 Describes the rules that govern the transmission

L of
B
data over the communication medium
 Provide a method for orderly and efficient exchange of
data between the sender and receiver.
Communication
Protocols

In above diagram, Protocols are shown as set of rules . Such that

Communication between Sender and Receiver is not possible

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  Popular protocols include: L
B
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
• Post Office Protocol (POP3),
Communication
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP),
Protocols
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),
• TCP/IP,
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

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 • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
L
It has two versions: B
a. FTP
b. TFTP
FTP:
Communication  This type of protocol is used to transfer or copies the file

Protocols from one host to another host.

 FTP services are provided by TCP
 FTP need authentication for communication
 FTP works on two ports:
- port 20 (for data connection) and
- port 21( for control connection)

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 • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
L
It has two versions: B
a. FTP
b. TFTP

TFTP
Communication
 TFTP stands for Trivial File Transfer Protocol.
Protocols
 TFTP is used to transfer a file either from client to
server or from server to client without the need of
FTP feature
 TFTP works on 69 Port number and its service is
provided by UDP
 TFTP does not need authentication for communication
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 • HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
L
 HTTP, HyperText transfer protocol is the standard Web transfer
B
protocol
 The HTTP is the language the Web clients and Web Servers use to
communicate with each other
Communication  It is essentially the backbone of the Web
Protocols • Default port used by HTTP is 80

• HTTPS(Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)

 HTTPS stands for Hyper Text transfer Protocol Secure. It is a
secured version of the HTTP protocol that uses SSL(Secure
Sockets Layer).
 HTTPS allows secure ecommerce transactions, such as online
banking
6/14/2022 • HTTPS connects on port 443
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 • SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
L
B
 Is a application protocol providing mail services
 It is a host-to-host protocol
 It is a text based protocol
Communication
 It is asynchronous protocol because it is connecting
Protocols to other host through server

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 • IMAP(Internet Message Access Protocol)
L
B
 IMAP is another protocol used to retrieve email
messages
 Allows for messages to be displayed to the user rather
Communication
than downloaded
Protocols  It allows simultaneous access by multiple clients
 By default, the IMAP protocol works on two ports:
• Port 143 - this is the default IMAP non-
encrypted port
• Port 993 - this is the port you need to use if
you want to connect using IMAP securely

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 • POP3(Post Office Protocol Version 3)
L
B
 Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail
protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to
a local email client. POP3 allows you to download email
Communication
messages on your local computer and read them even
Protocols when you are offline.
 By default, the POP3 protocol works on two ports:
- Port 110 - this is the default POP3 non-
encrypted port
-Port 995 - this is the port you need to use if you
want to connect using POP3 securely
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  UDP(User Datagram Protocol):
L
UDP is simple, connectionless, unreliable transport protocol. It
B
does not keep track of lost packets. It is mainly used for
transmitting multimedia data , which requires faster transmission

 TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):

Communication
It is basically a network protocol that defines the details of how
Protocols data is sent and received through network adapters, hubs,
switches, routers and other network communications hardware. It
includes functions such as:
 Flow control
 Error control and
 Exchange of status information
 It is connection oriented protocol so it is reliable

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 L
B

TCP vs. UDP

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  Network devices, or networking hardware, are physical
L
devices that are required for communicationB and
interaction between hardware on a computer network.
 Network devices are a combination of inter-network
Networking and intra-network devices.
Hardware  Inter network devices, such as a NIC card or an RJ45
connector, are mounted within the device. On the other
hand, intra-network devices, such as routers and
switches, are internal components of the network.
 The purpose of networking devices is to enable smooth
communication between different hardware connected

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to a network.
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 The common network devices are: L
B
 Hub
 Switch
 Router
Types of
 Bridge
Network  Gateway
Devices  Modem
 Repeater
 Access Point

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  Hub L
• A hub is networking device that is used to connect multiple
B

devices or segments on a LAN. It is a physical layer device

that simply broadcast all incoming data to all other output
Types of ports. It means if a hub has 8 ports , then any input data
that arrives on port 1 will be retransmitted on all ports 2 to
Network
8.
Devices
• It is also called multiport repeater.

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  Types of Hub L
B
Generally, hubs are of two types:
• Passive hub
• Active hub
Types of
Passive hub is a central connecting device which only
Network
provides connection of different devices. It does not
Devices
regenerate or amplify the incoming signal.

Active hub receives incoming signal, regenerates it and

forward to different ports. Active hub is also called
multi-port repeater.

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  Switch
L
• A switch is a network device that has multiple ports , used to
Types of B
connect devices within a network and forwards data packets to and
Network from those devices.
• It works / operates on layer 2(Data link layer) of the OSI model
Devices
• For example: Suppose there are four
PCs(PC1,PC2,PC3,PC4). When PC1
a packet is a small segment of a
transmits data to PC2, data first arrive in
larger message.
the switch device , where the switch
Switch
knows which device is connected to which

Note: port, the switch looks at its table of MAC

A packet is a small address and matching ports, and

segment of a larger transmits the data to the correct port so

that the data packet only go to that
message.
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 L
Hub Switch B
1. It always broadcast the data to 1. First detect the MAC address of
every devices each device and then sends data only
to the correct device
Difference
2. It operates on Physical layer(Layer 3. It operates on Datalink layer(layer
between Hub 1) of OSI model. 2) of OSI model

and Switch 3. Transmission mode is half duplex 3. Transmission mode is full duplex

4. It does not maintain any kind of 4. It maintains table where all device
table information is stored

5. Not an intelligent device 5. Intelligent device

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  Router:
L
A router is the most intelligent device used to connect two or
B more
Types of •
different computer network.
Network • It receives IP packets from one computer network and forwards it
Devices to another computer network
• It connects two similar or dissimilar networks. The router works in
Router both local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN).
• It works on the Network layer(Layer-3) of OSI model.

