CIEN 3242: Engr. Bailey John E. Bandiola Engr. Noli B. Sibayan

CIEN 3242
ENGR. BAILEY JOHN E. BANDIOLA

ENGR. NOLI B. SIBAYAN
PUP Civil Engineering Department
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Timber Design
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE TITLE Page
1 Introduction 2
2 Stresses in Beams 7
3 Beam Design 11
4 Composite Beams 14
5 Design of Floor Joist 19
6 Design of Purlins 25
7 Built-up Sections 34
8 Column Design 40
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Module 1: Introduction to Timber Design
STRUCTURE OF WOOD
• The bark is in the outside,the wood in the inside,and the pitch on the central core.
• Wood is composed of thin tubular cells called FIBERS.
• New wood cells are formed in the inside of new bark cells that are grown under the
existing bark. Thus, growth in a tree trunk results from the formation of these new cells.
• The wood formed late in the growing season differs from wood formed earlier,
producing distinct annual growth rings.
• -Each ring consist of two layers: Springwood (earlywood) and Summerwood
(latewood).
• Sapwood - these are wood rings nearest the bark, and usually light-colored, less
resistant to decay.
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• Heartwood - these are the wood inside., and relatively darker in color.
• WOOD - Naturally hard substance that makes up the stems and branches
of the tree.
• LUMBER - It is the term applied to wood that have been sawed and cut in
boards, planks for use.
• TIMBER - A piece of lumber that is used in different parts of a building for
construction
Wood Defects During Growth

1. Knots: These are portions of branches that have been enveloped into the trunk of the
tree during growth. They reduce wood strength because they interrupt the fiber
directions in a wood member.
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2. Reaction Wood: Is abnormal wood that forms on the compression of the tension sides
of leaning and cooked tress as response to the tree’s own dead weight. It should not be
used as a structural member.
3. Cross Grain: Is a generic term describing wood fibers (cellwalls) that are not aligned
with the member’s major axis. These occurs during growth or because of taper cuts for
lumbers.
4. Shakes: Are cracks that are parallel to the annual growth rings and the can
developed in a standing tree.
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▪ PLANK - A long and thick piece of lumber/board from 2 to 5 inches thick and 8
inches thick that is used especially for building structures.
▪ BOARD - A long, thin flat piece of lumber less than 4cm thick with at least 70cm wide.
▪ NOMINAL LUMBER - term for the unplanned undressed timber
▪ DRESSED LUMBER - term for the planed lumber having at least one smooth side
▪ GRADE (LUMBER) - term for the planed lumber having at least one smooth side
▪ GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS - Are structural elements, the sections which are
composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels in
combination of lumber, all parts bonded together
▪ MOISTURE CONTENT (MC) - Is the amount of moisture in wood, usually measured

as the percentage of water to the oven dry weight of the wood
▪ PLYWOOD - - Is the amount of moisture in wood, usually measured as the percentage

of water to the oven dry weight of the wood
▪ TREATED WOOD – is a wood treated in an approved preservative under treating and

qualify control procedures.
▪ SEASONING – It is the process of removing moisture from the wood
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Methods of Seasoning Lumber

Natural or Air Seasoning
➢ It is done by exposing the lumber to the air for an extended period of time
Artificial Seasoning
➢ It is a process within wherein the lumber is stacked in a drying kiln and then
exposed to steam and hot air.
➢ Wood from this process undergoes quick drying and is classified as
quite inferior in quality as compared to those lumber seasoned by
the natural air or air seasoning method.
Seasoning Defects from Lumber Shrinkage

➢ As a lumber dries below the fiber saturation point, Shrinkage decreases the
size of the cross section and can cause cracks and warping o the lumber.
BOARD FOOT
➢ It is the unit measure used in computing volume of lumber despite the introduction
of metric measure, one board foot simply mean one square foot by one inch thick or
equivalent to 144 inches, width and the thickness in commercial lumber are
expressed in inches.
➢ While length are in feet of even number board foot is found by dividing the product of
the thickness, width.
Bd.Ft = (twl)/12
Where:
t = thickness, in inches
w = width, in inches
l = length, in feet
SIZE OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

➢ Computations to determine the required sizes of members shall be based on
the net dimensions (actual size) and not nominal size and the reduction in face
dimensions of dressed lumber shall not be more than 6 mm of the nominal size.
➢ (see section 603.4.6 of the NSCP 2010).
Classification of Structural Member

