a kagayidwe

kachakudya ndi [1H] kapena [14C] otchedwa sterols kulola kudzipatula kwa zolembedwa zapakati;

maphunziro a enzymatic pogwiritsa ntchito minyewa yodzipatula kapena kukonzekera popanda ma

cell; ndikuwona zotsatira za zoletsa zosiyanasiyana zamapharmacological zomwe zimadziwika ndi

nyama / anthu (ie, hypocholesterolemic agents). Njira zonse za biochemical zafotokozedwa bwino,

makamaka ponena za kagayidwe kake ka ÿ5 zomera sterols (ndemanga: Fujimoto et al., 1985b;

Svoboda ndi Thompson, 1985; Svoboda ndi Feldlaufer, 1991; Svoboda ndi Weirich, 1995; Svoboda,

1999), ndipo akufotokozedwa mwachidule mkuyu 10.

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Chithunzi 10. Kuchokera ku phytosterols kupita ku mafuta m'thupi: njira za dealkylation.

> Werengani mutu wonse

Terpenes
Christophe Wiart PharmD, PhD, mu Lead Compounds kuchokera ku Zomera Zamankhwala za
Chithandizo cha Khansa, 2013
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Phytopharmacology
Chomeracho chimadziwika kuti chili ndi ma campesterol, stigmasterol ndi sitosterol
zotumphukira, 122 triterpenes monga lupeol ndi -amyrin-3-acetate,123 mtundu wa tigliane diterpenes
12-deoxy phorbol-13-hexadecanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol-13-acetate,-

124 langduin A, prostratin, 125 12-deoxyphorbaldehyde-13-acetate, 12-deoxyphor baldehyde-13-

hexadecacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol-13-(9Z) -octadecanoate-20-acederoderoxy11side , AC,127 the ent-
abietane diterpenes langduin B, 17-acetoxyjolkinolide A ndi B, jolkinolide A ndi B, 17-hydroxyjolki

nolide A ndi B,128 7,11,12-trihydroxy-ent-abieta-8(14), 13 (15) -dien-16,12-olide, 17-acetoxyjolkinolide

B, 13-hydroxy-ent-abiet- 8(14)-en-7-imodzi,126 the pimarane diterpene 3 R,17-dihydroxy-ent-pimara

-8(14), 15-diene126 diterpenes zachilendo zomwe langduin C129 ndi D130 ndi phenolics ena monga
scopoletin, physcion ndi 2,4-dihydroxy-6- methoxy-1-acetophenone.123

Malo oletsa khansa a chomeracho ali ndi ngongole ya ent-abietane 17-acetoxyjolkino lide A ndi
B.131,132

> Werengani mutu wonse

Nanoencapsulation of Enzymes, Bioac

tive Peptides, ndi Biological Molecules
Muhammed Yusuf Çaÿlar, ... ÿbrahim Gülseren, mu Nanoencapsulation of Food Bioactive
Ingredients, 2017

8.4 Phytosterols
Phytosterols ndi gulu la phytochemicals lomwe limaphatikizapo mankhwala monga stig masterol,
-sitosterol, ndi campesterol. Zomera za stanols, zomwe zimapezeka mwachilengedwe m'malo

otsika kuposa ma sterols, zimatha kupangidwa ndi hydrogenation ya phytosterols. Mafuta a

phytosterol m'mafuta a masamba amachokera ku 0.1% mpaka 1.0% (Chaiyasit, Elias, McClements,
& Decker, 2007) ndipo kumwa kwa phytosterol kumakhala pakati pa 200 mpaka 400 mg / tsiku.
Kupanga zakudya zolimbitsa thupi za phytosterol kwakhala kotchuka chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa ma
phytosterols kuti achepetse cholesterol yokwanira komanso yotsika kwambiri ya lipoprotein mwa

anthu poletsa kuyamwa kwa cholesterol m'zakudya (Wong, 2001; Ostlund, 2004).

Kudya kwatsiku ndi tsiku kwa 1.6 g phytosterols kunapezeka kuti kumabweretsa kuchepetsedwa
kwa 10% mu LDL cholesterol (Hallikainen, Sarkkinen, & Uusitupa, 2000). M'matumbo mayamwidwe
a phytosterols ndi otsika kwambiri kotero kuti ma phytosterols azakudya sakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa.
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zimakhudza thanzi. Kuphatikizika kwa phytosterol m'zakudya kumakhala kovuta chifukwa

