JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)

LOGARITHM
JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)
 CONTENT

S.No Pages

1. Theory 01 – 07

2. Exercise-1 (Special DPP) 08 – 14

3. Exercise-2 14 – 15

4. Exercise-3 (Previous years JEE-Advanced problems) 16

5. Exercise-4 (Potential Problems for Board Preparations) 16 – 17

6. Exercise-5 (Rank Booster) 18

7. Answer Key 19
 LO GA R I T H M

Basic Mathematics
Historical Development of Number System :
(I) Natural Numbers :
Numbers used for counting are called as Natural numbers.
Set of natural numbers is denoted by N.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...........}
(II) Whole Numbers :
Including zero (0) | cypher | duck |love| naught along with natural numbers called as whole numbers.
Set of whole number is denoted by W.
W = {0,1, 2, 3 ..............}
Hence, N W
(III) Integers :
Integers are given by
Z or I = {...........–2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.......}
Hence, N W I
Type of Integers
(a) Non negative integers { 0, 1, 2, 3, .........}
(b) Negative integers (I–) {............–3, –2, –1}
(c) Non positive integers {............–3, –2 –1, 0}
(d) Positive integers (I+) {1, 2, 3 ..........}
Note : '0' is neither positive nor negative but '0' is even. If x is positive it means x > 0 ; if x is negative
means x < 0.
(IV) Rational Numbers
Numbers which are of the form p/q where p, q  I & q  0 are called rational numbers.
Set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.
p 
Q p, q  I, q  0 
q 
Rational numbers are also represented by recurring or repeating and terminating decimals.
e.g. 1. 3 = 1.333 .........
N W I Q
Every rational number is either a terminating or a recurring decimal.
(V) Irrational Numbers :
The numbers which cannot be expressed in the form p/q (p,q I) are called as irrational numbers.
The decimal representation of these number are non-terminating and non repeating.
2  1.414 ..............
 & e are the two most popular irrational numbers.
Qc or  Q
(VI) Real Numbers :
Set of real numbers is union of the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers.
N  W  I  Q  R  C, where C is the set of complex numbers.

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(VII) Prime Numbers :

Natural numbers greater than one which are divisible by 1 and itself only.
e.g. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 ..........}
Note : 2 is only even prime number and all other prime numbers are odd.

(VIII) Composite Numbers :

Natural numbers greater than one which are not prime numbers are called composite numbers.
e.g. {4, 6, 8, 9 ...........}

(IX) Coprime or relatively prime numbers :

Two natural numbers having highest common factor 1 are called relatively prime.
e.g. (2, 9).

(X) Twin primes :

The prime numbers which have the difference of 2.
e.g. (5, 3), (7, 5)
Note : 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number.

Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R (the set of all real numbers) and are commonly used in solving
inequalities. If a , b  R such that a < b, then we can define four types of intervals as follows :

Name Representation Description

Open interval (a, b) {x : a < x < b} i.e., end points are not included.

Closed interval [a, b] {x : a  x  b} i.e., end points are also included.

This is possible only when both a and b are finite.

Open-closed interval (a, b] {x : a < x  b} i.e., a is excluded and b is included.

Closed-open interval [a, b) {x : a  x < b} i.e., a is included and b is excluded.

Note :
(1) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a }
(ii) [a, ) = {x | x  a }
(iii) ( – , b) = {x : x < b}
(iv) (– , b] = {x : x  b}
(v) (– , ) = {x : x  R}

(2) x  {1, 2} denotes some particular values of x, i.e., x = 1, 2.

(3) If their is no value of x, then we say x (i.e., null set or void set or empty set).

