Coordinates: 50°37′40″N 3°03′30″E

Lille
Lille (/ˈliːl/ LEEL, French:  [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel [ˈrɛisəl]; Picard:
Lile; West Flemish: Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, in Lille
French Flanders. On the river Deûle, near France's border with
Prefecture and commune
Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture
of the Nord department, and the main city of the European Metropolis
of Lille.

The city of Lille proper had a population of 234,475 in 2019 within its
small municipal territory of 35 km2 (14 sq mi),[6] but together with its
French suburbs and exurbs the Lille metropolitan area (French part
only), which extends over 1,666 km2 (643 sq mi), had a population of
1,510,079 that same year (Jan. 2019 census),[5] the fourth most
populated in France after Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. The city of Lille
and 94 suburban French municipalities have formed since 2015 the
European Metropolis of Lille, an indirectly elected metropolitan
authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues, with a
population of 1,179,050 at the Jan. 2019 census.[7]

More broadly, Lille belongs to a vast conurbation formed with the

Belgian cities of Mouscron, Kortrijk, Tournai and Menin, which gave
birth in January 2008 to the Eurometropolis Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai,
the first European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC),
which has more than 2.1 million inhabitants.
From top to bottom, left to right: the Lille
Nicknamed in France the "Capital of Flanders", Lille and its Tower, some towers of Euralille, the Rue de
surroundings belong to the historical region of Romance Flanders, a la Clef in Old Lille, the Place du Général-de-
former territory of the county of Flanders that is not part of the Gaulle, the Shangri-La tulip sculpture for
linguistic area of West Flanders. A garrison town (as evidenced by its Lille 2004, the Porte de Paris with the belfry
Citadel), Lille has had an eventful history from the Middle Ages to the of the City Hall and Lille-Flandres train
station
French Revolution. Very often besieged during its history, it belonged
successively to the Kingdom of France, the Burgundian State, the
Holy Roman Empire of Germany and the Spanish Netherlands before
being definitively attached to the France of Louis XIV following the
War of Spanish Succession along with the entire territory making up
Flag Coat of arms
the historic province of French Flanders. Lille was again under siege
in 1792 during the Franco-Austrian War, and in 1914 and 1940. It Location of Lille
was severely tested by the two world wars of the 20th century during
which it was occupied and suffered destruction.

A merchant city since its origins and a manufacturing city since the
16th century, the Industrial Revolution made it a great industrial
capital, mainly around the textile and mechanical industries. Their
decline, from the 1960s onwards, led to a long period of crisis and it
was not until the 1990s that the conversion to the tertiary sector and
the rehabilitation of the disaster-stricken districts gave the city a
different face. Today, the historic center, Old Lille, is characterized by
its 17th-century red brick town houses, its paved pedestrian streets and
its central Grand'Place. The belfry of the Hôtel de ville de Lille (Lille
City Hall) is one of the 23 belfries in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Lille
Somme regions that were classified as UNESCO World Heritage Sites
in July 2005, in recognition of their architecture and importance to the
rise of municipal power in Europe.[8]
The construction of the brand-new Euralille business district in 1988
(now the third largest in France) and the arrival of the TGV and then
the Eurostar in 1994 put Lille at the heart of the major European
capitals. The development of its international airport, annual events
such as the Braderie de Lille in early September (attracting three
million visitors), the development of a student and university center
(with more than 110,000 students, the third largest in France behind
Paris and Lyon), its ranking as a European Capital of Culture in 2004
and the events of Lille 2004 (European Capital of Culture) and Lille
3000 are the main symbols of this revival. The European metropolis of
Lille was awarded the "World Design Capital 2020".[9]

Contents
History
Origins
Lille
Middle Ages
Early modern era
Post-French Revolution
First World War
Années Folles, Great Depression and Popular Front
Second World War
Postwar
21st Century
Climate
Environment
Population Coordinates: 50°37′40″N 3°03′30″E

Economy Country France

Revenues and taxes Region Hauts-de-
France
Employment
Department Nord
Enterprises Arrondissement Lille
Main sights Canton Lille-1, 2, 3, 4,
La Braderie 5 and 6
Intercommunality European
Gallery Metropolis of
Transport Lille
Public transport Government
Railways  • Mayor (2020-2026) Martine Aubry
Highways (PS)

Air traffic Area1 34.8 km2

(13.4 sq mi)
Waterways
 • Urban (2020[1]) 446.7 km2
Education (172.5 sq mi)
Notable people  • Metro (2020[2]) 1,666.4 km2
The Arts (643.4 sq mi)