amasungunuka kwambiri komanso amakonda kupanga makristasi osasungunuka.
Komabe, PUFA esterified phytosterols amasonyeza kusungunuka kwakukulu. Akamamwa
ma phytosterols esters, lipases hydrolyze mafuta acid kuti apange ma phytosterols aulere.
Ma phytosterols nthawi zambiri amawonjezedwa ku zakudya zamafuta ambiri (monga
margarine) komwe kusungunuka ndi kubalalitsidwa kunali kosavuta. Kuyamba kwa
phytosterol muzakudya zokhala ndi madzi kumafunikira kuti ayimitsidwe kapena
kusinthidwa. Zogulitsa za Phytosterol oxidation zawonedwa mumachitidwe achitsanzo,
mafuta, ndi zakudya zopangira zakudya (Bortolomeazzi, Cordaro, Pizzale, & Conte, 2003;
Cercaci, Rodriguez-Estrada, Lercker, & Decker, 2007; Dutta, 1997; Lambelet et al., 2003;
Soupas, Juntunen, Lampi, & Piironen, 2004). Sizikudziwika ngati ma phytosterols oxidized
amatha kutaya mphamvu zawo za bioactive kapena kuwonetsa zoopsa zilizonse mu vivo
mofanana ndi mafuta a kolesterolini. Mofanana ndi ma bioactive lipids omwe amatha
kutengeka ndi okosijeni, nanoencapsulation ya phytosterols imatha kukulitsa kukhazikika
kwawo kwa okosijeni ndikupangitsa kuti bioavailability yawo ikhale yabwino.

> Werengani mutu wonse

Makalasi a Phytosterol mu Mafuta a

Azitona ndi Kusanthula Kwawo ndi Njira
Zowonetsera za Chromato
Sodeif Azadmard-Damirchi, Paresh C. Dutta, mu Olives and Olive Oil in Health and
Kupewa Matenda, 2010

27.10.1 4-Desmethylsterols

Kuchokera ku gulu la 4-desmethylsterol, cholesterol, campesterol, campestanol, stigmas

terol, clerosterol, sitosterol, ÿ5-avenasterol, ÿ5,24-stigmastadienol, ÿ7-stigmastenol ndi ÿ7-
avenasterol ikhoza kudziwika mu mafuta a azitona (Paganuzzi ndi Leoni, 1979; Ben itez-
Sánchez et al., 2003; Azadmard al.5, 20). Sitosterol ndi predom inant, yotsatiridwa ndi ÿ5-
avenasterol ndi campesterol. Chithunzi 27.5 chikuwonetsa GC chromatogram ya 4-
desmethylsterols yamafuta a azitona. Mapangidwe a Phytosterol ndi mafuta a azitona
amakhudzidwa ndi cultivar, chaka chobzala, kuchuluka kwa zipatso zakupsa, nthawi
yosungiramo zipatso musanayambe kutulutsa mafuta ndi njira yochotsera mafuta. Ndime 27.2
ikuwonetsa milingo ya 4-desmethylsterol molingana ndi miyezo yamalonda ya
International Olive Oil Council (IOOC, 2003). Benitez-Sánchez et al. (2003) adanenanso
kuti mafuta a azitona a 4-desmethylsterol ku Europe, North Africa ndi Turkey ndi ÿ1000
ppm, 1800-2300 ppm ndi 1100-1700 ppm, motsatana (Table 27.3).
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Sitosterol ndi 4-desmethylsterol, yotsatiridwa ndi ÿ5-avenasterol ndi campesterol (Table 27.3).

Chithunzi 27.5. Chromatogram ya 4-desmethylsterols yamafuta a azitona amwali (opangidwanso

kuchokera ku Casas et al., 2004). 1 = cholesterol, IS = -cholestanol (muyezo wamkati, IS); 2 = methylene

cholesterol; 3 = campesterol; 4 = campestanol; 5 = stigmasterol; 6 = ÿ7-campesterol; 7 = clerosterol; 8 =

sitosterol; 9 = sitostanol; 10 = ÿ5-avenasterol, 11 = ÿ5,24-stigmastadienol; 12 = ÿ7-stigmastenol; 13 = ÿ7-

avenasterol.

Ndime 27.2. 4-Desmethylsterol (% ma sterols) amafuta a azitona molingana ndi miyezo yamalonda ya

International Olive Oil Council (IOOC, 2003).

Steroli Malire

Cholesterol < 0.5

Brassicasterol < 0.1

Campesterol < 4.0

Stigmasterol < campesterol

ÿ7-Stigmastenol < 0.5

Zowoneka - sitosterol ÿ 93.0% a

a Apparent -sitosterol imakhala ndi: -sitosterol, ÿ5-avenasterol, ÿ5,23-stigmas tadienol, clerosterol,

sitostanol, ÿ5,24-stigmastadienol.

Ndime 27.3. 4-Desmethylsterols (gawo pa miliyoni) mumafuta a azitona ochokera kosiyanasiyana.

