Table of Contents

Chapte Title Page no.

r No.
Table of contents i
List of figure iii
List of tables iv

1 Introduction 1
2 Literature review 2
3 Classification of water filter 3
3.1 Classification of Filter 3
3.2 Description of purifier Alternatives 5
3.2.1 Thermal or light based treatment techniques 5
3.2.1.1 Boiling 5
3.2.1.2 Solar Disinfection 6
3.2.1.4 Solar distillation 7
3.2.1.5 Ultraviolet (UV) treatment 8
3.2.2 Physical removal method 9
3.2.2.1 Sedimentation or clarification 9
3.2.2.2 Paper , Fabric, and fibre filters 10
3.2.2.3 Biosand Filter 10
3.2.3 Chemical treatment technique 12
3.2.3.1 Chlorination 12
3.2.3.2 Combined flocculation and disinfection 14
3.2.3.3 Adsorption 15
3.2.4 Membrane based treatment methods 17
3.2.4.1 Micro filtration(MF) 18
3.2.4.2 Ultra filtration (UF) and Nano filtration (NF) 21
3.2.4.3 Reverse osmosis (RO) 21
3.2.4.4 Forward Osmosis (FO) 23
4 Working of portable water filter 24
4.1 Steps involved in this process 25
5 Parts of portable water filter 26

5.1 Micro filtration (MF) 26

i
 5.2 Active carbon chamber 27
5.3 Hand pump 28
5.4 One way valve 29
5.5 PVC conduit 30
6 Terminology and Standards 31
6.1 Drinking water quality standards 31
6.1.1 Drinking water 31
6.1.2 Water quality specifications 31
6.1.2. Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) 31
1
6.1.2. Central pollution control board (CPCB) 32
2
6.1.2. Weld health organisation guideline values 32
3
6.1.2. The central public health and environmental engineering 33
4 organisation (CPHEEO)
6.2 Issues related to drinking water quality 34
6.2.1 Overview of current situation 34
6.2.2 Natural source of water pollution 35
7 Cost details 36
8 Conclusion remarks 37
8.1 Conclusion 37
8.2 Discussion 38
8.3 Future scope of work 38
9 Reference 41

ii
 Table of figure

Figure Title Page no.

no.

3.1 Hierarchical chart depicting the classification 4

scheme of the study
3.2 Conceptual sketch of a solar distillation unit 8
3.3 Moringa oleifera tree and dried seeds 9
3.4 Strychnos potatorum seeds 9
3.5 Biosand Filter 12
3.6 Sodium hypochlorite solution 13
3.7 A combined flocculant-disinfection (pur) 14
3.8 Activated carbon cartridge 15
3.9 Tata swach Cristella plus and HUL pureit 16
3.10 Different membrane purification regmies 17
3.11 Ceramic filter system 18
3.12 Potters for peace ceramic filter 19
3.13 Terafil filter and Terafil disc 21
3.14 Reverse osmosis purifier 22
3.15 Forward osmosis X-pack 23
4.1 Simple line diagram of portable water Filter 24
4.2 The portable water filter system 25
5.1 Micro filtration fibre 26
5.2 The active carbon 27
5.3 The manual hand pump 28
5.4 One way plastic valve 29
5.5 PVC conduit 30
8.1 Test result of raw water 39
8.2 Test result of filtered water 41

iii