Politics, military and public service Population (Jan. 2019)[3] 234,475

Science & Mathematics  • Rank 10th in France
Sport
 • Density 6,700/km2
(17,000/sq mi)
Media and sports  • Urban (Jan. 2019[4]) 1,051,609
International relations  • Urban density 2,400/km2
(6,100/sq mi)
References
Sources  • Metro (Jan. 2019[5]) 1,510,079
 • Metro density 910/km2
External links
(2,300/sq mi)
Time zone UTC+01:00
(CET)
History  • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00
(CEST)

Origins INSEE/Postal code 59350 (https://

www.insee.fr/fr/
statistiques/14
Archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 05599?geo=C
2000 BC, most notably in the modern quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes OM-59350)
and Vieux Lille. The original inhabitants of the region were the Gauls, /59000, 59800
such as the Menapians, the Morins, the Atrebates and the Nervians, Website www.lille.fr (htt
who were followed by Germanic peoples: the Saxons, the Frisians ps://www.lille.f
and the Franks. r)
1 French Land Register data, which
The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city
excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2
of Lille at 640. In the 8th century, the language of Old Low
(0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river
Franconian was spoken, as attested by toponymic research. Lille's estuaries.
Dutch name is Rijsel, which comes from ter ijsel (at the island) from
Middle Dutch ijssel ("small island, islet"), calque of Old French l'Isle
("the Island"), itself from Latin Īnsula, from īnsula ("island").

From 830 to around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. After the destruction caused by Normans' and the Magyars'
invasion, the eastern part of the region was ruled by various local princes.

The first mention of the town dates from 1066: apud Insulam (Latin for "at the island"). It was then controlled by the
County of Flanders, as were the regional cities (the Roman cities Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai as well as the Carolingian
cities Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Ghent and Bruges). The County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the
Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe.

Middle Ages

The Carolingian duke Évrard lived in the city in the 9th century and participated in many of the day's political and
military affairs. There was an important Battle of Lille in 1054. Raimbert of Lille (fl. c. 1100) was an early nominalist
who taught at Lille.[10]

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which
would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and East Frankia and tried to regain
territory taken by Philip II of France following Henry II of England's death, a war that ended with the French victory at
Bouvines in 1214. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his
wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. She was said to be well loved by the
residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000.

In 1225, the street performer and juggler Bertrand Cordel, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself
off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared at the battle of Adrianople.
He pushed the counties of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called
her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226
the king agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon
after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four
commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital (Hospice Comtesse). It
was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders
Hospital" in the 20th century.
The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to
her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margaret's son, Guy of Dampierre. Lille fell under the rule of
France from 1304 to 1369, after the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305).

The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of
Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with
Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more
powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital.

On 17 February 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philip the Good organised a
Pantagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Feast of the Pheasant". There the Duke and his court
undertook an oath to Christianity.

In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian of Austria,
who thus became Count of Flanders.

Early modern era

The 16th and the 17th centuries were marked

by a boom in the regional textile industry, the
Protestant revolts and outbreaks of the
plague.

Lille came under the rule of the Holy Roman 1641 map of Lille in Flandria
Emperor Charles V in 1519. The Low Illustrata by Anton Sander
The 'Vieille Bourse' on the Countries fell to his eldest son, Philip II of
'Grand Place' Spain, in 1555. The city remained under
Spanish Habsburg rule until 1668.
Calvinism first appeared in the area in 1542, and
by 1555, the authorities were taking steps to suppress that form of Protestantism. In
1566, the countryside around Lille was affected by the Iconoclastic Fury.[11] In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant
rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon
regiment, and they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. The Hurlus were
notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. At the same time (1581), at the call of Elizabeth I of England, the
north of the Seventeen Provinces, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the Dutch
Republic. The war brought or exacerbated periods of famine and plague (the last in 1667–1679).[12]

The first printer to set up shop in Lille was Antoine Tack in 1594. The 17th century saw the building of new
institutions: an Irish College in 1610, a Jesuit college in 1611, an Augustinian college in 1622, almshouses or hospitals
such as the Maison des Vieux hommes in 1624 and the Bonne et Forte Maison des Pauvres in 1661, and of a Mont-de-
piété in 1626.[13]

Unsuccessful French attacks on the city were launched in 1641 and 1645.[12] In 1667, Louis XIV of France (the Sun
King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle,
provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. A number of important public works undertaken
between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la
Madeleine, enabled the French king to gradually gain the confidence of his new subjects in Lille, some of whom
continued to feel Flemish, but they had always spoken the Romance Picard language.