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SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES :

1. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
3. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
5. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
7. a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)
1 1 1
8. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc     .
a b c

 
1
a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca =
2 ( a  b )  ( b  c)  ( c  a )
9. 2 2 2

10. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

 
1
= (a + b + c) (a  b) 2  (b  c) 2  (c  a ) 2
2
If (a + b + c) = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
11. (a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
12. a4 – b4 = (a2 + b2) (a2 – b2) = (a2 + b2) (a – b) (a + b)
13. 
If a, b  0 then (a – b) = a  b a  b  
14. a4 + a2 + 1 = (a4 + 2a2 + 1) – a2 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (a2 + a + 1) (a2 – a + 1)
15. a4 + 4 = a4 + 4a2 + 4 – 4a2 = (a2 + 2)2 – (2a)2 = (a2 + 2a + 2) (a2 – 2a + 2)
Proportion :
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing then are said to be proportional.
a c
If  , then it is written as a : b = c : d or a : b : : c : d.
b d
Note :
(i) a and d are known as extremes while b and c are known as means.
(ii) Product of extremes = product of means.
a c b d a c a b
(iii) If    (Invertando) (iv) If    (Alternando)
b d a c b d c d
a c a c a b cd
(v) If   1 = 1  = (Componendo)
b d b d b d
a c a c a b cd
(vi) If   1 = 1  = (Dividendo).
b d b d b d
a c a b cd
(vii) If   = (Componendo and dividendo)
b d a b cd

a c ac a c a 2  c2
(viii) If   = = .
b d bd bd b2  d 2
a b
(ix) If  then b2 = ac. Here b is called mean proportional of a and c.
b c
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Definition of Indices :

The product of m factors each equal to a is represented by am . So, am = a · a · a ........ a ( m times).

Here a is called the base and m is the index (or power or exponent).

Law of Indices :

(1) am + n = am · an, where m and n are rational numbers.

1
(2) a–m = , provided a  0.
am
(3) a0 = 1, provided a  0.
am
(4) am – n = , where m and n are rational numbers, a  0.
an
(5) (am)n = amn.
p
(6) a  ap
q q

(7) (ab)n = an bn.

Remainder Theorem :

Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and 'a' be any real number.
If p(x) is divided by (x – a), then the remainder is equal to p(a).

Factor Theorem :

Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and 'a' be a real number such that
p(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of p(x). Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.

Note :
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one. If leading coefficient of p(x) is 1
then p(x) is called monic. (Leading coefficient means coefficient of highest power.)

Note : If a polynomial P(x) is divided by Q(x) then remainder R(x) is always of degree lesser than Q(x).
P( x ) R (x )
Infact, = (x) +  P(x) = Q(x) · (x) + R(x)
Q( x ) Q( x )
where (x) is quotient & R(x) is remainder.

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Logarithm

Definition :
Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as
N = ax ....(1) e.g. 49 = 72
where 'a' is also a positive real different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is called the exponent.
We can write the relation (1) in logarithmic form as
logaN = x ....(2)
Hence the two relations

ax  N 
and log a N  x 

are identical where N > 0, a > 0, a  1

Also, antilog of x to the base a = N, where N = ax. ……(3)
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in order to
get that number. Logarithm of zero does not exist and logarithm of (–) ve reals are not defined in the
system of real numbers.

Note that :

(1) Unity has been excluded from the base of the logarithm as in this case
log1N will not be possible and if N = 1
then log11 will have infinitelymanysolutions and will not be unique
which is necessaryin the functional notation.

a loga N = N is an identity for all N > 0 and a > 0, a  1 e.g. 2

log2 5
(2) =5

(3) Using the basic definition of log we have 3 important deductions :

(i) logNN = 1  i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.


(ii) log 1 N = – 1  i.e. logarithm of a number to its reciprocal is – 1.

N

(iii) loga1 = 0  i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.

(basic constraints on number and base must be observed.)

(4) Whenever the number and base are on the same side of unity then logarithm of that number to the base
is (+ve), however if the number and base are located on different sides of unity then logarithm of that
number to the base is (–ve)
e.g. (i) log10100 = 2
(ii) log1/10100 = –2

(5) For a non negative number ‘a’ & n  2, n  N , n

a  a1/ n

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PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM :

If m, n are arbitrary positive real numbers where 0 < a  1.

