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Lec-1-2-3-Introduction-1 PRC 1
Lec-1-2-3-Introduction-1 PRC 1
Concrete-1
CE-313
Lecture # 1
20th Jan 2020
Introduction
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Plain Concrete
Constituent material of concrete and their properties.
Hydration of cement.
Properties of fresh and hardened concrete and factors effecting them.
Curing of concrete and its significance.
Testing of concrete for various properties including physical tests, strength tests.
Crushing or ultimate strain.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, types, tests. Determination and significance.
Design of normal concrete mixes, factors affecting the workability of the fresh
concrete and strength & durability of the hardened concrete.
Alkali aggregate reaction, carbonation and sulfate attack.
Additives and admixtures for concrete.
Cracks in concrete.
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Text Book
Design of Concrete Structures (13th Edition)
by Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin & Charles W. Dolan
Concrete Structures (Part-I) by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi
References
Reinforced Concrete (5th Edition) by Edward G. Nawy
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
318-08)
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Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregate.
Concrete mainly consists of a binding material and filler material. If
filler material size is < 5mm it is fine aggregate and > 5mm is coarse
aggregate.
Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate without any
reinforcement is known as PCC.
PCC is strong in compression and week in tension. Its tensile strength
is so small that it can be neglected in design.
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate with
reinforcement is known as RCC. (Tensile strength is improved)
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Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) contd..
Mix Proportion
Cement : Sand : Crush
1 : 1.5 : 3
1 : 2 : 4
1 : 4 : 8
Water Cement Ratio (W/C)
W/C = 0.5 – 0.6
For a mix proportion of 1:2:4 and W/C = 0.5, if cement is 50 kg
Sand = 2 x 50 = 100 Kg
Crush = 4 x 50 = 200 Kg Batching By Weight
Water = 50 x 0.5 = 25 Kg
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Mechanism of Load Transfer
Load
Function of structure is
to transfer all the loads Roof Surface
safely to ground.
Roof Slab
A particular structural
member transfers load Beams
to other structural
Column
member.
Foundation
Sub Soil
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Merits of Concrete Construction
1. Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and Shape
One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full
control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and
shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly.
2. Availability of Materials
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand,
crush) and easily available in abundance.
3. Economic Structures
All the materials are easily available so structures are economical.
4. Good Insulation
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow
them to transmit completely.
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Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
5. Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete
there is a very good development of bond between steel and
concrete.
6. Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as
strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable
structure.
7. Less Chances of Buckling
Concrete members are not slim like steel members so chances of
buckling are much less.
8. Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not
required
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Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
9. Lesser Chances of Rusting
steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of rusting are
reduced.
Demerits of Concrete Construction
1. Week in tension
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.
2. Increased Self Weight
Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel
structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self
weight, making structure costly.
3. Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks. More
cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of larger width.
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Demerits of Concrete Construction
4. Unpredictable Behavior
If same conditions are provided for mixing, placing and curing
even then properties can differ for the concrete prepared at two
different times.
5. Inelastic Behavior
concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is not
straight so its behavior is more difficult to understand.
6. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss of
water even when no load is acting over it. Creep is reduction in
volume due to sustained loading when it acts for long duration.
This problem is not in steel structures.
7. Limited Industrial Behavior
Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited industrial
behavior.
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Specification & Codes
These are rules given by various organizations in order to
guide the designers for safe and economical design of
structures
Various Codes of Practices are
1. ACI 318-05 By American Concrete Institute. For
general concrete constructions (buildings)
2. AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges. By
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials.
3. ASTM (American Standards for Testing and
Materials) for testing of materials.
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Specification & Codes (contd…)
No code or design specification can be construed
as substitute for sound engineering judgment in
the design of concrete structures. In the structural
practice, special circumstances are frequently
encountered where code provisions can only serve
as a guide, and engineer must rely upon a firm
understanding of the basic principles of structural
mechanics applied to reinforced or pre-stressed
concrete, and the intimate knowledge of nature of
materials
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Design Loads
Dead Load
“The loads which do not change their magnitude and
position w.r.t. time within the life of structure”
Dead load mainly consist of superimposed loads and self load of
structure.