For five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch during the War of the Spanish Succession.
Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic. It took little part in the French Revolution, but there
were riots and the destruction of churches. In 1790, the city held its first municipal elections.

Post-French Revolution

In 1792, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The
"Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place" (officially named Place du Général-de-Gaulle), is a
tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André-Bonte. Although Austrian artillery destroyed many houses
and the main church of the city, the city did not surrender, and the Austrian
Army left after eight days.

The city continued to grow and, by 1800,

The black dots around the
windows (not the decorative
cartouches) are Austrian
cannonballs lodged in the
façade.
had some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille
becoming the seat of the Nord départment in
1804. In 1846, a railway connecting Paris
and Lille was built. In the early the 19th
century, Napoleon I's continental blockade
against the United Kingdom led to Lille's Entrance to the 'Vauban Citadel'
textile industry developing even more fully. (17th century)
The city was known for its cotton while the
nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing
worked wool. Leisure activities were thoroughly organised in 1858 for the 80,000
inhabitants. Cabarets or taverns for the working class numbered 1,300, or one for
every three houses. At that time the city counted 63 drinking and singing clubs, 37
clubs for card players, 23 for bowling, 13 for skittles, and 18 for archery. The
churches likewise have their social organizations. Each club had a long roster of
officers, and a busy schedule of banquets festivals and competitions.[14] In 1853,
Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his lullaby "P'tit quinquin".

In 1858, Lille annexed the adjacent towns of Esquermes, Fives, Moulins-Lille and
Wazemmes.[15] Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the
first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory.

By 1912, Lille's population stood at 217,000. The city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and
the steam engine. The entire region grew wealthy thanks to its mines and textile industry.

First World War

Lille's occupation by the Germans began on 13 October 1914 after a ten-day

siege and heavy shelling, which destroyed 882 apartment and office blocks and
1,500 houses, mostly around the railway station and in the centre. By the end of
October, the city was being run by German authorities.
Because Lille was only
20 km from the battlefield, German troops passed through the city regularly on
their way to and from the front. As a result, occupied Lille became a place for
the hospitalisation and the treatment of wounded soldiers as well as a place for
soldiers' relaxation and entertainment. Many buildings, homes and businesses German military parade in Lille, 1915
were requisitioned to those ends.[16]

Lille was liberated by the Allies on 17 October 1918, when General Sir William Birdwood and his troops were
welcomed by joyous crowds. The general was made an honorary citizen of the city of Lille on 28 October.

The only audio recording known to have been made during World War I was recorded near Lille in October 1918. The
two-minute recording captured the Royal Garrison Artillery conducting a gas shell bombardment.[17]

Lille was also the hunting ground of the German World War I flying ace Max Immelmann, who was nicknamed "the
Eagle of Lille".

Années Folles, Great Depression and Popular Front

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis
vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The Opéra de Lille, designed by Lille architect Louis M.
Cordonnier, was dedicated in 1923.
 From 1931, Lille felt the repercussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935, a third
of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro,
became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front but eventually killed himself
after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him.

Second World War

During the Battle of France, Lille was

besieged by German forces for several days.
When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of
Lille, still haunted by the events of World
War I, began to flee the city in large
numbers. Lille was part of the zone under
Lille's Art Deco city hall (Hôtel control of the German commander in
de ville de Lille) (1932) Brussels, and was never controlled by the
Vichy government in France. Lille was Wrecked vehicles in Lille, after the
instead controlled under the military 1940 siege of the city
administration in Northern France. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais
(with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkirk) were for the most part
liberated from 1 to 5 September 1944, by British, Canadian and Polish troops. On 3 September, German troops began to
leave Lille out of fear of the British, who were on their way from Brussels. The city was liberated by a British force
consisting largely of tanks.[18]

Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, normality had returned to Lille.

Postwar

In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing were

joined, and in 1969 the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community)
was created, linking 87 communes with Lille.

Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, the region was faced with some problems
after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the early 1980s,
the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector.

Pierre Mauroy served as Mayor of Lille for 28 years from 1973 to 2001.
Mauroy was Prime Minister for part of the term of Francois Mitterrand. The Euralille quarter

In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated rapid transit underground
network, opened. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. This, with
the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 and the arrival of the Eurostar train put Lille at the centre of a triangle
connecting Paris, London and Brussels.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodelling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Centre was opened in 1994, and the
remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops and apartments. In 1994 the
"Grand Palais" was also opened for the general public, which is free for the public to enter on the first Sunday of every
month.