(1) logam + logan = loga (mn)

m
(2) log a = logam – logan
n

(3) logamx = x logam

1
(4) log a x m  logam
x

BASE CHANGING THEOREM :

Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common base."
log c a
Symbolically, log c b = logba

Note :
1
(i) logba = log b
a

1 1 1
(ii)   1
log a abc log b abc log c abc

(iii) (logba).(logcb).(logdc) = logda

(iv) a log b c  c log b a

loga b log b a
(v) a b

An Imp. Concept :

(i) x+ 2 if x > 0. Also equality occurs when x = 1.
x

(ii) x+  –2 if x < 0. Also equality occurs when x = –1.
x

Common and natural logarithm:

log10N is referred as a common logarithm and logeN is called as natural logarithm or logarithm of N to
the base Napierian and is popularlywritten as ln N. Note that e is an irrational quantity lying between 2.7
to 2.8 which you will study later. Note that eln x = x.

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Characteristic and Mantissa :

We observe that log1010 = 1 and log10100 = 2.

Hence logarithm of a number lying between 10 to 100 = 1 + a positive quantity REMEMBER
log10(0.1) = – 1 and log10(0.01) = – 2 log102 = 0.3010
hence log (a number between 0.01 to 0.1) = – 2 + a positive quantity
log103 = 0.4771
Hence the common logarithm of a number consists of two parts, integral and
ln 2 = 0.693
fractional, of which the integral part may be zero or an integer (+ve or –ve)
and the fractional part, a decimal, less than one and always non-negative. ln 10 = 2.303
The integral part is called the characteristic and the decimal part is called the mantissa.
e.g. log1033.8 = 1.5289  33.8 = 101.5289 = 10.100.5289
log100.338 = – 1 + 0.5289 = 1 .5289
It should be noted that, if the characteristic of the logarithm of N is
1  that N has two significant digits before decimal. 
 very Important
2  that N has three significant digits before decimal. 
(Hence number of significant digit in N = p + 1 if p is the non negative characteristic of log N.)
if characteristic
–1  N has no zeros after decimal before a significant digit starts.
–2  N has 1 zero after decimal before a significant digit starts and so on.

Modulus or Absolute value function :

x if x  0
2 
y= x =|x| = 
  x if x  0

Graph of modulus function :

y
y

x
=

=
–x

x
O

y=|x|

General Note :
Equations of the form
[a(x)]b(x) = [a(x)]c(x) (Variable exponent on a variable base)
with the set of permissible values defined by the condition a(x) > 0, can be reduced to the equivalent
equation
b(x) logd[a(x)] = c(x) logd[a(x)]
by taking logarithms of its both sides. The last equation is equivalent to two equations.
logd[a(x)] = 0, b(x) = c(x).

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EXERCISE-1 (SPECIAL DPP)

SPECIAL DPP-1

1 1 1
Q.1 + + has the value equal to
log abc log abc log abc
bc ca ab

(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

Q.2 If 5 x log2 3 + 3log2 x = 162 then logarithm of x to the base 4 has the value equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C)  1 (D) 3/2

1 1
Q.3 If log (x + y) = log 2 + log x + log y, then
2 2
(A) x + y = 0 (B) xy = 1 (C) x2 + xy + y2 = 0 (D) x  y = 0

Q.4 If log 2 log3 (log 4 x )  = 0, log 4 log3 (log 2 y)  = 0 and log3 log 4 (log 2 z)  = 0, then the correct
option is
(A) x > y > z (B) x > z > y (C) z > x > y (D) z > y > z

 1 
Q.5 The value of log 2  log 0.125  , is
7 7 
 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.6 Let x satisfies the equation log3(log9x) = log9(log3x) then the product of the digits in x is
(A) 9 (B) 18 (C) 36 (D) 8

Q.7 If log3(log2a) + log 1  log 1 b  = 1, then the value of ab3 is

3 2 

1
(A) 9 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D)
3

 
 56  56  56  56   
Q.8 The value of log 4   is equal to
3
 64 64 64 
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.9 The value of log 1 2 · log536 · log17125 · log 1 17 , is equal to

6 2
(A) – 3 (B) – 6 (C) 6 (D) 12

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Q.10 Column-I Column-II

1
(A) log2x = – log 1 7 , then the value of x is (P)
49
2
1 1
(B) log8y = , then the value of y is (Q)
log3 2 36

