Gastrulation is the movement of blastomeres that forms the three germ layers of the embryo. This results in the gastrula stage containing ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers. Organogenesis then occurs through interaction and rearrangement of these layers to form tissues.
A typical gene is around 5000 base pairs but can be shorter due to splicing removing introns. Splicing, polyadenylation, and other modifications affect final transcript size.
The three germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. They form the tissues of the body except for germ cells, which are sequestered early and undergo meiosis.
Gastrulation is the movement of blastomeres that forms the three germ layers of the embryo. This results in the gastrula stage containing ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers. Organogenesis then occurs through interaction and rearrangement of these layers to form tissues.
A typical gene is around 5000 base pairs but can be shorter due to splicing removing introns. Splicing, polyadenylation, and other modifications affect final transcript size.
The three germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. They form the tissues of the body except for germ cells, which are sequestered early and undergo meiosis.
Gastrulation is the movement of blastomeres that forms the three germ layers of the embryo. This results in the gastrula stage containing ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers. Organogenesis then occurs through interaction and rearrangement of these layers to form tissues.
A typical gene is around 5000 base pairs but can be shorter due to splicing removing introns. Splicing, polyadenylation, and other modifications affect final transcript size.
The three germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. They form the tissues of the body except for germ cells, which are sequestered early and undergo meiosis.
Embryology Notes Gastrulation: Movement of the blastomeres of
the embryo relative to one another resulting in
Lecture 1 the formation of the 3 germ layer of embryo How many bps are there in a typical Gene? Gastrula: Stage of embryo following •1 Mb = 1 000 000 bp gastrulation that contains 3 germ layers that •1 KB = 1 000 will interact with the organs of the body •5000bp total 3bp per AA is approx..1667 Blastomere Gastrulation ( movement to form What’s Wrong with Calculation: You don’t take 3 germ layers Gastrula into account splicing introns begone •transcript needs poly A tail/ 5” modification Germ Layer •UTR: Untranslated Reg. Cis elm= enhancer • 1 of 3 layers of vertebrate embryo will •URR: Upstream, Regulate Region form tissues of body except the germ cells •Eukaryote 3.2 GB Genome size of animals •Triploblastic: To have 3 germ layers •More splicing (alternative) leads to less 1.Ectoderm: Nervous system, Neurons, pigment genes needed 1 gene functions as 2 or 3 2. Mesoderm: Muscles & Skeleton, Connective Tissue; Reproductive organs; kidney; blood Dev Bio: Adaption how germline maintained 3. Endoderm: Respiratory, Digestive track, Skin Embryology: How single cell form entire •Organogenesis: Interact between and organism only about 200 diff cell types rearrang. of the 3 layers Produce tissues Morphogenesis: Formation of structures • Metamorphosis: Changing form 1 another Evolution: How much change & still function? •Germline Cells: Not somatic gonad cells Regen: How use stem cells to reform shit Undergo meitotic division to generate eggs ENV Integration: Genotype env. Gives •Somatic Cells: Cells that form body ( not germ) different phenotype. Ex: turtle sex/catpillar diet *Separation of germline cells from somatic cells often one of 1st differentiation in animal dev* Lecture 2 Dev. Biology: Basic Concepts Gametogenesis : Production of gametes Development: Creating more complex •2ndary spermatocyte/oocyte1 spermatocyte organism via embryogenesis going into adult /ootid Differenation & maturation = sperm form and aging through senescence Embryology: Study of animal development from Aristotle: Recognized 2 dif types of cleavage fertilization to hatching or birth 1. Holoblastic: Cell 2. Meroblastic : Cell Fertilization: When mommy meets a daddy divison pattern in divison pattern in Gamete: Specialized reproductive cell embryo containing zygotes containing 1. Genome: Complete DNA sequence of indiv. Org. entire egg-> divided Large Yolk 2. Portion Cleavage Rapid mitotic cell division following into smaller cells of cytoplasm Cleaved fertilization WITHOUT increasing mass Holo = complete Mero= part Blastomere: A cleavage- stage cell resulting from mitosis Blastula(membrane): Early stage of embryo consisting of a sphere of cells surrounding an inner fluid- filled cavity, the blastocoel William Harvey: All animals from egg & sperms 1. Blood Tissue formed B4 Heart 2. Observed blastoderm in chick --------------------------------------------------------------- Marcello Malpighi: 1st microscopic chick dev •Epigensis vs Preformation: Made from scratch Morphogenesis: Organization of cells in body (undivided stems) vs Homunculus theory into a functional structure & coordinate such as: (organs always present in miniature form) Cell movement; growth ( smaller cells & big) ---------------------------------------------------------------- egg x sperm ; death (programmed); division Kaspur Fredrich Wolf: Argues against preforma. ( direction & amount); shape changes ( change •Essential life force creates embryos in character from epithelial to mesenchymal) ; • Supports epigenesis but w/o the concept of change in composition or secreted products cells and the Cell doctrine (all plants and ( ECM influence whether neighbor cells migrate) animals tissue are aggregates of cells emerged) ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- Karl Ernst von Baer (1828’s): Cells do Fate maps Map of developmental fate of a gastrulation & found mammalian egg •found zygote or early embryo Shows what organs NOTOCHORD (Transient mesodermal rod in will develop given position on the embryo dorsal of embryo role in inducting & •In olden days we marked indiv. cell positions patterning in nervous sys.) on embryo to see where it would grow later •Showing flaw viewed of Recapitulation: As •Do a thousand and even dumbasses can do <3 embryo you were initially fish newt lizard Details on fate Map Construction Chicken small racoon then human 1. ~Some embryos have few cells & obvious diff ---------------------------------------------------------------- in cytoplasmic pigmentation of early blastomere Schwann and schleiden (1839) •Fate map can be constructed by removal~~ •Cell Theory Virchow added 1858 prexist cell 2. ~Vital dye used on living cells w/o killing ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3.~ Fluorescent dyes much better injected Cell are either Epithelial & Mesenchymal & then photo-activated using a laser small Epithelial Mesenchymal group of cells to be tagged track movement Form Sheets Loose organized & ---------------------------------------------------------------- connected by loosely attached Following Cell fate- Chimeric embryos junctional complexes cells (bold indiv.) 1. 1920’s- Hilde Mangold and Hans Spemman Sheets act like barrier Migrate as indv. Cell •Transplanted embryonic tissues from one Move in Harmony Adhere in 3D clump species of newt to another distinguish from Clear polar character the natural pigmentation Basal Lamina is Basal lamina may 2. 1969. Le Douarins Quail Eggs foundation contacts surround the cells •Took nucleus from quail drive by chick nuc. only 1 surface of cell ( muscle or fat cells) •Quail and chicken aspects in embryo 3.Transgenic Chrimer Embryo’s •Embryo GFP protein in wild type host= glow ---------------------------------------------------------------- Homologous Structure Common anc. Structure ( our arms and bat wings) Analogous structuresame function (wings) Malformation: Underlying cause is genetic Piebald Syndrome: Homo gene mutation Disruption: Abnormality caused by tetragons Tetratogens: Agent disrupting embryo dev. (chemical, virus, irradiation, hypothermia) Syndactyly= Malformation bc its genetic