Sistemas de Control I

José Leonardo Monroy Hernández

Referencias bibliográficas:
- Ying Bai, Zvi S. Roth. Classical and Modern Controls with Microcontrollers: Design, Implementation,
and Applications. 1st . 2019.
- Katsuhiko Ogata. Modern Control Engineering-Prentice Hal. 5th 2010.
- Liuping Wang. PID Control System Design and Automatic Tuning using MATLAB/Simulink.1st. 2019.
- Richard C. Dorf, Robert H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems. 3rd. 2020
 Introduction
A system can be defined as an integrated body or an
element. For example:
• A company,
• a vehicle,
• a motor,
• a process or a plant.

A control system should contain a controller to perform

various control functions to the system to get the
desired outputs.
 Introduction
A complete control system should be
composed of:
• inputs,
• the controller,
• the system or a process,
• and the system outputs.
 Introduction
Two popular
control systems
are:
• open-loop
• closed-loop
 The Open-Loop Control System
For example a Electric oven:
• Input: the desired time interval
• Controller: the oven, which can start and delay the
desired period of time to enable the heater.
• Process: The food.
• Output: the appropriate temperature.
 The Open-Loop Control System
Another example is a DC motor fan control system:
• Input: a desired speed value
• Controller: the remote control panel enables the motor to
rotate at this speed.
• Process: a proportional voltage will be supplied to the
amplifier, and a rotation speed should be obtained from the
motor and fan.
• Output: the fan speed.
 The Open-Loop Control System
In the open-loop control system:
• the output has no influence or effect on the control action of the input signal.
• the output is neither measured nor feedback for comparison with the input.
• an open-loop system is expected to faithfully follow its input command or set
point regardless of the final result.
• There is no knowledge about the output condition, so it cannot reduce or
overcome all variations or disturbances coming from the external conditions.
• Each input setting determines a fixed output value for the controller.
Open-loop control is useful and economic for well-defined systems where the
relationship between input and the output can be reliably modeled by a
mathematical formula.
The Closed-Loop (Feedback) Control System
 The Closed-Loop (Feedback) Control System
In the closed-loop control system :
• the design automatically achieve and maintain the desired output by comparing
it with the actual input condition. It does this by comparing a part or the entire
feedback from the output and the desired input to generate an error signal, which
is the difference between the output and the reference input.
• the general purpose is to reduce any errors (difference) between the output and
the input.
• the sensor must be able to provide the two following functions.
– direct a part or the entire output back to the input to compare the input and the
output to get a difference or an error signal as an updated input to the controller.
– Convert the output type to the input type to make this comparison possible.
 The Closed-Loop (Feedback) Control System
A closed-loop control system is better than an open-loop control
system with the following advantages:
• Reducing errors by automatically adjusting the systems input.
• Improving stability of an unstable system.
• Reducing the systems’ sensitivity to enhance robustness against
external disturbances or internal variations to the process.
• Producing a reliable and repeatable performance.