1
(C) log 1 z = log26, then the value of z is (R)
27
4

(D) log 1 w = log37, then the value of w is (S) 7

9

1
(T)
6

SPECIAL DPP-2

Product of all the solution of equation x log10  100  2  x is

x log3 2
3
log 2 3
Q.1
 
1
(A) (B) 1 (C) 10 (D) 100
10

Q.2 If log7 2 = m , then the value of log49 28 is

1 2m 2
(A) 2 (1 + 2m) (B) (C) (D) 1 + m
2 1  2m

P
Q.3 If P = log5(log53) and 3C5 = 405 then C is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 81 (D) 5

a  log 4 3 a  log8 3
Q.4 If = = b, then b is equal to
a  log 2 3 a  log 4 3
1 2 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 2

log 216
Q.5 Let x, y and z be positive real numbers such that x log 2 7 = 8, ylog3 5 = 81 and z 5 = 3
5.
2 2 2
The value of x (log 2 7 )  y (log 3 5)  z (log 5 216) , is
(A) 526 (B) 750 (C) 874 (D) 974

Q.6  
If x = 500, y = 100 and z = 5050, then the value of log xyz x z 1  log x yz  is equal to
(A) 500 (B) 100 (C) 5050 (D) 10

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1
Q.7 Suppose n be an integer greater than 1, let an = . Suppose b = a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 and
log n 2002
c = a10 + a11 + a12 + a13 + a14. Then (b – c) equals
1 1
(A) (B) (C) – 1 (D) – 2
1001 1002
2011 
2400
 r 1 1023 1 
Q.8 If L =  log 7  , M=  log r r  1 and N =  
 
r7  r  r2 r  2  log r p 

where p = (1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · ............. · 2011), then

(A) L + M = 13 (B) M2 + N2 = 101 (C) L – M + N = 6 (D) LMN = 30
Q.9 Which of the following vanishes?
(A) log tan 1º . log tan 2º . log tan 3º ....... log tan 89º
(B) log sin 1º . log sin 2º . log sin 3º ....... log sin 90º
5 7 7 3
(C) 7log3 + 3log5  5log3  7log5
(D) log tan 1º + log tan 2º + log tan 3º + ...... + log tan 89º.
Q.10 Column-I Column-II

(A)
 
 
 1 
Given x > 1 and log x  x x   log x x 5x  log x  6  .
2
(P) 2
x 
The sum of all values of x that satisfying the equation, is
(B) Let 0 < x < , 3tan x = 27sin x, then the value of sec x, is (Q) 3
(C) Let a = x – 2 and b = x – 4.
The value of x satisfying the equation (R) 4
log a ( x  3) log b ( x  10)
 2 , is (S) 5
log b ( x  3)
(D) The real values of x so that all terms are real and (T) 6
satisfy the equation 2x  x  7  1 , is
26
Q.11 If  logr (r  1) = 3x, then find the value of x.
r 3

SPECIAL DPP-3

Q.1 If 10loga log b (logc x )   1 and 10log b logc (loga x )    1 then, a is equal to
a
(A) (B) ca/b (C) ab (D) cb/c
b
Q.2 If x  R, then number of real solution of the equation 2x + 2–x = log524 is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2
x y
Q.3 If x y > 1 then the maximum value of logx   + logy   is equal to
y x
(A) – 2 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 4
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x x
Q.4 If log5(3x – 4y ) = 3 and 3 2 – 2y = 5, then is equal to
y
2(log 2 5)  2 (log3 5)  2 2(log3 5)  2 2(log3 5)  1
(A) 1  log 5 (B) 1  log 5 (C) 1  log 2 5 (D) 1  log 5
2 2 2

9k 1  7 1
Q.5 Let x = 4log2 and y = 5 k 1 and xy = 4, then the sum of the cubes
1
32log 2 3

of the real value(s) of k is

(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 8 (D) 9
Q.6 Number of real solution(s) of the equation 9 log3 (ln x ) = ln x – (ln2 x) + 1 is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
1 1 5
Q.7 The value of the expression   , is
log 4 (18) 2 log 6 (3)  log 6 ( 2) log 3 (18)
(A) odd (B) an irrational
(C) even composite (D) twin prime with 5
Q.8 Which of the following real numbers is(are) non-positive?
 5 2
(A) log 0. 3 


