Coordinates: 10°N 96°E

Andaman Sea
The Andaman Sea (historically also known as the Burma
Andaman Sea
Sea)[4] is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean
bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along Burma Sea
the Gulf of Martaban and west side of the Malay Peninsula,
and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the
Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. Its southern end
is at Breueh Island just north of Sumatra, with the Strait of
Malacca further southeast.

Traditionally, the sea has been used for fishery and

transportation of goods between the coastal countries and its Location of Andaman Sea in the Indian
Ocean
coral reefs and islands are popular tourist destinations. The
fishery and tourist infrastructure was severely damaged by Coordinates 10°N 96°E
the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Type Sea
Basin countries India
Indonesia
Contents Malaysia
Geography Myanmar
Location
Thailand
Extent
Exclusive economic zone Max. length 1,202 km (747 mi)

Geology Max. width 647 km (402 mi)

Ocean floor tectonics Surface area 797,000 km2
Volcanic activity (307,700 sq mi)
Sediments to the Sea Average depth 1,096 m (3,596 ft)
Climate Max. depth 4,198 m (13,773 ft)
Current and wave fluid dynamics Water volume 660,000 km3
Ecology (158,000 cu mi)
Flora [1][2][3]
References
Fauna
Human activities Andaman Sea
Fishing Burmese name
Mineral resources
Burmese ကပ္ပလီပင်လယ်
Tourism
IPA Kappale Painlaal
See also
Thai name
References
Thai ทะเลอันดามัน
External links
RTGS Thale Xạndāmạn
Malay name
 Malay Laut Andaman
Geography
Indonesian name
Indonesian Laut Andaman
Location
Bengali name

The Andaman Sea, which extends over 92°E to 100°E and 4°N to Bengali আন্দামান সাগর
20°N, occupies a very significant position in the Indian Ocean, yet Hindi name
remained unexplored for long period of time. To the south of
Myanmar, west of Thailand, and north of Indonesia, this sea is Hindi
अंडमान सागर
separated from Bay of Bengal by the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands and an associated chain of sea mounts along the Indo-Burmese plate boundary. The Strait of
Malacca (between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra) forms the southern exit way of the basin, which is 3 km
wide and 37 m deep.

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Andaman or Burma Sea" as
follows:[4]: p .21 

On the Southwest. A line running from "Oedjong Raja" ["Ujung Raja" or "Point Raja"]
(5°32′N 95°12′E) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of
the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow
waters appertain to the Burma Sea.

On the Northwest. The Eastern limit of the Bay of Bengal [A line running from Cape Negrais
(16°03'N) in Burma [Myanmar] through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a
way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are
excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude
10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E].

On the Southeast. A line joining Lem Voalan (7°47'N) in Siam [Thailand], and Pedropunt
(5°40'N) in Sumatra.

Oedjong means "cape" and Lem means "point in dutch language on maps of the Netherlands East Indies
(Indonesia).[5] Lem Voalan [Phromthep Cape] is the southern extremity of Goh Puket (Phuket Island).[6]

Exclusive economic zone

Exclusive economic zones in Andaman Sea:[7]

 Number Country Area (Km2)
1  India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands 659,590

2  Myanmar - Mainland 511,389

3  Thailand - Andaman Sea 118,714

4  Indonesia - Northeast Aceh 76,500

Total Andaman Sea -

Geology
The northern and eastern side of the basin is shallow, as the continental
shelf off the coast of Myanmar and Thailand extends over 200 km (marked
by 300 m isobath). About 45 percent of the basin area is shallower (less
than 500 m depth), which is the direct consequence of the presence of the
wider shelf. The continental slope which follows the eastern shelf is quite
steep between 9°N and 14°N. Here, the perspective view of the submarine
topography sectioned along 95°E exposes the abrupt rise in depth of sea by
about 3,000 m within a short horizontal distance of a degree. Isobaths
corresponding to 900 m and 2000 m are also shown in the figure to
emphasize the steepness of the slope. Further, it may be noted that the deep
ocean is also not free from sea mounts; hence only around 15 percent of the
Satellite image of the total area is deeper than 2,500 m.[3]
Andaman Sea showing the
green algae and silt deposits The northern and eastern parts are
due to the Irrawaddy River in shallower than 180 meters (590
its northern part feet) due to the silt deposited by the
Irrawaddy River. This major river
flows into the sea from the north
through Myanmar. The western and central areas are 900–3,000
meters (3,000–9,800  ft) deep. Less than 5% of the sea is deeper
than 3,000 meters (9,800 feet), and in a system of submarine
valleys east of the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, the depth exceeds The bathymetry (in metres) of the
4,000 meters (13,000 feet).[2] The sea floor is covered with Andaman Sea in 2D and 3D
pebbles, gravel, and sand.[1] (sectioned along 95°E)[3]

