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Acid Rain - Causes of Acid Rain

What is Acid Rain?

Acid Rain, as the name suggests, can be said as the precipitation of acid in the form of
rain in the simplest manner. When atmospheric pollutants like oxides of nitrogen and
sulphur react with rainwater and come down with the rain, then this results in Acid Rain.

Table of contents

Definition Of Acid Rain

Recommended Videos Of Acid Rain
Causes Of Acid Rain
Effect Of Acid Rain
Real-Life Examples Acid Rain
Prevention Of Acid Rain
FAQs

Acid Rain Definition

Acid rain is made up of highly acidic water droplets due to air emissions, most specifically the disproportionate levels
of sulphur and nitrogen emitted by vehicles and manufacturing processes. It is often called acid rain as this concept
contains many types of acidic precipitation.

The acidic deposition takes place in two ways: wet and dry. Wet deposition is any form of precipitation which
removes acids from the atmosphere and places them on the surface of the earth. In the absence of precipitation, dry
deposition of polluting particles and gases sticks to the ground through dust and smoke.

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 39,578

Causes of Acid Rain

The causes of acid rain are Sulphur and Nitrogen particles which get mixed with the wet components of rain.
Sulphur and Nitrogen particles which get mixed with water are found in two ways either man-made i.e as the
emissions that are given out from industries or by natural causes like lightning strike in the atmosphere releasing
nitrogen oxides and volcanic eruptions releasing sulphur oxide.

According to the Royal Society of Chemistry, which considers him the “father of acid rain,” the word acid rain was
invented in 1852 by Scottish chemist Robert Angus Smith. Smith decided on the word while studying rainwater
chemistry near industrial towns in England and Scotland.

The regular clean rain we experience, even though it is not clean i.e water and carbon dioxide react together to form
weak carbonic acid (https://byjus.com/chemistry/carbonic-acid/) which essentially by itself is not extremely harmful.
The reaction occurring is :

H2O (l) + CO2 (g) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq)

The pH (https://byjus.com/chemistry/ph-of-acids-and-bases/) value of regular rainwater is around 5.7, giving it an

acidic nature. The oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are blown away by the wind along with the dust particles. They
settle on the earth’s surface after coming down in the form of precipitation. Acid rain is essentially a by-product of
human activities which emit oxides of nitrogen and sulphur in the atmosphere.  Example – the burning of fossil fuels,
unethical waste emission disposal techniques.

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide (https://byjus.com/chemistry/nitrogen-dioxide/) undergo oxidation, and then
they react with water resulting in the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid, respectively. The following reaction
will clarify the acid formation reaction:

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → 2H2SO4 (aq)

4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → 4HNO3 (aq)

Effects of Acid Rain

Acid rain is very harmful to agriculture, plants, and animals. It washes away all nutrients which are required for
the growth and survival of plants. Acid rain affects agriculture by the way it alters the composition of the soil.

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It causes respiratory issues in animals and humans.
When acid rain falls down and flows into the rivers and ponds it affects the aquatic ecosystem. It alters the
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causes water pollution.
 Acid rain also causes the corrosion of water pipes, which further results in leaching of heavy metals
(https://byjus.com/chemistry/metal/) such as iron, lead and copper into drinking water.
It damages the buildings and monuments made up of stones and metals.

Real-Life Examples
Taj Mahal, one of the 7 wonders of the world, is largely affected by acid rain. The city of Agra has many
industries which emit the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere. People continue to use low-quality
coal and firewood as a domestic fuel, adding to this problem. Acid rain has the following reaction with the
marble (calcium carbonate (https://byjus.com/chemistry/caco3/)):

CaCO3(s) +  H2SO4(l) → CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

The formation of calcium sulphate results in the corrosion of this beautiful monument.

Statue of Liberty which is made of copper has also been damaged by the cumulative action of acid rain and
oxidation for over 30 years and is, therefore, becoming green.

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Prevention of Acid Rain

 The only precaution that we can take against acid rain is having a check at the emission of oxides of nitrogen
and sulphur.
Acid rain is harmful to animals, plants and the monuments.
Being responsible citizens, one should be aware of the harmful effects they cause and of the industries which
give out nitrogen and sulphur compound wastes unethically.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

What is acid rain and how is it caused?
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds such as sulphur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen are released into the air. These substances can rise very high up into the atmosphere, where they mix and
react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants called acid rain.

What

are the effects of acid rain?
The ecological consequences of acid rain are seen most strongly in marine habitats, such as streams, lakes and
marshes where fish and other wildlife can be toxic. Acidic rainwater can leach aluminium from soil clay particles as it
flows through the soil and then floods into streams and lakes.

What will happen if we don’t stop acid rain?

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are the principal chemicals for acid rain. It can also influence humans since the
acid goes into fruits, vegetables and animals. In other words, we can get really sick if acid rain doesn’t stop, and we
eat those things. In general, acid rain affects men, but not directly.

What is acid rain? What are its harmful effects?

It has been shown that acid rain has detrimental effects on trees, freshwaters and soils, destroys insects and aquatic
life-forms, causes paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and
sculptures, as well as impacts on human health.

What are three ways to reduce acid rain?

Alternative energy sources should be used, such as solar and wind power. Renewable sources of energy are helping
to reduce acid rain, as they produce much fewer emissions. There are other electricity sources as well, such as
nuclear power, hydropower, and geothermal energy. Among these, the most extensive use is among nuclear and
hydropower.

How does acid rain affect plants?

Acid rain can affect the health of plants. Acid rain changes the pH of the land where the plant is growing, thereby
affecting the overall growth of the plants. Moreover, it binds or dissolves essential soil minerals such as nitrogen and
phosphorus and carries them away.

What is acid rain made of?

Acid rain comprises highly acidic water droplets due to air emissions, specifically the disproportionate levels of
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emitted by vehicles and manufacturing processes. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide combine with water molecules to form sulphuric and nitric acid.

What is the primary source of acid rain?

The power plants primarily cause acid rain. It releases most of the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide while burning
fossil fuels. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide combine with water molecules to form sulphuric and nitric acid
causing acid rain.

Can acid rain damage buildings?

Yes, acid rain harms buildings. It strips away the materials and corrodes the metals of the buildings. Example:
Tarnishing of Taj Mahal.

Can acid rain burn your skin?

No, acid rain can not burn the skin.

Read more:

Structure & Properties of Ozone (https://byjus.com/chemistry/ozone/)

Acids and Bases (https://byjus.com/chemistry/acids-and-bases/)
Global warming due to the greenhouse effect (https://byjus.com/chemistry/global-warming-due-greenhouse-
effect/)
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 Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start Quiz’ to
begin!

Select the correct answer and click on the “Finish” button

Check your score and answers at the end of the quiz

Start Quiz

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5 Comments

Shubham
AUGUST 7, 2019 AT 3:45 PM
(HTTPS://BYJUS.COM/CHEMISTRY/ACID-RAIN/#COMMENT-17778)

Nice informations

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Ayaan
SEPTEMBER 14, 2019 AT 2:51 PM
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I love it

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Udaykumar
DECEMBER 27, 2019 AT 7:45 PM
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Really like the information tq

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Sarthak Soumya
JANUARY 14, 2021 AT 8:51 PM
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These notes are very helpful in my exams i scored 79/80 in science

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tejaswini
JULY 16, 2021 AT 11:57 AM
(HTTPS://BYJUS.COM/CHEMISTRY/ACID-RAIN/#COMMENT-301174)

these are very useful

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