 (B) log 7  83  9 
 5 2 

5 7
(C) log
2 3
 2 1  (D) log 2 9 ·
3
27 3 · 243 5

1 1
Q.9 Given that   x , then which of the following will divide ( 4) x ?
log 7 2 log 9 4
(A) 3 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 21
Q.10 Column-I Column-II
(A) The value of expression (P) 2
log 2 9
log 8
3 27  2 32  5 625  3
log 243 log 81 log9 25
+ 2  3log 4 25  5log 4 9 , is less than
(B) The value of x satisfying the equation (Q) 3
log 7 10log10 ( 8 x 3)
ln 5log5 7
2log2 e = 13, is (R) 4

 1 1 
(C) The number N =  log   log   is less than (S) 5
 2 6 

(D) Let l = (log34 + log29)2 – (log34 – log29)2 and m = (0.8) 1  9log3 8   log 65 5
(T) 6
then (l + m) is divisible by

Q.11 If log2(log8x) = log8(log2x), find the value of (log2x)2.

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SPECIAL DPP-4

Q.1 If log30(3) =  and log30(5) = , then log30(8) is equal to

(A) 3 (1 +  – ) (B) 3(1 +  + ) (C) 3( + ) (D) 3 (1 –  – )

Q.2 The equation (log10x + 2)3 + (log10x – 1)3 = (2log10x + 1)3 has
(A) no natural solution (B) two rational solutions
(C) no prime solution. (D) one irrational solution.

Q.3 Column-I Column-II

3a
(A) If logb 3 = 4 and log b2 27  , (P) 2
2
then the value of (a2 – b4) is equal to (Q) 3
(B) If number of digits in 1211 is 'd', and number of cyphers after (R) 6
decimal before a significant figure starts in (0.2)9 is 'c',
then (d – c) is equal to
(C)  
If N = antilog3 log6 antilog 5

(log5 1296) , (S) 13
then the characteristic of log N to the base 2, is equal to

Q.4 Column-I Column-II

2 2
     
(A) If  log 2  log 1 log 2 a     log3  log 1 log3 b   = 0, (P) 1
     
  2    3 
then (a2 + b3) is greater than

(B) If 11log10 x  242  x log10 11 then x is coprime with (Q) 2

(C) If p = 3 2  1  3 2  1 ,
then the value of (p3 + 3p + 1) is less than (R) 3

(D) If log x
 log 
9 3  12   = 2, (S) 4
2
then the value of x is twin prime with (T) 5

Q.5 Given that log 2 = 0.301, find the number of digits before decimal in the solution to the equation
log 5 log 4 log 3 (log 2 x   0 .

 33
3

 log 3 
Q.6 Let N = log3  3 3  , then find the sum of digits in N.
 log 3 33 
 3 

Find the sum of all integral values of x satisfying log 5 x 2  log    1 .

5
Q.7
 
5x x

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SPECIAL DPP-5

Q.1 If Ais the number of integers whose logarithms to the base 10 have characteristic 11 and B the number
of integers, the logarithm of whose reciprocals to the base 10 have characteristic – 4, then the value of
(log10A – log10B) is equal to
(A) – 7 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
2 2 2
     
 log p    log p    log p 
 a   b   c 
 b   c   a 
Q.2 The expression 2 , wherever defined, simplifies to
 
 log p  log p  log p 
 a b c 
 b c a 

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.3 Number of ordered pair(s) of (x, y) satisfying the system of equations,
x
log2 xy = 5 and log1/2 = 1 is :
y
(A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four
Paragraph for question nos. 4 to 6
logMN =  + , where  is an integer &   [0, 1)
Q.4 If M &  are prime &  + M = 7 then the greatest integral value of N is
(A) 64 (B) 63 (C) 125 (D) 124