The western boundary of the Andaman Sea is marked by volcanic

islands and sea mounts, with straits or passages of variable depths
that control the entry and exit of water to the Bay of Bengal. There
is a drastic change in water depth over a short distance of 200 km,
as one moves from the Bay of Bengal (around 3,500 m deep) to the
vicinity of islands (up to 1,000 m depth) and further into the Percentage of total area of Andaman
Andaman Sea. Water is exchanged between the Andaman Sea and Sea corresponding to different depth
the Bay of Bengal through the straits between the Andaman and ranges[3]
Nicobar Islands. Out of these, the most important straits (in terms of
width and depth) are: Preparis Channel (PC), Ten Degree Channel
(TDC), and Great Channel (GC). PC is the widest but shallowest (250 m) of the three and separates south
Myanmar from north Andaman. TDC is 600 m deep and lies between Little Andaman and Car Nicobar.
GC is 1,500 m deep and separates Great Nicobar from Banda Aceh.
Ocean floor tectonics

Running in a rough north–

south line on the seabed of
the Andaman Sea is the
boundary between two
tectonic plates, the Burma
Plate and the Sunda Plate.
These plates (or
microplates) are believed to
have formerly been part of
the larger Eurasian Plate,
but were formed when
transform fault activity
intensified as the Indian
Plate began its substantive
collision with the Eurasian
continent. As a result, a Tectonic setting of Sumatra
earthquake (2004)
back-arc basin center was
created, which began to
form the marginal basin
which would become the Andaman Sea, the current stages of
which commenced approximately 3–4 million years ago (Ma).[8]
The Andaman Sea, showing tectonic The boundary between two major tectonic plates results in high
plate boundaries
seismic activity in the region (see List of earthquakes in Indonesia).
Numerous earthquakes have been recorded, and at least six, in
1797, 1833, 1861, 2004, 2005, and 2007, had the magnitude of 8.4
or higher. On 26 December 2004, a large portion of the boundary between the Burma plate and the Indo-
Australian plate slipped, causing the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. This megathrust earthquake had a
magnitude of 9.3. Between 1,300 and 1,600 kilometres (810 and 990 mi) of the boundary underwent thrust
faulting and shifted by about 20 metres (66 ft), with the sea floor being uplifted several meters.[9] This rise
in the sea floor generated a massive tsunami with an estimated height of 28 meters (92 feet)[10] that killed
approximately 280,000 people along the coast of the Indian Ocean.[11] The initial quake was followed by a
series of aftershocks along the arc of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The entire event severely damaged
the fishing infrastructure.[12]: 4 0–42 

Volcanic activity

Within the sea, to the east of the main Great Andaman island group, lies Barren Island, the only currently
active volcano associated with the Indian subcontinent. This island-volcano is 3 km (2 mi) in diameter and
rises 354 metres (1,161 ft) above sea level. Its recent activity resumed in 1991 after a quiet period of almost
200 years.[13] It is caused by the ongoing subduction of the India plate beneath the Andaman island arc,
which forces magma to rise in this location of the Burma plate. The last eruption started on 13 May 2008
and still continues.[14] The volcanic island of Narcondam, which lies further north, was also formed by this
process. No records exist of its activity.[15]