Mafuta a azitona Campes Stigmas Sitosterol ÿ5-Ave ÿ7-Stig ÿ7-- Zonse

terol terol nasterol masterol Avanas
terol

European 25–114 5–67 683–2610 34–266 Na Na ÿ 1000

Kumpoto 59–62 16–26 1545–1851 158–214 1–4 8–14 1800-2300

Afirika

Turkey 33–74 26–17 1000–2025 30–218 2 5–30 1100-1700

Nr, sizinafotokozedwe.

Deta yosinthidwa kuchokera ku Benitez-Sánchez et al. (2003).

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Mu mafuta a azitona amwali, pali mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri pakati pa kukhazikika

ndi concen tration ya sterols, -sitosterol ndi ÿ5-avenasterol (Gutiérrez et al., 1999). Mulingo
wa 4-desmethylsterol susiyana kwambiri pakucha kwa zipatso za azitona, kupatula
kuchepa kwa ma sterols onse ndi -sitosterol komanso kuchuluka kwa ÿ5-avenas terol.
Kuchepa kwa ma sterols ndi chifukwa chakuti ma sterols amapangidwa m'magawo oyamba
akucha ndipo mafuta akamawonjezeka panthawiyi, ma sterols amachepetsedwa. Kuchepa
kwa -sitosterol ndikofanana ndendende ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ÿ5-avenas terol, kutanthauza
kukhalapo kwa enzyme ya desaturase yomwe imasintha -sitosterol kukhala ÿ5-avenasterol
(Gutiérrez et al., 1999). Mphamvu ya kusungirako kutentha kwa zipatso za azitona
pamapangidwe a sterol ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa nthawi yosungira. Ma sterol onse
amawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono ndi nthawi yosungira maolivi ndipo kuwonjezeka
kumeneku kumakhala kwakukulu kwa zipatso za azitona zosungidwa kutentha kozungulira
kusiyana ndi zomwe zimasungidwa kutentha kochepa (5 °C) (Gutiérrez et al., 2000).
Stigmasterol imagwirizana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana amafuta a azitona. Miyezo yayikulu
yapawiriyi imalumikizidwa ndi acidity yayikulu komanso mtundu wochepa wa organoleptic
(Gutiérrez et al., 2000). Ranalli et al. (2002) anayerekezera magulu a phytosterol a mbewu,
zamkati ndi mafuta a azitona athunthu. Mafuta ambewu adapezeka kuti ali ndi 4-
desmethylsterols (2.3-fold high), sitosterol, campesterol, clerosterol, ÿ5-24-stigmastadienol,
ÿ7-stigmastenol ndi ÿ7-avenasterol poyerekeza ndi mafuta ena ochotsedwa. Zamkati ndi
mafuta a azitona athunthu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma 4-desmethylsterols ofanana.

> Werengani mutu wonse

Brassinosteroids

J. Li, mu Brenner’s Encyclopedia of Genetics (Kusindikiza Kwachiwiri), 2013

Biosynthesis ndi Metabolism

Ma Brassinosteroids amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma phytosterols atatu akuluakulu:
campesterol, sitos terol, ndi stigmasterol, onse omwe ndi C24-alkylated cholesterols omwe
amagwira ntchito makamaka ngati zigawo wamba zama cell. Kutembenuka kwa ma phy
tosterols kukhala biologically active brassinosteroids kumaphatikizapo zotsatirazi: (1)
kuchepetsa ÿ5 double bond yokhudzana ndi DET2 steroid 5-reductase, (2) kuwonjezera
kwa -oriented vicinal hydroxyl magulu ku C22 ndi C23, (3) ) epimerization ya gulu la 3-
hydroxyl ku gulu la 3-hydroxyl, (4) mapangidwe a 2-hydroxyl gulu, ndi (5) oxidation ya C6
ndi oxidation wotsatira wa Baeyer-Villiger kuti apange mowa / ketone ndi lactone ntchito pa
C6, motero (Chithunzi 2). Malinga ndi nthawi yomwe C22 hydroxylation (isanayambe
kapena itatha kuchepetsa ÿ5) ndi C6 oxidation (pambuyo pa kuchepetsa ÿ5 kapena
pachitatu mpaka sitepe yotsiriza) ikuyamba kuchitika, brassinosteroid
Njira za biosynthetic zimatchedwa njira zoyambirira komanso mochedwa C22 kapena C6 oxidation njira zomwe
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amaphatikizapo ma enzyme omwewo, omwe ambiri mwa iwo ndi mamembala a cytochrome
P450 superfamily, omwe amagwira ntchito pa C22-non-hydroxylated kapena hydroxylated
kapena C6 deoxo kapena oxo brassinosteroid intermediates (Chithunzi 1). Homeostasis ya
brassinosteroids imayang'aniridwa makamaka ndi malamulo a transcriptal a majini omwe
amaika ma enzymes ochepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma enzyme a brassinosteroid biosynthetic
pathways, monga C22 hydroxylase, ndi brassinosteroid-inactivating kapena brassinosteroid-
conjugating enzymes, kuphatikiza ing C22hydroxy-C25 / O2, -sulfotransferases, ndi 23-O-glucosyltransferases.
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Chithunzi 2. Chitsanzo chamakono cha njira yotumizira chizindikiro cha brassinosteroid (onani
gawo la Signaling Mechanism kuti mudziwe zambiri). P, mapuloteni a phophorylated.
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> Werengani mutu wonse