Q.5 If M &  are twin prime &  + M = 8 then the greatest integral value of N is
(A) 624 (B) 625 (C) 728 (D) 729

Q.6 If M &  are relative prime &  + M = 7 then minimum integral value of N is
(A) 25 (B) 32 (C) 6 (D) 81

Q.7 Column-I Column-II

(A) The expression x  log 2 log 9 6  6  6  .....  simplifies to (P) an integer

(B) The number N = 2

log 2 3· log 3 4 · log 4 5.........· log99 100  simplifies to (Q) a prime
1 1 1
(C) The expression   simplifies to (R) a natural
log 5 3 log 6 3 log10 3

(D) The number N = 2  5  6  3 5  14  6 5 simplifies to (S) a composite

log 2 x  log x 2 3
Q.8 If sum of the integral values of x satisfying the equation x  1  x 1 is N,
then find characteristic of logarithm of N to the base 5.

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Q.9 If x satisfies the equation log125 x 3  3 log 25 x 2 = 4, then find the number of digits in x.
[Use: log 2 = 0.3010]
Q.10 Find the sum of all possible values of x satisfying the equation

x 2  4 x  4 = (log2 9) log3 5   log 25 256 

EXERCISE-2

 ab  (ab) 2  4(a  b)   
 + log  ab  (ab)  4(a  b) 
2
Q.1 Let A denotes the value of log10 
 2  10 
2 
   
when a = 43 and b = 57
and B denotes the value of the expression 2log6 18 · 3log6 3 .   
Find the value of (A · B).

6
Q.2(a) If x = log34 and y = log53, find the value of log310 and log3   in terms of x and y..
5
log2 5 2
(b) If k = 16, find the value of k (log2 5) .

log 2 24 log 2192 log3 135 log3 5

Q.3 Prove that: (a)  = 3; (b)  =3
log96 2 log12 2 log15 3 log 405 3

2 a 2 b5
Q.4 Given that log2a = s, log4b = s2 and log 2 (8) = . Write log as a function of 's'
c s3  1 2
c4
(a, b, c > 0, c  1).
Q.5 Simplifythefollowing:
1 3
3 6 6log8   log 9

 7
log 3
3 2 3 6
 2

125log 25 6 
5log 5
81
(a) 4 4 2
(b) . log 25 7
409  

(c) 5
 log
log1/ 5 12 4
log1 / 2
1
. (d) 49
1log 7 2 
+5
 log 5 4
2 7 3 10 2 21

Q.6 Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation
log3x · log4x · log5x = log3x · log4x + log4x · log5x + log5x · log3x.

Q.7 Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different
from 1, such that 2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of logab.
log3 7 log7 11 log11 25
Q.8 If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a = 27 ; b = 49 and c = 11 .

Find the value of  a 3  b 7

(log 7 )2 (log 11) 2 (log 25) 2 
 c 11 .
 

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 LO GA R I T H M

Q.9 (a) log (log x) + log (log x3  2) = 0 ; where base of log is 10 everywhere.
(b) logx2 . log2x2 = log4x2
(c) 5logx + 5 xlog5 = 3 (a > 0) ; where base of log is a.
(d) xlogx+4 = 32, where base of logarithm is 2.

Q.10 Solve the system of equations:

log a x log a ( xyz )  48
log a y log a ( xyz )  12 , a > 0, a  1.
log a z log a ( xyz )  84

Q.11 logx+1 (x² + x  6)2 = 4

Q.12 log5 120 + (x  3)  2 . log5 (1  5x  3 ) =  log5 (0.2  5x  4 )

 1 
Q.13 log 4 + 1   log 3 = log
 2x 
x 3  27  .
x
Q.14 If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that, 2 log(2y – 3x) = log x + log y, find .
y
9
(log9 x ) 2  log x 5
Q.15 Find the sum of all solutions of the equation 3 2 9
3 3.

Q.16 Positive numbers x, y and z satisfy xyz = 1081 and (log10x)(log10yz) + (log10y)(log10z) = 468.
Find the value of log10 x 2  log10 y 2  log10 z 2 .

