16-Feb-21

EGR 2206: Materials Science I

Mechanical Properties of Materials
S. M. Manladan

Image source: http://allroader.ru/volkswagen-atlas-crash-test-58998-2/

Mechanical properties- response to

applied load/force

https://auto.ndtv.com/news/2018-toyota-vios-sedan-scores-5-star-rating-in-
asean-ncap-crash-test-1791002

http://35wbridge.pbworks.com/w/page/900718/Mianus%20Ri
ver%20Bridge%20Collapse

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Response to
applied
forces/load

Deformation:
I. Elastic Fracture
II. Plastic

Stress and strain concepts

Simple stress-strain tests:

tension, compression, and
shear

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Tensile (Tension) Tests

Source: https://www.twi-global.com/technical-
knowledge/job-knowledge/mechanical-testing-
tensile-testing-part-1-069/

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These load–deformation characteristics depend on Weight

the specimen size. approximately 1 N

Engineering Stress is given by:

𝐅
𝝈= SI unit is MPa (I MPa = 10 )
𝑨𝒐
Engineering Strain is given by:

𝒍𝒊 𝒍𝒐
𝝐= ; Unitless (𝑚⁄𝑚 sometimes used)
𝒍𝒐

True Stress True Strain

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Compression Tests

Often used when material is brittle in tension, or if in- service forces are compressive

Shear and torsion tests

Shear stress is given by:

SI unit is MPa
Note: In practice many loads are not pure
Shear strain is given by: shear; they are torsional

𝛾 = tan 𝜃; where 𝜃 is the shear angle

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Torsion tests
Torsional forces produce a rotational motion about the
longitudinal axis of one end of the member relative to the
other end

Response to
applied
forces/load

Deformation:
I. Elastic Fracture
II. Plastic

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Elastic deformation
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch

return to
initial
d
F
F Linear-
elastic
Non-Linear-
elastic
d
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Stress and strain are

proportional (Hooke’s
Law):

𝝈 = 𝑬𝝐

𝐸= Modulus of elasticity
(Young’s modulus)

E is a measure of Linear elastic Non-linear elastic

stiffness deformation deformation

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E is not microstructure sensitive!

E is measure of the resistance to

separation of adjacent atoms (the
interatomic bonding forces).

It is proportional to the slope of the

interatomic force–separation curve at
the equilibrium spacing

Anelasticity: Time dependent elastic behaviour

 Usually small for metals

 Significant for some polymeric materials:

viscoelastic behavior

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Other Elastic Constants

https://unsolvedengineering.co.in/learn/poissons-ratio-
meaning-significance-application/

Most structures are designed to ensure that only elastic deformation will
result when a stress is applied

Charles Kuonen
Suspension Bridge in
Switzerland is the longest
pedestrian bridge in the
world spanning 1,621 feet
(494 meters)

https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2017/07/31/world-longest-pedestrian-
bridge-mxb-lon-orig.cnn

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Plastic deformation

Elastic+Plastic
s at larger stress

Permanent, non-recoverable
Elastic deformation (Hooke’s law not
obeyed)
initially
permanent (plastic)
after load is removed

ep e

plastic strain

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Yielding and Plastic Flow

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Strength of a Perfect Crystal

Un-deformed cube with slip plane bonds across slip plane Slipped cube: atoms in the upper half move
along the slip plane by exactly one atomic
spacing under shearing force

𝜏 = maximum theoretical strength

G= shear modulus

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Comparison between the theoretical and experimental yield strengths in various Materials

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Why the discrepancies?

In 1934 Taylor, Orowan, and Polanyi – Dislocations

(a) Planar arrays of dislocations in 18Cr–8Ni

stainless steels (b) position of dislocations on the guide plane
in the foil. Adopted from 23

As the dislocation line moves, bonds across the slip plane break consecutively
rather than simultaneously

Plastic deformation involves breaking of atomic

bonds with original atom neighbors and then the re-
forming of bonds with new ones
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The analogy between caterpillar and dislocation motion.

Elastic–plastic transition well defined

0.002 strain offset method

Yield point phenomenon Gradual elastic–plastic transition

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Tensile Strength

Typical engineering stress–strain behavior to fracture, point F.

Ductility

Measure of the degree

of plastic deformation
that has been sustained
at fracture.