21st Century

Lille was chosen as a European Capital of Culture in 2004,[19] along with the Italian city of Genoa.

Lille and Roubaix were affected by the 2005 riots, like all of France's other urban centres.

In 2007 and again in 2010, Lille was awarded the label "Internet City".
The Saint-Joseph Chapel of Saint-Paul College was demolished in February 2021.[20]

Climate
Lille can be described as having a temperate oceanic climate; summers normally do not reach high average
temperatures, but winters can fall below freezing temperatures, but with averages quite a bit above the freezing mark.
Precipitation is plentiful year round.

The table below gives average temperatures and precipitation levels for the 1991–2020 reference period.

Climate data for Lille (LIL), elevation: 47 m (154 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 15.2

19.0 24.8 27.9 31.7 34.8 41.5
37.1 35.1 27.8 20.3 15.9 41.5
°C (°F) (59.4) (66.2) (76.6) (82.2) (89.1) (94.6) (106.7) (98.8) (95.2) (82.0) (68.5) (60.6) (106.7)

Average 6.6 7.5

11.2 15.0 18.4 21.3 23.7
23.7 20.2 15.4 10.3 7.0
15.0
high °C (°F) (43.9) (45.5) (52.2) (59.0) (65.1) (70.3) (74.7) (74.7) (68.4) (59.7) (50.5) (44.6) (59.0)

Daily mean 4.1 4.7

7.5
10.5 13.8 16.7 18.9
18.8 15.8 11.9 7.6
4.7
11.3
°C (°F) (39.4) (40.5) (45.5) (50.9) (56.8) (62.1) (66.0) (65.8) (60.4) (53.4) (45.7) (40.5) (52.3)

Average low 1.7 1.9

3.8
5.9
9.3
12.1 14.2
14.0 11.4 8.4
4.9
2.3
7.5

°C (°F) (35.1) (35.4) (38.8) (42.6) (48.7) (53.8) (57.6) (57.2) (52.5) (47.1) (40.8) (36.1) (45.5)

Record low −19.5

−17.8 −10.5 −4.7
−2.3
0.0
3.4 3.9
1.2
−4.4
−7.8
−17.3 −19.5
°C (°F) (−3.1) (0.0) (13.1) (23.5) (27.9) (32.0) (38.1) (39.0) (34.2) (24.1) (18.0) (0.9) (−3.1)

Average
58.2
50.8 52.1 45.3 61.6 63.7 67.8
71.3 56.8 64.1 75.0 73.3 740.0

precipitation
(2.29) (2.00) (2.05) (1.78) (2.43) (2.51) (2.67) (2.81) (2.24) (2.52) (2.95) (2.89) (29.13)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
11.2 10.6 10.1 9.2 9.5 9.8 9.9 9.9 9.7 10.8 13.3 12.2 126.2
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Average
4.9 4.1 3.2 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 3.8 19.2
snowy days

Average
relative
88 85 82 79 78 79 78 78 83 87 89 90 83
humidity
(%)

Mean
monthly
62.2 73.6 127.3 175.9 195.7 201.5 209.7 196.8 155.3 115.3 61.7 52.5 1,627.4
sunshine
hours

Source 1: Meteo France[21]

Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)[22]

Environment
Lille is noted for its air pollution, with a 2018 study attributing 1,700 deaths per year in the agglomeration of Lille to
pollution. In 2018, Lille held France's record pollution peaks.[23]

Population
The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Lille proper in its borders since 2000, i.e. a
municipal territory of 35  km2 (14  sq  mi). This includes the former communes annexed by the commune of Lille:
Esquermes, Fives, Moulins-Lille, and Wazemmes in 1858, Hellemmes-Lille in 1977, and Lomme in 2000.[15]
The Lille metropolitan area, which is much larger than the small commune of Lille proper, covers a territory of
1,666 km2 (643  sq  mi) (French part of the metropolitan area only) and had a population of 1,510,079 in 2019 (Jan.
census).[5]

Population of Lille (commune)