Chemistry of pulses - micronutrients

Anamika Tripathi, ... Ashish Rawson, in Pulse Foods (Second Edition). 2021

4.2.7 Phytosterols

Ma pulse ali ndi ma phytosterols ochepa, omwe sitosterol (ochuluka kwambiri),

stigmasterol, ndi campesterol ndi phytosterols akuluakulu omwe amapezeka m'matumbo
(Singh et al., 2017) (Mkuyu 4.1). Mankhwalawa alinso ochuluka monga sterol glucosides
ndi esterified sterol glucosides, ndi -sitosterol yoimira 83% ya glycolipids mu ufa wa
chickpea wodetsedwa (Sánchez-Vioque et al., 1998). Ryan ndi al. (2007) inanena kuti
phytosterol yonse yomwe ili m'miyendo imachokera ku 134 mg 100 g-1 (nyemba za
impso) mpaka 242 mg 100 g-1 (nandolo), pamene zonse -sitosterol zili pakati pa 160
mg 100 g-1 (nkhuku) . mpaka 85 mg 100 g-1 (nyemba za batala). Nkhuku ndi nandolo
zinali ndi campesterol yambiri (21.4 ndi 25.0 mg 100 g-1, motsatira). Stigmasterol
imakhala yochuluka mu nyemba za batala (86 mg 100 g-1) monga momwe zilili ndi
squalene mu nandolo (1.0 mg 100 g-1).

> Werengani mutu wonse

Kukula kwa mankhwala a Epigenetic kwa matenda au toimmune ndi kutupa

Hammad Ullah, Haroon Khan, mu Hisstone Modifications in Therapy, 2020

16.3.2.8 Phytosterols

Ma sterols opitilira 200 apezeka muzomera. Ma phytosterol omwe amapezeka kwambiri

ndi stigmasterol, -sitosterol, ndi campesterol. Zakudya za phytosterols ndi mtedza, mbewu,
zipatso, masamba, mafuta a masamba, ndi chimanga. Avereji ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya
phytosterol ndi pafupifupi 250 mg. Chigoba chamankhwala chimakhala ndi
cyclopentanophenanthrine yosakanikirana ndi moiety ya mowa. Phytosterols akhoza
kugawidwa m'magulu awiri kutengera mlingo wa machulukitsidwe: sterols (double bond pa
C-5) ndi stanols (saturated sterols). Ma sterols ndi ochulukirapo mwachilengedwe ndipo
amatengeka bwino poyerekeza ndi ma stanols.

Mwachilengedwe, ma phytosterols amafanana ndi cholesterol yopezeka

mwachilengedwe. Ubwino waukulu wa phytosterols ndikuwongolera hypercholesterolemia. Oth-
Machine Translated by Google

Zotsatira zake zamankhwala zimaphatikizapo anticancer, antioxidant,

antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiinfective activities. Pamene
akulimbana ndi zotupa zotupa, ma phytosterols amasintha njira za prostaglandin
komanso T-helper cell medied immune reaction. Komabe, mankhwala a steroidal
achilengedwe monga cholesterol amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa epigenetic ,
koma epigenetics yowongolera zotsatira za phytosterols sizinafufuzidwebe.

> Werengani mutu wonse

Zopangira Mafuta a Soya ndi

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwawo

John B. Woerfel, mu Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization, 1995

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Deodorizer Distillate: Steterols

Gulu 17.5 (3) likuwonetsa soya distillate kukhala 18% sterols, pomwe 4.4% ndi
stigmas terol. Kugawidwa kwa zigawo za sterol kwa mafuta a soya akuti pafupifupi
20% campesterol, 20% stigmasterol, 53% -sitosterol, 4% -avenasterol, ndi 3%
-stigmasterol (28). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti mafuta a soya ndi gwero labwino la sterols,
makamaka stigmasterol.

Ma sterols amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala. Stigmasterol ku mafuta soya

ntchito kupanga progesterone ndi corticoids, pamene - sitosterol ntchito kupanga
estrogens, kulera, okodzetsa, ndi mahomoni amuna (28).

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