Q.17
(a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the logarithm is 7.
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25).
 
(d) If N = antilog3 log6 antilog 5

(log5 1296) , then find the characteristic of log N to the base 2.
(e) Let L be the number of digits in 340 and M be the number of zeroes in 3–40 after decimal before a
significant digit, then find (L – M).

Q.18 If log3x45 = log4x 40 3 then find the characteristic of log x3 to the base 7.

Q.19 If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the solution of the system of equation
log225(x) + log64(y) = 4,
logx(225) – logy(64) = 1,
then find the value of log30(x1y1x2y2).

 1  1
Q.20 Solve for x : log2 (4  x) + log (4  x) . log  x    2 log2  x   = 0.
 2  2

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EXERCISE-3

(JEE-ADVANCED Previous Year's Questions)

Q.1 Number of solutions of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

Q.2 Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations

(2 x )ln 2  (3y)ln 3
3ln x = 2ln y.
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6 [JEE 2011, 3]
6 3 2

 

The value of 6  log 3 
1 1 1 1 
Q.3 4 4 4 ......  is [JEE 2012, 4]
2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 

Q.4 If 3x = 4x–1, then x =
2 log3 2 2 1 2 log 2 3
(A) 2 log 2  1 (B) 2  log 3 (C) 1  log 3 (D) 2 log 3  1
3 2 4 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, 3 (–1)]

   7
1 1
Q.5 The value of (log 2 9)2 log 2 (log 2 9 )  log 4 7 is _______. [JEE (Advanced) 2018, 3]

EXERCISE-4
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
Q.1 Simplify:
1 1 log x 3z  log zy3
(i) log    – log (x + y) + log x + log y.. (ii) .
x y log x  log y
Q.2 Show that :
16 25 81
(i) log 2 + 16 log + 12 log + 7 log =1
15 24 80
81 3 2 3
(ii) log – 2 log + 3 log + log = 0
8 2 3 4
Q.3 Solve for x :
log16
(i) log (x + 1) + log (x – 1) = log 99 (ii) = log x
log 4
(iii) log (3x – 2) + log (3x + 2) = 5 log 2 (iv) log 5 + log (5x + 1) = log (x + 5) + 1

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Q.4 Simplify each of the following :

 2
(i) log8 6  log8    log8 (log3 9)
 (ii) log2 [log2{log3 (log3 273)}]
 3 

ab 1
Q.5 (i) If log   = (log a + log b), show that a2 + b2 = 6ab
 2  2
ab 1 ab
(ii) If log   = (log a + log b), show that = ab and a2 + b2 = 2ab.
 2  2 2

ab 1
(iii) If a2 + b2 = 7ab, prove that log  = (log a + log b).
 3  2

Q.6 (i) If a = log24 12, b = log3624 and c = log48 36, show that 1 + abc = 2bc.
2 3 5
(ii) If x = log , y = log and z = log , show that x + y + z = 0
3 5 2
1
(iii) If y = x m , show that m = logyx.

Q.7 Prove that

(i) log3 log2 log 3
81 = 1
(ii) logax × logby = logbx × logay
(iii) log2log2log216 = 1
(iv) logax = logbx × logcb × ....... × lognm × logan

Q.8 Simplify:
log9 11 log3 11

log5 13 log 5 13

Q.9 (i) If log410 = x, log220 = y and log58 = z.

1 1 1
Prove that   = 1.
x 1 y 1 z 1
(ii) If x = loga(bc), y = logb(ca), z = logc(ab).
1 1 1
Prove that   = 1.
x 1 y 1 z 1

1 1 1
Q.10 (i) Prove that   = 1.
1  log b a  log b c 1  log c a  log c b 1  loga b  loga c

1 1 1 1 1
(ii) Show that    ........  = .
log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n log 43 n log 43! n

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EXERCISE-5 (Rank Booster)

Paragraph for question nos. 1 to 3
1 4
Let A denotes the sum of the roots of the equation 5  4 log x + 1  log x = 3.
4 4
B denotes the value of the product of m and n, if 2m = 3 and 3n = 4.
3
C denotes the sum of the integral roots of the equation log3x   + (log3x)2 = 1.
x
Q.1 The value ofA + B equals
(A) 10 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 4

Q.2 The value of B + C equals

(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8

Q.3 The value of A + C  B equals

(A) 5 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 4

Q.4 Find the sum of all possible values of x satisfying simultaneous the equations
1
log2 x – 3 log x = log (x2) – 4 and log2 (100 x) + log2 (10 x) = 14 + log   .
x
[Note : Assume base of logarithm is 10.]