(within 2020 borders)
Year Pop. ±% p.a. Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1806 71,067 —     1906 225,725 −0.12%
1821 75,070 +0.37% 1911 240,799 +1.30%
1831 83,588 +1.08% 1921 225,603 −0.65%
1836 88,112 +1.00% 1926 236,134 +0.92%
1841 90,882 +0.62% 1931 240,348 +0.35%
1846 99,099 +1.72% 1936 240,747 +0.03%
1851 104,017 +0.97% 1946 221,480 −0.83%
1856 116,738 +2.45% 1954 236,284 +0.79%
1861 135,944 +3.05% 1962 239,955 +0.20%
1866 160,508 +3.38% 1968 238,554 −0.10%
1872 164,355 +0.40% 1975 219,204 −1.21%
1876 169,686 +0.71% 1982 196,705 −1.53%
1881 186,388 +1.84% 1990 198,691 +0.13%
1886 197,963 +1.34% 1999 226,014 +1.44%
1891 211,884 +1.41% 2008 225,784 −0.01%
1896 228,920 +1.57% 2013 231,491 +0.50%
1901 227,090 −0.16% 2019 234,475 +0.21%
Source: EHESS[15] and INSEE[6]

Economy
A former major mechanical, food industry and textile manufacturing centre as well as a
retail and finance center, Lille is the largest city of a conurbation, built like a network of
cities: Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve-d'Ascq. The conurbation forms the
Métropole Européenne de Lille which is France's fourth-largest urban conglomeration
with a 2016 population of over 1.15 million.[24]

Revenues and taxes

For centuries, Lille, a city of merchants, has displayed a wide range of incomes: great
wealth and poverty have lived side by side, especially until the end of the 1800s. This
contrast was noted by Victor Hugo in 1851 in his poem Les Châtiments: «  Caves de
Lille ! on meurt sous vos plafonds de pierre ! » ("Cellars of Lille! We die under your
stone ceilings!")
Lille chamber of commerce,
belfry
Employment

Employment in Lille has switched over half a century from a predominant industry to tertiary activities and services.
Services account for 91% of employment in 2006.

Employment in Lille[25] from 1968 to 2015

 Business area 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2015

Agriculture 340 240 144 116 175 74

Industry and construction 51,900 43,500 34,588 22,406 15,351 8,427

Tertiary activities 91,992 103,790 107,916 114,992 122,736 149,795

Total 144,232 147,530 142,648 137,514 138,262 158,296

Sources of data: INSEE[26][27]

Employment per categories in 1968 and in 2017

Businesspersons, Blue-collar
  Farmers Upper class Middle class Employees
entrepreneurs worker

1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017
Lille 0.1% 0.0% 7.8% 3.6% 7.5% 29.0% 16.7% 26.0% 33.1% 25.0% 34.9% 13.4%

France 12.5% 1.3% 9.9% 6.0% 5.2% 16.3% 12.4% 24.8% 22.5% 28.5% 37.6% 21.5%

Sources of data : INSEE[28][27][29]

Unemployment in active population from 1968 to 2017

1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2007 2017

Lille 2.9% 4.6% 10.3% 14.6% 16.9% 16.7% 19.2%

France 2.1% 3.8% 7.4% 10.1% 11.7% 11.5% 13.9%

Sources of data : INSEE[28][27][29]

Enterprises

At the end of 2015, Lille hosts around 28,000 industry or service establishments.

Enterprises as per 31 December 2015

Number of employees
  Enterprises Total employees
None 1 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50+
Agriculture 20 17 2 0 0 1 74
Industries 804 543 186 27 23 25 5423
Construction 1606 1247 282 45 24 8 3004
Commerce,
transports, 16410 11742 3721 477 294 176 55707
services
Car sales and
4815 3105 1495 138 48 29 12962
repair
Administration,
education,
4536 3357 599 196 181 203 81126
health, social
work
Total 28191 20011 6285 883 570 442 158296
Source of data : INSEE[27]
Main sights
Lille features an array of architectural styles with various amounts of Flemish
influence, including the use of brown and red brick. In addition, many
residential neighborhoods, especially in Greater Lille, consist of attached two- to
three-story houses aligned in a row, with narrow gardens in the back. These
architectural attributes, many uncommon in France, help make Lille a transition
in France to neighboring Belgium, as well as nearby Netherlands and England,
where the presence of brick, as well as row houses or the terraced house is
much more prominent.
EuraTechnologies cluster
Points of interest include

Lille Cathedral (Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-la-Treille)

Citadel of Lille
Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille
Jardin botanique de la Faculté de Pharmacie
Jardin botanique Nicolas Boulay
Jardin des Plantes de Lille

La Braderie

Lille hosts an annual braderie on the first weekend in September.[30] Its origins are thought to date back to the twelfth
century and between two and three million visitors are drawn into the city. It is one of the largest gatherings of France
and the largest flea market in Europe.

Many of the roads in the inner city (including much of the old town) are closed and local shops, residents and traders set
up stalls in the street.