Sediments to the Sea

Collectively, the modern Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and Thanlwin
(Salween) rivers deliver >600 Mt/yr of sediment to the sea.[16]
Most recent stuy show: 1) There is little modern sediment
accumulating on the shelf immediately off the Ayeyarwady River
mouths. In contrast, a major mud wedge with a distal depocenter,
up to 60 m in thickness, has been deposited seaward in the Gulf of
Martaban, extending to ~130 m water depth into the Martaban
Depression. Further, 2) There is no evidence showing that modern
sediment has accumulated or is transported into the Martaban
Canyon; 3) There is a mud drape/blanket wrapping around the
narrow western Myanmar Shelf in the eastern Bay of Bengal. The
thickness of the mud deposit is up to 20 m nearshore and gradually
thins to the slope at −300 m water depth, and likely escapes into the Eruption of the Barren Island volcano
deep Andaman Trench; 4) The estimated total amount of Holocene in 1995. Andaman Islands (on top)
sediments deposited offshore is ~1290 × 109 tons. If we assume are c. 90 km distant
this has mainly accumulated since the middle Holocene highstand
(~6000 yr BP) like other major deltas, the historical annual mean
depositional flux on the shelf would be 215 Mt/yr, which is equivalent to ~35% of the modern
Ayeyarwady-Thanlwin rivers derived sediments; 5) Unlike other large river systems in Asia, such as the
Yangtze and Mekong, this study indicates a bi-directional transport and depositional pattern controlled by
the local currents that are influenced by tides, and seasonally varying monsoons winds and waves.[16]

Climate
The climate of the Andaman Sea is determined by the monsoons of southeast Asia,[3] as the prevailing
winds reverse with the start of either season. The region experiences north-easterlies with an average
windspeed of 5 m/s (18 km/h) in the months of November-February. During these months, the western part
of the domain experiences maximum wind intensity. It weakens by March–April and reverses to strong
south-westerlies from May to September, with mean wind speeds touching 8 m/s (29 km/h) in June, July
and August, distributed near-uniformly over the entire basin. Wind speeds plummet by October and switch
back to north-easterlies from November.

Air temperature is stable over the year at 26  °C in February and

27  °C in August. Precipitation is as high as 3,000  mm/year and
mostly occurs in summer. Sea currents are south-easterly and
easterly in winter and south-westerly and westerly in summer. The
average surface water temperature is 26–28  °C in February and
29  °C in May. The water temperature is constant at 4.8  °C at the
depths of 1,600 m and below. Salinity is 31.5–32.5 ‰ (parts per
thousand) in summer and 30.0–33.0 ‰ in winter in the southern
part. In the northern part, it decreases to 20–25‰ due to the inflow
of fresh water from the Irrawaddy River. Tides are semidiurnal with
Monthly averaged winds in the
an amplitude of up to 7.2 metres (24 ft).[1]
Andaman Sea for the year 2011,
expressed in mps[3]
The effect of wind stress on the ocean surface can be explained by
wind stress curl. The net divergence of water in the ocean mixed
layer results in Ekman pumping.[3] The contrast between the two
seasons elicits a very strong negative pumping velocity of more than 5 m (16 ft) per day along the north
coast of Indonesia from May to September (shown here, June). This may signify coastal downwelling in
the summer. It is also observed that the region develops a weak but positive pumping velocity of less than
3 m (9.8 ft) per day at the mouth of GC in winter (here, December).
Current and wave fluid dynamics
Generally, currents are found to be stronger in the south than any
other part of the basin.[3] An intense surface outflux through GC,
of the order of 40 cm/s, occurs during summers and winters. While
this flow is directed westwards in winter, it is southwards along the
west coast of Indonesia in summer. On the other hand, the TDC
has strong surface influx in summer, which weakens by October.
This is followed by a sturdy outflux in winter, which wanes by the
month of April. Although the surface flow through PC is generally
inward during summer monsoon, the preceding and succeeding
Monthly averaged Ekman pumping
months experience outflow (strong outflow in October, but weak
velocity (in m per day) for June and
outflow in April). During April and October, when the effects of
December[3]
local winds are minimal, Andaman Sea experiences the
intensification of meridional surface currents in the poleward
direction along the continental slope on the eastern side of the
basin. This is characteristic of the propagation of Kelvin
Waves.[3][17]