Self Load
It is the load of structural member due to its own weight.
Superimposed Load
It is the load supported by a structural member. For
instance self weight of column is self load and load of
beam and slab over it is superimposed load.
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Design Loads (contd…)
Live Load
“Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings
and traffic loads on bridges”
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Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
(contd...)
ΦSn ≥ U
Where
Sn = Nominal Strength
ΦSn = Design Strength
Φ = Strength Reduction Factor
U = Required Strength, calculated by applying load factors
For a member subjected to moment, shear and axial load:
ΦMn ≥ Mu
ΦVn ≥ Vu
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ΦPn ≥ Pu 20
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Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
In allowable strength design the whole F.O.S. is applied on
material strength and service loads (un-factored) are taken
as it is.
Material Strength / F.O.S. ≥ Service Loads
In both Allowable strength design and Ultimate strength
design analysis carried out in elastic range.
fc ’
fu
Stress
Stress
fy
fc’/2
Concrete Steel
fy/2
Design of Structure
In design of structure load, span and material
properties are known and cross sectional dimensions
and amount of reinforcement are to be determined.
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Objectives of Designer
There are two main objectives
1. Safety
2. Economy
Safety
The structure should be safe enough to carry all the applied
throughout the life.
Economy
Structures should be economical. Lighter structures are
more economical.
Economy α 1/self weight (More valid for Steel Structures)
In concrete Structures overall cost of construction decides the
economy, not just the self weight.
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Load Combinations
To combine various loads in such a way to get a critical situation.
Load Factor = Factor by which a load is to be increased x probability
of occurrence
1. 1.2D + 1.6L
2. 1.4D
3. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
4. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (1.0L or 0.8W)
Where
D = Dead load
L = Live load on intermediate floors
Lr = Live load on roof
W = Wind Load
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Shrinkage
“Shrinkage is reduction in volume of concrete due to loss
of water”
Coefficient of shrinkage varies with time. Coefficient of shortening is:
0.00025 at 28 days
0.00035 at 3 months
0.0005 at 12 months
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Code allows the site engineer to ask for casting the test sample if he
regards it necessary.
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Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
ACI 5.6.3.3: Strength level of an individual class
of concrete shall be considered satisfactory if
both of the following requirements are met:
Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive
strength tests equals or exceeds fc’.
No individual strength test (average of two
cylinders) falls below fc’
by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc’ is 35 MPa (5000
psi) or less; or
by more than 0.10fc’ when fc’ is more than 35 MPa
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Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality (contd…)
Example
For Required fc’ = 20 MPa, if following are the test results of 7
samples
19, 20, 22, 23, 19, 18, 24 MPa
Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 = 21.67 MPa
Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 = 21.33 MPa
Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 = 20.00 MPa
Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
1. Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests
equals or exceeds fc’.
2. Non of the test results fall below required fc’ by 3.5 MPa.
Considering these two point the quality of concrete is
acceptable
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Mix Design
Ingredients of concrete are mixed together in order to
get a specified Required Average Strength, fcr’ .
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Stress Strain Curve of Concrete
•The first portion
of curve, to about
40% of the
ultimate strength
Crushing fc’, can be
Stress considered linear.
fc’ 0.85fc’ •The lower the
strength of
concrete the
0.4 fc’
greater will be the
failure strain
0.0028 to 0.0045,
generally 0.003 Strain
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Modulus of Elasticity (contd…)
Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.
Ec = 0.043 wc1.5√fc’
wc = density of concrete in kg/m3
fc’ = specified cylinder strength in MPa
For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3
Ec = 4700√fc’
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Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:
Plain
Deformed (currently in use)
Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good
bond between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in
effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:
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Steel Bars
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Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
fu
yielding Strain Hardening
fy
Stress
fy/2
Strain
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Reinforcing Steel (contd…)
Steel Grade Designation
FPS
Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa Grade 40
Grade 420, fy = 420 MPa Grade 60 For hot rolled
Grade 520, fy = 520 MPa Grade 70 steel bars
Cold twisted
Grade 520 steel bars are
available in
Grade 420 grade 420
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Strain
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear because after yielding
cracks appear and concrete becomes in effective.
Bilinear Curve
Stress
Strain
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Concluded
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