➢ Due to the effect of the natural deflects on that strength of lumber vary with the type of
loading to which an individual piece is subjected, structural lumber is classified according
to its size and use. The four principal classification are dimensions, beams and stringers,
post and timbers and decking.
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Dimension - rectangular cross-sections with nominal dimensions, 50 mm to 100mm thick

and 50 mm or more wide. The classification is farther divided into light framing grades,
50mm to 100mm wide and joist and plank is 25mm wider
Beams and Stringers - rectangular cross-sections, 125mm or more thick and a width more
than the thickness, graded for strength in bending when loaded on narrow surface.
Posts and Timbers - square or nearly square cross-section with nominal dimensions
125mmx125mm and longer, graded primarily for use as posts or columns are adopted to
another uses where bending stress is not especially important.
SAFE:
Actual Stress < Allowable Stress
SAFE and Economical:
Actual Stress = Allowable Stress
Module 2: Stresses in Beams
Stresses in Beams
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Bending/ Flexural Stress ( Fb)
➢ Stresses caused by the bending moment are known as flexural or bending

stress.
𝑴𝒚
fb = 𝑰
𝑴𝒄
fb (max) = 𝑰
Where:
fb = bending or flexure stress
M = Max. external Moment
I = Moment of Inertia
C = Distance from the Neutral axis to the outer most fiber
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Shearing Stress ( Fv)
➢ Caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the forces
𝑽𝑸
fb (max) = 𝑰𝒃
Where:
fv = Shearing stress
V = Shearing Load
Q = Q=Ay(bar), Static moment of Area
I = Moment of Inertia, mm^4
Width of the section, m
1. A wooden cantilever beam is made of 50mmx200mm sectioned framed as

shown. The Beam supports a uniform load of 1.5 kN/m and a concentrated load
of P at the free end. The allowable loading stress is 12.5 Mpa and for shear is
0.85MPa. Wood weighs 7.5 kN/m^3. Determine the Load P that the beam could
carry.
ActivitiyAssessment:
From the beam shown determine the safe w, if fb = 10 MPa, fv = 1.4 MPa.
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Module 3: Beam Design
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ActivitiyAssessment:
1. A 350mm deep beam sustains a concentrated load of midspan. Neglecting the weight of the
beam and considering flexural stresses only, fine the allowable depth of notches in bottom and
top faces at quarter points.
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Module 4: Composite Beams
17.28
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Activity/Assessment:
1. A 150 mm x 250 mm wooden section is reinforced by the addition of two C 250 x 33
A36 channels bolted to the sides of the beam as shown. Assume fs = 152 MPa and
fw=11.06 MPa, Ew= 11059 MPa, Es = 200000 MPa. Use nominal dimension for the
wooden section.
Properties of C 250 x 33
A = 2880 mm2 x=15.9 mm
Ix = 27.8*106 mm4 Iy = 0.922*106mm4
a. Find the resisting moment for the wood beam alone.

b. Find the resisting moment for the reinforced beam.
c. Find the percent increase in resisting moment due to the addition of the two
channels to the wooden section.
Module 5: Design of Floor Joist
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Activitiy/Assessment:
Wooden joists are used to support a floor load of 6.95kPa (exclusive of its own weight). The
joists will have an effective span of 4.25m and to be placed at 0.4m away from each other (c-c).
Design the wooden floor joists without exceeding its allowable bending stress of 10.35MPa.
Weight of wood = 7.5kN/m.
Ew = 12135MPa.
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Module 6: Design of Purlins
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Module 7: Built Up Section and

Introduction to Connections
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Activities/Assessments:
Module 8: COLUMN DESIGN
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Activities/Assessments:
A timber column 300mm x 350 mm in cross section has a height of 6m.
It is subjected to an axial load of 356 KN and an eccentric load of 89 KN at an eccentricity of
600mm which is acting 1.5 m below the top support of the column. The column is supported
both at the top and bottom. Allowable bending stress = 12.4 MPa and allowable compressive
stress parallel to the grain is 13.13 MPa. Modulus of elasticity of wood is 13,500 MPa.
1) Compute the allowable compressive stress of the column section.

2) Compute the actual bending stress of the column section.
3) Compute the interaction value of both axial and bending
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CIEN 3242: Engr. Bailey John E. Bandiola Engr. Noli B. Sibayan

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CIEN 3242

ENGR. BAILEY JOHN E. BANDIOLA

MODULE TITLE Page

5 Design of Floor Joist 19

Module 1: Introduction to Timber Design

Wood Defects During Growth

▪ NOMINAL LUMBER - term for the unplanned undressed timber

▪ MOISTURE CONTENT (MC) - Is the amount of moisture in wood, usually measured

▪ PLYWOOD - - Is the amount of moisture in wood, usually measured as the percentage

▪ TREATED WOOD – is a wood treated in an approved preservative under treating and

▪ SEASONING – It is the process of removing moisture from the wood

Methods of Seasoning Lumber

Seasoning Defects from Lumber Shrinkage

SIZE OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Classification of Structural Member

Dimension - rectangular cross-sections with nominal dimensions, 50 mm to 100mm thick

Module 2: Stresses in Beams

Bending/ Flexural Stress ( Fb)

➢ Stresses caused by the bending moment are known as flexural or bending

Shearing Stress ( Fv)

1. A wooden cantilever beam is made of 50mmx200mm sectioned framed as

Module 3: Beam Design

Module 4: Composite Beams

a. Find the resisting moment for the wood beam alone.

Module 5: Design of Floor Joist

Module 6: Design of Purlins

Module 7: Built Up Section and

Module 8: COLUMN DESIGN

1) Compute the allowable compressive stress of the column section.

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