It is observed that the water level rises in the basin between April
and November with the maximum rate of piling up of water during
April and October (marked by the steep slope of the curve).[3] The Monthly averaged OSCAR surface
rise in sea surface height (SSH) is attributed to rainfall, fresh water currents in January, April, June and
influx from rivers, and inflow of water through the three major October, expressed in cm/s[3]
straits. The first two of these are quantifiable and are hence
expressed in volumes of water for comparison. From this, the
expected influx through the straits (= SSH anomaly – Rainfall –
River Influx) could be deduced. A possible fourth factor,
evaporative losses, is negligible in comparison. (Previous
studies[18] show that the annual mean freshwater gain (precipitation
minus evaporation) of the Andaman Sea is 120 cm per year.) It is
found that the SSH of the basin is primarily determined by the
transport of water through the straits. The contributions from
rainfall and rivers become substantial only during summer. Hence,
a net inward flow occurs through the straits between April and
November, followed by a net outward transport until March.[17]

The basin has a very high rate of transport of water through the
straits in April and October. This is a period of equatorial Wyrtki Temporal variations of the basin
jets, which hit the coast of Sumatra and reflect back as Rossby rainfall, river influx, and sea surface
waves and coastal Kelvin waves. These Kelvin waves are guided height anomaly, expressed in volume
along the eastern boundary of Indian Ocean, and a part of this of water[3]
signal propagates into the Andaman Sea. The northern coast of
Sumatra is the first to be affected. The 20  °C isotherm which
deepens[3] during the same period is suggestive of the downwelling nature of Kelvin waves. The waves
further propagate along the eastern boundary of the Andaman Sea, which is confirmed by the differential
deepening of the 20-degree isotherm along longitudes 94°E and 97°E (averaged over latitudes 8°N and
13°N). These longitudes are chosen so that one represents the western part of the basin (94°E) and the other
along the steep continental slope on the eastern side of the basin (97°E). It is observed that both these
longitudes experience deepening of the isotherms in April and October, but the effect is more pronounced
at 97°E (isotherms deepen by 30m in April and 10m in October). This is a concrete signature of
downwelling in the basin and is definitely not forced[3] locally as
the winds are weaker during this period. This confirms
unequivocally that the sudden burst of water into the basin through
the straits, the intensification of eastern boundary currents and the
coincidental deepening of isotherms in April and October are the
direct consequence of the propagation of downwelling Kelvin
waves in the Andaman Sea, remotely forced by equatorial Wyrtki
jets.[3] The evolution of vorticity in the basin is suggestive of strong
Temporal variation of depth of 20-
shear in the flow during different times of the year, and further
degree isotherm (95°E to 96°E
indicates the presence of low frequency geophysical waves (such
averaged) in metres
as westward propagating Rossby waves) and other transient eddies.

Ecology

Flora

The coastal areas of the Andaman Sea are characterized by

mangrove forests and seagrass meadows. Mangroves cover
between more than 600  km2 (232  sq  mi) of the Thai shores of
Malay Peninsula whereas seagrass meadows occupy an area of
79 km2 (31 sq mi).[12]: 2 5–26  Mangroves are largely responsible for
the high productivity of the coastal waters – their roots trap soil and
sediment and provide shelter from predators and nursery for fish
and small aquatic organisms. Their body protects the shore from the
wind and waves, and their detritus are a part of the aquatic food
chain. A significant part of the Thai mangrove forests in the
Andaman Sea was removed during the extensive brackish water
shrimp farming in 1980s. Mangroves were also significantly
damaged by the 2004 tsunami. They were partly replanted after Evolution of relative vorticity in
that, but their area is still gradually decreasing due to human Andaman Sea
activities.[12]: 6 –7 

Other important sources of nutrients in the Andaman Sea are

seagrass and the mud bottoms of lagoons and coastal areas. They
also create a habitat or temporal shelter for many burrowing and
benthic organisms. Many aquatic species migrate from and to
seagrass either daily or at certain stages of their life cycle. The
human activities which damage seagrass beds include waste water
discharge from coastal industry, shrimp farms and other forms of
coastal development, as well as trawling and the use of push nets
and dragnets. The 2004 tsunami affected 3.5% of seagrass areas Mangrove trees on the coast, Neil
along the Andaman Sea via siltation and sand sedimentation and Island, Andaman and Nicobar
1.5% suffered total habitat loss.[12]: 7   Islands