Gallery

Column of the Lille Grand Place. Lille Grand Place Lille Cathedral
Goddess La Voix du Nord
(newspaper offices)

Théâtre Sébastopol Lion d'or square Porte de Roubaix Rihour palace



Anglican Christ Hôtels particuliers

Church rue Négrier, Vieux-
Lille

Transport

Public transport

The Métropole Européenne de Lille has a mixed mode public transport system,
which is considered one of the most modern in the whole of France. It comprises
buses, trams and a driverless light metro system, all of which are operated under the
Transpole name. The Lille Metro is a VAL system (véhicule automatique léger =
light automated vehicle) that opened on 16 May 1983, becoming the first automatic
light metro line in the world. The system has two lines, with a total length of 45
kilometres (28 miles) and 60 stations.[31] The tram system consists of two
interurban tram lines, connecting central Lille to the nearby communities of
Roubaix and Tourcoing, and has 45 stops. Sixty-eight urban bus routes cover the
metropolis, 8 of which reach into Belgium.[32]
Lille metro

Railways

Lille is an important junction in the European high-speed rail network. It lies on

the Eurostar line to London (80-minute journey). The French TGV network
also puts it only 1 hour from Paris and 38 minutes from Brussels[33] and
connects it to other major centres in France such as Marseille, Lyon and
Toulouse. Lille has two railway stations next to each other: Lille-Europe station
(Gare de Lille-Europe), which primarily serves high-speed trains and
international services (Eurostar), and Lille-Flandres station (Gare de Lille-
Flandres), which primarily serves lower-speed regional trains and regional
Belgian trains. Lille Flandres railway station

Highways

Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:

Autoroute A27 : Lille – Tournai – Brussels / Liège – Germany

Autoroute A23 : Lille – Valenciennes
Autoroute A1 : Lille – Arras – Paris / Reims – Lyon / Orléans / Le Havre
Autoroute A25 : Lille – Dunkirk – Calais – England / North Belgium
Autoroute A22 : Lille – Antwerp – Netherlands

A sixth one—the A24—would have linked Amiens to Lille if built, but the project was rejected several times then
abandoned.
Air traffic

Lille Lesquin International Airport is 15 minutes from the city centre by car
(11  km). In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of
freight which pass through each year.[34] Its passenger traffic, around 1.2
million in 2010, is modest due to the proximity to Brussels, Charleroi, and Paris-
CDG airports. The airport mostly connects other French and European cities
(some with low-cost airlines).

Waterways

Lille is the third-largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. The river Lille: motorway network
Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680  km (423  mi) of
navigable waters. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the river Scarpe
and the river Scheldt (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and
internationally via the Lys (to Dunkerque and Calais).

Shipping statistics

Year 1997 2000 2003

Millions of tonnes 5.56 6.68 7.30
By river or sea 8.00% 8.25% 13.33% Port de Lille
By rail 6.28% 4.13% 2.89%
By road 85.72% 87.62% 83.78%

Education
With more than 110,000 students the metropolitan area of Lille is one of France's top student cities.

With roots[35] from 1562 to 1793 as University of Douai, (then as Université Impériale in 1808), the State
University of Lille was established in Lille in 1854 with Louis Pasteur as the first dean of its Faculty of
Sciences. A school of medicine and an engineering school were also established in Lille in 1854 and
the University of Lille was united as the association of existing public Faculties in 1896. It was then split
into three independent university campuses in 1970: Lille 1 University of Science and Technology, Lille
2 University of Law and Health and Lille 3 Charles de Gaulle University of Humanities, Social sciences,
Literature and Arts.

At the beginning of 2018 Lille 1, Lille 2 and Lille 3 merged to form the new University of Lille (student enrollment:
70,000).

It is part of the Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France and the European Doctoral
College Lille Nord de France.