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 Switch Router
L
1. It is used within a LAN 1. It can be used in LAN or WAN
B

2. It works on Data link layer of OSI 2. It works on Network layer of OSI

model model
Difference 3. Switches are available with 3. A router contains two ports by

between different ports, such as 8, 16, 24, 48, default, it has (4/8 port)
and 64.
Switch and
4. Switches can only work with the 4. Routers can work with both wired
Router wired network. & wireless networks.

5. It provides only port security. 5. It provides security measures to

protect the network from security
threats.

6. Maximum speed 10/100Mbps 6. Maximum speed (1-10 Mbps) for

wireless and 100Mbps for wired
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connection
  Bridge:
L
• A network bridge is a device that can create a Bsingle
Types of
network from different and multiple network segments.
Network
In other words, it can connect the two or more
Devices
networks

Router • It is the connecting device between hubs. It is often

used to reduce data traffic on a busy network.

• Performed in the data link layer, i.e layer 2.

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  Gateway :
L
Types of • Gateway is a network hardware device that is B
used for

Network making communication in between two networks with

different transmission protocol together. It works on
Devices
netwoek layer.

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  MODEM :
L
• The word MODEM stands for Modulator and Demodulator.
Types of B
• It is a network device that enables to transfer data from one
Network computer to another via telephone line.
Devices • A MODEM can convert digital signals into analog signals and vice-
versa. The conversion of digital signal into analog signals is known
as modulation and the conversion of analog signals into digital
signals is known as demodulation. Modems are required to connect
computers through telephone lines.
• There are two types of MODEM:
• Internal MODEM
• External MODEM

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  Repeater:
L
Types of • Repeater is a device that amplifies a signal Bbeing

Network transmitted on the network. It receives signals,

amplifies them and retransmits towards the receiver.
Devices
• It works on Physical layer.

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  Access Point :
L area
• An access point is a device that creates a wireless local
Types of B
network, or WLAN, usually in an office or large building. An access
Network point connects to a wired router, switch, or hub via an Ethernet
cable, and projects a Wi-Fi signal to a designated area.
Devices
• An AP works at the second OSI layer(the Data Link layer)

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  Access Point :
L
Types of B

Network
Devices

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  Computer networks that are not linked or connected by
L
any cable are known as wireless networks. B

 Wireless networks comprise/contain a wireless

connection among different parts like the receiver and
Wireless
transmitter of a wireless system
Networking  Uses electromagnetic waves for carrying information

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 1.Accessibility: Wireless networks do not require any wires
L
or cables, and hence the users can communicate evenB when
they are moving. It allows users to roam around without
getting disconnected. As a result, there is a productivity
Advantages of improvement.
Wireless
2. Easy installation: Installing a wireless network is faster
Networking and easier compared to a wired network. It also reduces the
usage of cables that are difficult to set up.

3. Wider reach: Wireless networks have a wider reach than

wired networks. They can be easily extended to places where
wires and cables are not accessible.
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 4. Flexibility: Setting up a wireless network helps the user
L
to do work from home easily. Due to this network, B
users can
work more productively and also have accessibility to
customer data.
Advantages of
Efficiency: Wireless networks allow improved and better
Wireless
5.

communication of data.
Networking
5. Cost-effective: Wireless networks are cost-effective
since they are cheaper and easier to install. Even though
their initial investment is high, with time, the overall
expenses become lower.

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 • Security: Security is a big issue while using wireless
L
networks. If a wireless network is not installed B
correctly
or maintained correctly, it may cause severe security
threats
Disadvantages
• Speed: The speed of the wireless network is slower than
of Wireless the speed of wired networks.
Networking • Limited bandwidth

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 L
•Wireless LANs − Connects two or more network
B

devices using wireless distribution techniques.

•Wireless MANs − Connects two or more wireless
 Types of Wireless
LANs spreading over a metropolitan area.
Networks
•Wireless WANs − Connects large areas comprising
LANs, MANs and personal networks.

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  Define Network Topology.
L
 What is Twisted pair cable? B
 Define computer network.
 What do you mean by communication media?
 Write about star topology.
Unit 5
 Write any two advantages of star topology.
 What do you mean by network protocol?
Review
 What is bandwidth?
Questions  Define computer network with its advantages and
disadvantages.
 How computer network can be used to reduce cost of
operations in organization?

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 Explain thelbgurung00@gmail.com
different types of transmission media. 30
  Differentiate between:
L
 LAN and WAN B
 Hub and Switch
 Switch and Router
 UTP and STP
Unit 5
 Guided transmission media and Unguided
transmission media
Review
 IPV4 and IPV6
Questions  TCP and UDP

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  What are the different types of LAN topology? Explain
L
.
 Explain client-server and peer-to-peer networking. B

 Explain data transmission mode with examples.

 What is wireless networking? Write its advantages and

Unit 5 disadvantages.

Review
Questions

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