Fauna

The sea waters along the Malay Peninsula favor molluscan growth, and there are about 280 edible fish
species belonging to 75 families. Of those, 232 species (69 families) are found in mangroves and 149
species (51 families) reside in seagrass; so 101 species are common to both habitats.[12]: 2 6  The sea also
hosts many vulnerable fauna species, including dugong (Dugong
dugon), several dolphin species, such as Irrawaddy dolphin
(Orcaella brevirostris) and four species of sea turtles: critically
endangered leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) and
hawksbill turtle (Eletmochelys imbricata) and threatened green
turtle (Chelonia mydas) and olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys
olivacea). There are only about 150 dugongs in the Andaman Sea,
scattered between Ranong and Satun Provinces. These species are
Phantom bannerfish (Heniochus
sensitive to the degradation of seagrass meadows.[12]: 8   pleurotaenia), Similan Islands,
Thailand
Coral reefs are estimated to occupy 73,364 rai (117  km2 ) in the
Andaman Sea with only 6.4 percent in ideal condition.[19]

Human activities
The sea has long been used for fishing and transportation of goods
between the coastal countries.

Fishing
Dugong
Thailand alone harvested about 943,000 tonnes of fish in 2005[20]
and about 710,000 tonnes in 2000. Of those 710,000 tonnes,
490,000 are accounted for by trawling (1,017 vessels), 184,000 by
purse seine (415 vessels), and about 30,000 by gillnets. Of
Thailand's total marine catch, 41 percent is caught in the Gulf of
Thailand and 19 percent in the Andaman Sea. Forty percent is
caught in waters outside Thailand's EEZ.[21]

Production numbers are significantly smaller for Malaysia and are

comparable, or higher, for Myanmar.[22] Competition for fish
resulted in numerous conflicts between Myanmar and Thailand. In
1998 and 1999, they resulted in fatalities on both sides and nearly Starfish, Andaman Sea
escalated into a military conflict. In both cases, the Thai navy
intervened when Burmese vessels tried to intercept Thai fishing
boats in the contested sea areas, and Thai fighter aircraft were thought to be deployed by the National
Security Council. Thai fishing boats were also frequently confronted by the Malaysian navy to the extent
that the Thai government had to caution its own fishers against fishing without license in foreign waters.[23]

The 2004 marine production in Thailand was composed of: pelagic fish 33 percent, demersal fish 18
percent, cephalopod 7.5 percent, crustaceans 4.5 percent, trash fish 30 percent and others 7 percent.[12]: 1 2 
Trash fish refers to non-edible species, edible species of low commercial value and juveniles, which are
released to the sea.[12]: 1 6  Pelagic fishes were distributed between anchovies (Stolephorus spp., 19 percent),
Indo-Pacific mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma, 18 percent), sardinellas (Sardinellars spp., 14 percent),
scad (11 percent), longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol, 9 percent), eastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinis, 6
percent), trevallies (6 percent), bigeye scad (5 percent), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta, 4 percent),
king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla, 3 percent), torpedo scad (Megalaspis cordyla , 2 percent), wolf
herrings (1 percent), and others (2 percent).[12]: 1 3  Demersal fish production was dominated by purple-
spotted bigeye (Priacanthus tayenus), threadfin bream (Nemipterus hexodon), brushtooth lizardfish
(Saurida undosquamis), slender lizardfish (Saurida elongata) and Jinga shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis). Most
species are overfished since the 1970s–1990s, except for Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commersoni),
carangidae and torpedo scad (Meggalaspis spp.). The overall overfishing rate was 333 percent for pelagic
and 245 percent for demersal species in 1991.[12]: 1 4  Cephalopods are divided into squid, cuttlefish and
molluscs, where squid and cuttlefish in Thai waters consists of 10 families, 17 genera and over 30 species.
The main mollusk species captured in the Andaman Sea are scallop, blood cockle (Anadara granosa) and
short-necked clam. Their collection requires bottom dredge gears, which damage the sea floor and the gears
themselves and are becoming unpopular. So, the mollusk production has decreased from 27,374 tonnes in
1999 to 318 tonnes in 2004. While crustaceans composed only 4.5 percent of the total marine products in
2004 by volume, they accounted for 21 percent of the total value. They were dominated by banana prawn,
tiger prawn, king prawn, school prawn, bay lobster (Thenus orientalis), mantis shrimp, swimming crabs
and mud crabs. The total catch in 2004 was 51,607 tonnes for squid and cuttlefish and 36,071 tonnes for
crustaceans.[12]: 1 8–19 