The Arts et Métiers ParisTech, an engineering graduate school of

industrial and mechanical engineering, settled in Lille in 1900. This
campus is one of the eight Teaching and Research Center (CER) of
the school. Its creation was decided by Pierre-Nicolas Legrand de
Lérant.
Ecole Centrale de Lille is one of the five Centrale Graduate Schools
of engineering in France; it was founded in Lille city in 1854, its
graduate engineering education and research center was
established as Institut industriel du Nord (IDN) in 1872, in 1968 it
moved in a modern campus in Lille suburb.
Arts et Métiers ParisTech
École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille was established as
Institut de chimie de Lille in 1894 supporting chemistry research as
 followers of Kuhlmann's breakthrough works in Lille.
École supérieure de journalisme de Lille, journalism school created in 1924.
Skema Business School established in 1892 is ranked among the top business schools in France.
École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies settled in Lille in 2009.
ESME-Sudria and E-Artsup settled in Lille in 2012.
The ESA – École Supérieure des Affaires is a Business Management school established in Lille in
1990.
IEP Sciences-Po Lille political studies institute was established in Lille in 1992.
The Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action is also located in Lille.
The Institut supérieur européen de gestion group (ISEG Group) established in Lille in 1988.
The European Doctoral College Lille Nord de France is headquartered in Lille Metropolis and includes
3,000 PhD Doctorate students supported by university research laboratories.
The Université Catholique de Lille was founded in 1875. Today it has law, economics, medicine,
physics faculties and schools.
Among these schools is Institut catholique d'arts et métiers (ICAM) founded in 1898, ranked 20th
among engineering schools, with the specificity of graduating polyvalent engineers.
École des Hautes études d'ingénieur (HEI) a school of engineering founded in 1885 and offering 10
fields of specialization.
École des hautes études commerciales du nord (EDHEC) founded in 1906. EDHEC's MSc
Financial Markets program was ranked #1 worldwide by Financial Times in 2017; making it one of
the most prestigious financial study programs globally.
IESEG School of Management founded in 1964 (17th place in the latest Financial Times global
ranking of the 90 best masters in management, published on Monday 12 September 2016).[36]
Skema Business School[37] currently ranked within the top 5, the top 10 and top 15 business
schools in France respectively. In 1924 ESJ—a leading journalism school—was established.

Lille is also site of the University and Polytechnic Federation of Lille (Fédération Universitaire et Polytechnique de
Lille), a large private educational university that includes a medical school, business school, law school, etc.

Notable people

The Arts
Renée Adorée (1898–1933), actress
Alfred-Pierre Agache (1843–1915), academic painter
Ernest Joseph Bailly (1753–1823), painter
Antoinette Bourignon (1616–1680) a French-Flemish mystic and adventurer.[38]
Victor Chocquet (1821–1891), patron of the arts
Émile Bernard (1868–1941), neoimpressionist painter
Yvonne Chauffin (1905–1995), writer, winner of the 1970 edition of the Prix
Breizh
Édouard Chimot (d. 1959), artist and illustrator, editor of the Devambez
Émile Bernard, 1897
illustrated art-editions
Léon Danchin (1887–1938), animal artist and sculptor
Alain Decaux (1925–2016), TV presenter, minister, writer, member of the Académie française
Pierre De Geyter (1848–1932), textile worker, composed the music of The Internationale in Lille
Désiré Dihau (1833–1909), bassoonist and composer
Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928–1977), singer
Gabriel Grovlez (1879–1944), pianist, conductor and composer
Pierre Dubreuil (1872–1944), photographer
Carolus-Duran (1837–1917), painter.[39]
Julien Duvivier (1896–1967), director
 Yvonne Furneaux (1928–), actress
Paul Gachet (1828–1909), doctor known for treating the painter Vincent van
Gogh
Jacquemart Giélée (13th century), poet
Constance Jablonski, (born 1991) model
Kamini (1980–), rap singer, hits success in 2006 with the "rural-rap" Marly-
Gomont
Édouard Lalo (1823–1892), composer.[40]
Adélaïde Leroux (born 1982), actress
Carolus-Duran, 1879
Serge Lutens (born 1942), photographer, make-up artist and fashion designer
Iris Mittenaere (born 1993), model, Miss France 2016, and Miss Universe 2016
Philippe Noiret (1930–2006), actor
Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, (1736–1788), intellectual and writer
Albert Samain (1858–1900), poet.[41]
Ana Tijoux (born 1977), rapper and singer whose family originally was from
Chile

Politics, military and public service

Martine Aubry (1950–), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille
Madeleine Damerment (1917–1944), French Resistance fighter, Legion of
Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille de la Résistance
Iris Mittenaere, 2017
Pierre Joseph Duhem (1758–1807), physician and Montagnard
Louis Faidherbe (1818–1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator
Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), general, resistance fighter, President of
France
Joseph Gratry (1805−1872) theologian and author.[42]
Isabella of Hainault (1170–1190) Queen of France as the first wife of King
Philip II.[43]
Augustin Laurent (1896–1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor
of Lille
Achille Liénart (1884–1973), « cardinal des ouvriers »
Alain de Lille (ca.1128 – ca.1202) a theologian and poet.[44]
Yves de Lille (ca.1587–unknown), Flemish Capuchin friar and author Charles De Gaulle as
Pierre Mauroy (1928–2013), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and depicted on streetart in
Mayor of Lille Lille