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Resilience
Modulus of resilience, Ur- The strain energy per unit
volume required to stress a material from an
The capacity of a material to unloaded state up to the point of yielding.
absorb energy when it is
deformed elastically and
then, upon unloading, to have
this energy recovered

SI unit is

Toughness

The ability of a material to absorb

energy and plastically deform before
fracturing

Fracture toughness-
resistance to fracture when a
crack (or other stress-
concentrating defect) is
present

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Ex 1

A cylindrical specimen of a nickel alloy having an elastic

modulus of 207 GPa and an original diameter of 10.2 mm
experiences only elastic deformation when a tensile load of
8900 N (2000 lbf) is applied. Compute the maximum length of
the specimen before deformation if the maximum allowable
elongation is 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).

Ex 2

An aluminum bar 125 mm long and having a square cross section

16.5 mm on an edge is pulled in tension with a load of 66,700 N
and experiences an elongation of 0.43 mm. Assuming that the
deformation is entirely elastic, calculate the modulus of elasticity of
the aluminum.

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Ex 3
The figure below shows the tensile engineering stress–strain curve in the elastic region
for a gray cast iron. Determine (a) the tangent modulus at 25 Mpa and (b) the secant
modulus taken to 35 MPa

Ex 4

A cylindrical metal specimen having an original diameter of 12.8 mm and gauge length of
50.80 mm is pulled in tension until fracture occurs. The diameter at the point of fracture is 8.13
mm, and the fractured gauge length is 74.17 mm. Calculate the ductility in terms of percent
reduction in area and percent elongation

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Ex 5
The figure below shows the tensile engineering stress–strain behavior for a steel alloy.

(a) What is the modulus of elasticity?

(b) What is the proportional limit?
(c) What is the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002?
(d) What is the tensile strength?

A cylindrical specimen of stainless steel having a diameter of 12.8 mm

(0.505 in.) and a gauge length of 50.800 mm (2.000 in.) is pulled in Ex 6
tension. Use the load–elongation characteristics shown in the following
table to complete parts (a) through (f).

(a) Plot the data as engineering stress versus engineering

strain.
(b) Compute the modulus of elasticity.
(c) Determine the yield strength at a strain offset
of 0.002.
(d) Determine the tensile strength of this alloy.
(e) What is the approximate ductility, in percent
elongation?
(f) Compute the modulus of resilience.

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Hardness

A measure of a material’s resistance to localized plastic

deformation (e.g., a small dent or a scratch).

Most widely used mechanical test:

1. They are simple and inexpensive.

2. The test is nondestructive

3. Other mechanical properties may be

estimated from hardness data

Rockwell hardness

Based on in depth of
penetration resulting
from the application
of an initial minor
load and then a
larger major load

https://pursuitengineering.blogspot.com/2016/12/difference-
https://www.cromwell.co.uk/shop/measuring-and-test- between-rockwellbrinellvicke.html
equipment/hardness-testers/150a-rockwell-hardness-
tester/p/OXD3031000K

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Rockwell hardness contd.

Minor load is 10 kg

Minor load is 3 kg

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Brinell Hardness Tests

A hard, spherical
indenter (steel or
tungsten carbide):
Diameter 10mm

Load: 500 to 3000 kg in

500-kg increments

Duration 10 and 30 s

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Microindentation Hardness Tests

A very small diamond indenter (pyramidal

geometry)

Load range : 1 to 1000 g.

Vickers microhardness tests

𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝑷
𝑯𝑽 =
𝒅𝟐

𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐
𝒅=
𝟐

http://vickershardness.com/

http://vickershardness.com/

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Manladan, S.M., Yusof, F., Ramesh, S., Zhang, Y., Luo, Z., Ling, Z., 2017. Microstructure
and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded in welding-brazing mode and
resistance element welded magnesium alloy/austenitic stainless steel joints. Journal of
Materials Processing Technology

Knoop microhardness Tests

https://www.qualitymag.com/articles/91830-common-
problems-in-microhardness-testing

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Hardness conversion

Ex 7

a) A 10-mm-diameter Brinell hardness indenter produced an

indentation 2.50 mm in diameter in a steel alloy when a load of
1000 kg was used. Compute the HB of this material.

b) What will be the diameter of an indentation to yield a hardness

of 300 HB when a 500-kg load is used?

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Ex 9

a) Calculate the Knoop hardness when a 500-g load yields an

indentation diagonal length of 100 µm.

b) The measured HK of some material is 200. Compute the applied

load if the indentation diagonal is 0.25 mm.

Ex 10

a) What is the indentation diagonal length when a load of 0.60 kg

produces a Vickers HV of 400?

b) Calculate the Vickers hardness when a 700-g load yields an

indentation diagonal of 0.050mm.

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