Mineral resources

The sea's mineral resources include tin deposits off the coasts of Malaysia and Thailand. Major ports are
Port Blair in India; Dawei, Mawlamyine and Yangon in Myanmar; Ranong port in Thailand; George Town
and Penang in Malaysia; and Belawan in Indonesia.[2]

Tourism

The Andaman Sea, particularly the western coast of the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands of India and Myanmar are rich in coral reefs and offshore islands with spectacular topography.
Despite having been damaged by the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, they remain popular tourist
destinations.[24] The nearby coast also has numerous marine national parks – 16 only in Thailand, and four
of them are candidates for inclusion into UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[12]: 7 –8 

See also
Andaman Islands
Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal
History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
Gulf of Thailand
Kra Isthmus
Maritime Silk Route
Mergui Archipelago
Moscos Islands
Nicobar Islands

References
1. Andaman Sea (http://bse.sci-lib.com/article057639.html), Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in
Russian)
2. Andaman Sea (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23505/Andaman-Sea),
Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
3. S. R. Kiran (2017) General Circulation and Principal Wave Modes in Andaman Sea from
Observations (http://www.indjst.org/index.php/indjst/article/view/115764), Indian Journal of
Science and Technology ISSN 0974-5645 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n
2:0974-5645)
 4. "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/htt
p://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf) (PDF). International
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s/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf) (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved
28 December 2020.
5. Glossary of Terms Appearing on Maps of the Netherlands East Indies (https://books.google.c
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bl&ots=UP3kq0rIlP&sig=ACfU3U1PIKUnYDyUgThN9D5R_VFQmA8miA&hl=en&sa=X&ve
d=2ahUKEwiWvZOh17nqAhXTlEsFHeVGDwgQ6AEwCXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Oed
jong%20meaning&f=false), United States Army Map Service, page 115, 93.
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International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. p. 23. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
7. "Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity" (http://www.seaaroundus.org/dat
a/#/eez).
8. J.R. Curray. "2002 Chapman Conference on Continent – Ocean Interactions within the East
Asian Marginal Seas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050323100450/http://www.agu.org/me
etings/cc02cabstracts/curray-p.pdf) (PDF). Tectonics and History of the Andaman Sea
Region (abstract). Archived from the original (http://www.agu.org/meetings/cc02cabstracts/cu
rray-p.pdf) (PDF) on 23 March 2005. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
9. Geist, E. L.; Titov, V. V.; Arcas, D.; Pollitz, F. F.; Bilek, S. L. (2007). "Implications of the 26
December 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake on Tsunami Forecast and Assessment
Models for Great Subduction-Zone Earthquakes" (http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/reports/reprints/
Geist_BSSA_97.pdf) (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 97 (1A):
S249–S270. Bibcode:2007BuSSA..97S.249G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BuSS
A..97S.249G). doi:10.1785/0120050619 (https://doi.org/10.1785%2F0120050619).
10. Tom Paulson (7 February 2005) New findings super-size our tsunami threat. 80-foot waves
blasted Indonesia, scientists now say (https://web.archive.org/web/20101205010745/http://w
ww.seattlepi.com/local/211012_tsunamiscience07.html), Seattle Post-Intelligencer
11. Indonesia quake toll jumps again (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4204385.stm),
BBC, 25 January 2005
12. Panjarat, Sampan (2008). "Sustainable Fisheries in the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand" (h
ttps://www.un.org/depts/los/nippon/unnff_programme_home/fellows_pages/fellows_papers/
panjarat_0708_thailand_PPT.pdf) (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
13. D. Chandrasekharam, Jochen Bundschuh (2002) Geothermal energy resources for
developing countries (https://books.google.com/books?id=aRkBJRLV8AwC&pg=PA408),
Taylor & Francis ISBN 90-5809-522-3 p. 408
14. Barren Island (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0600-01=&volpage=erup
t), Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
15. Narcondum (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0600-001), Smithsonian
National Museum of Natural History
16. Liu, J. Paul; Kuehl, Steven A.; Pierce, Austin C.; Williams, Joshua; Blair, Neal E.; Harris,
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External links
Myanmar Marine Biodiversity Atlas Online (https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113754/htt
p://marine.myanmarbiodiversity.org/)
Andaman Sea travel guide from Wikivoyage

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