Science & Mathematics

Charles Barrois (1851–1939), geologist and palaeontologist.[45]
Joseph Valentin Boussinesq (1842–1929), mathematician and physicist
Albert Calmette (1863–1933) and Camille Guérin (1872–1961), scientists who
discovered the antituberculosis vaccine
Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat (1923–), mathematician and physicist
Jean Dieudonné (1906–1992), mathematician
Paul Hallez (1846–1938), biologist
Joseph Kampé de Fériet (1893–1982), researcher on fluid dynamics
Charles Frédéric Kuhlmann, (1803–1881), chemist professor
Bust of Charles Barrois
Gaspard Thémistocle Lestiboudois (1797–1876), naturalist
in the Lille Natural
Matthias de l'Obel (1538–1616), physician to King James I of England, scientist History Museum
Henri Padé (1863–1953), mathematician
 Paul Painlevé (1863–1933), mathematician and politician
Louis Pasteur, (1822–1895), micro-biologist
Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942), Nobel Prize in physics

Sport
Maxime Agueh (born 1978), footballer
Sanaa Altama (born 1990), footballer
Alain Baclet (born 1986), footballer
Nabil Bentaleb (born 1994), footballer Jean Perrin, 1926
Ismael Ehui (born 1986), footballer
Patrick Francheterre (born 1948), ice hockey player, coach and manager
Amandine Henry (born 1989), footballer
Gaël Kakuta, footballer
Clarck N'Sikulu, footballer
Sarah Ousfar (born 1993), basketball player
Alassane Pléa, footballer
Lucas Pouille, tennis player
Alain Raguel (born 1976), footballer
Antoine Sibierski (born 1974), footballer
Didier Six (born 1954), footballer
Philippe Suywens (born 1971), footballer
Jerry Vandam, footballer
Raphaël Varane (born 1993), footballer
Abdellah Zoubir (born 1991), footballer

Media and sports

Local newspapers include Nord éclair and La Voix du Nord.

France's national public television network has a channel that focuses on the local area: France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

The city's most major association football club, Lille OSC, currently plays in Ligue 1, the highest level of football in
France. The club has won eight major national trophies and regularly features in the UEFA Champions League and
UEFA Europa League. In the 2010–11 season, Lille won the league and cup double. In 2020–21, they won the league
and supercup.

Lille's Stade Pierre-Mauroy was the playground for the final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 2015.
The same venue will
host handball at the 2024 Summer Olympics as Paris getting the city being part instead football, where the city was
eliminated as co-host city.
It was in Lille that the 100th World Esperanto Congress took place, in 2015.

Lille is home to Lille Lacrosse, former national champion and continuously one of France's best lacrosse teams. The
team plays its home games at Halle de glisse.

International relations
Lille is twinned with:[46][47]

Buffalo, United States Kharkiv, Ukraine

Cologne, Germany Leeds, England, United Kingdom
Erfurt, Germany Liège, Belgium
Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg Nablus, Palestine
Haifa, Israel Oujda, Morocco
 Rotterdam, Netherlands Turin, Italy
Saint-Louis, Senegal Valladolid, Spain
Tlemcen, Algeria Wrocław, Poland

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Gérard, Alain (1991). Les grandes heures de Lille. Perrin. ISBN 2-262-00743-8.
Legillon, Paulette; Dion, Jacqueline (1975). Lille : portrait d'une cité. Axial.
Lottin, Alain (2003). Lille – D'Isla à Lille-Métropole. Histoire des villes du Nord. La Voix du Nord.
ISBN 2-84393-072-3.
Maitrot, Eric; Cary, Sylvie (2007). Lille secret et insolite. Les Beaux Jours. ISBN 978-2-35179-011-3.
Marchand, Philippe (2003). Histoire de Lille. Jean-Paul Gisserot. ISBN 2-87747-645-6.
Monnet, Catherine (2004). Lille : portrait d'une ville. Jacques Marseille. ISBN 2-914967-02-0.
Paris, Didier; Mons, Dominique (2009). Lille Métropole, Laboratoire du renouveau urbain. Parenthèses.
ISBN 978-2-86364-223-8.
Pierrard, Pierre (1979). Lille, dix siècles d'histoire. Stock. ISBN 2-234-01135-3.
Trenard, Louis (1981). Histoire de Lille de Charles Quint à la conquête française (1500–1715).
Toulouse: Privat. ISBN 978-2708923812.
Versmée, Gwenaelle (2009). Lille méconnu. Jonglez. ISBN 978-2-915807-56-1.

External links
[1] (https://www.lille.fr) - Official website

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