Q.5 Let k be the unique positive value satisfying the equation

( 4k ) log 2  (9k ) log 3 = 0, then find the value of (72 k).

 b3 
log 2  
Q.6 Given  8   1 and log  9  = log  b  . If the largest single digit number which can divide
3 2
 27  a 4
log3  2 
a 

a
the value of   is m, then find the value of m.
b
Q.7 If log3M = a1 + b1 and log5M = a2 + b2 where a1, a2  N and b1, b2  [0, 1). If a1 a2 = 6, then find
the number of integral values of M.

Q.8 Solve : log3  x x 1  = log  4

9 x 3 4 x 1 
 
 log 4 ab  log 4 ab  log 4 b  log 4 a  · log b
 a b a a b b a  2 if ba 1
Q.9 Prove that : 2  =  loga b
2 if 1ba
Q.10 Find the value of x satisfying the equation,
log 3
3

3x  log x 3 3x · log3 x 3  log 3
3 
x 3  log x 3 3 x · log3 x 3 = 2.

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EXERCISE-1
SPECIAL DPP-1
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 D Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 D Q.7 C
Q.8 A Q.9 D Q.10 (A) S : (B) R ; (C) Q ; (D) P
SPECIAL DPP-2
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 C Q.7 C
Q.8 A, B, D Q.9 A, B, C, D Q.10 (A) S; (B) Q; (C) T; (D) P Q.11 0001
SPECIAL DPP-3
Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 B Q.7 A, D
Q.8 A, B, C, D Q.9 A, B, C, D Q.10 (A) R, S, T; (B) P; (C) Q, R, S, T; (D) P, R, S
Q.11 27
SPECIAL DPP-4
Q.1 D Q.2 B, C, D Q.3 (A) S, (B) R, (C) Q
Q.4 (A) P, Q, R, S ; (B) P, R; (C) S, T; (D) T Q.5 0025 Q.6 0007 Q.7 6

SPECIAL DPP-5
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 D Q.5 C Q.6 C
Q.7 (A) P, (B) P, R, S, (C) P, R, (D) P, Q, R Q.8 0004 Q.9 0012 Q.10 0004
EXERCISE-2
xy  2 xy  2 y  2
Q.1 12 Q.2 (a) , ; (b) 625 Q.4 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1)
2y 2y
25
Q.5 (a) 9, (b) 1, (c) 6, (d) Q.6 3721 Q.7 2 Q.8 469
2

Q.9 (a) x=10 (b) x = 2 2

or 2  2
(c) x = 2–loga where base of log is 5, (d) x = 2 or 1 32
 1 1 1  4
Q.10 (a4, a, a7) or  4 , , 7  Q.11 x=1 Q.12 x=1 Q.13 x  Q.14
a a a  9
Q.15 2196 Q.16 5625 Q.17 (a) 0.5386; 1 .5386 ; 3 .5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 3 ; (e) 1
 7 3  24 
Q.18 2 Q.19 12 Q.20 0 , , 
 4 2 
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 B Q.2 C Q.3 4 Q.4 ABC Q.5 8.00

EXERCISE-4
Q.1 (i) 0; (ii) 3 Q.3 (i) x = 10 (ii) x = 100 (iii) x = 2 (iv) x = 3
Q.4 (i) 0; (ii) 0 Q.8 1

EXERCISE-5
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 10 Q.5 0002 Q.6 9 Q.7 54
Q.8 [0, 1]  {4}; Q.10 x  [1/3, 3] – {1}

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in Last Nineteen Years

*CJAEMAT08*
CJAEMAT08