Adiabatic flame temperature

[1] Fuel: Liquid octane

Fuel supply temperature
Adiabatic combustion at constant pressure. tF = 15.6
Liquid octane, originaly at tF, is burned at
constant pressure in steady flow with air at t a. Molar mass of fuel
The combustion is with Ex % of theorical air. (sheet Gas data)
fuel: C8H18
Adapted from [1], Example 10, page 220 Mf = #VALUE!
For equations, see sheet Equations
Specific enthalpy of liquid octane
VBA function
Cpliq = Cp_C8H18_Liq_tC

Enthalpy of combustion of liquid octane

(From page 6)
hRP = -44,427
at a reference temperature
tf,ref = 25

Equation for a stoichiometric combustion of octane. Complete combustion assumed

C8H18(g) + 12.5 O2 + 47 N2 --->

Equation for a combustion with excess air. Combustion air is "r" times the theorical air.

C8H18(g) + r * ( 12.5 O2 + 47 N2 )

C8H18(g) + r * 12.5 O2 + r 47

C8H18(g) + r 12.5 O2 + r 47

C8H18(g) + 25 O2 + 94 N2

C8H18(g) + 25 O2 + 94 N2
 Reactants Products
NC8H18 = 1 kmolf NH2O = 9
NO2 = 25 kmol/kmolf NCO2 = 8
NN2 = 94 kmolkmolf NO2 = 12.5
NN2 = 94
Na = 119 kmola/kmolf Np = 123.5

Products of combustion for octane with Enthalpy of products at reference temperature

excess air tref = 25.00 ºC
Ex = mair / mair-soich Tref = 298.15 K
Ex = 2 and with excess air ratio:
r= 2
Products
NH2O = 9 kmol/kmolF gas function
NCO2 = 8 kmol/kmolF hH2O Gas_H2OEnthalpy_tK
NO2 = 12.5 kmol/kmolF hCO2 Gas_CO2Enthalpy_tK
NN2 = 94 kmol/kmolF hO2 Gas_O2Enthalpy_tK
Np = 123.5 kmolP/kmolF hN2 Gas_N2Enthalpy_tK

Enthalpy of products at flame temperature

1
h P=
NP
{
mf⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ ha −h'a ] +h'P } Eq . d
Enthalpy of products
hP = (1/NP) * ( Mf * ( (hf,tR - hf,tref) - hrp ) + ma * ( ha,ta - ha,tref ) ) + hP,tref
hP = #VALUE! [kJ/kmolP]

Products of combustion for octane with Enthalpy of products at combustion,

excess air initially assumed
Ex = mair / mair-soich tP,ass = 1409 ºC
Ex = 2 TP,ass = 1682 K
Calculated enthalpy of products
Products based on energy balance (page 6)
NH2O = 9 lbmol/lbmolF hP,bal = #VALUE! kJ/kmolP
NCO2 = 8 lbmol/lbmolF
NO2 = 12.5 lbmol/lbmolF Calculated enthalpy of products
NN2 = 94 lbmol/lbmolF based on the enthalpy of products
Np = 123.5 kmolP/kmolF at the adiabatic combustion temperature
Np = 123.5 lbmolP/lbmolF (from Table of products)
hP,comb = #VALUE! kJ/kmolP

Enthalpy difference
Dh = hP,bal - hP,comb
Dh = #VALUE!

#VALUE!
Specific enthalpy of octane liquid Constant pressure heat capacity of
[10], page 220 octane liquid
hf = 0.5*TR -287 Btu/lb-liq VBA function
TR: [R] Cpliq = Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatC
1 Btu/lb = 2.326 kJ/kg t= 40 ºC
287 Btu/lb = 668 kJ/kg T= 313.15 kJ/(kg*K)
Cpliq = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
hf = 0.5*TK*1.8 -667.56 Validity range
hf = 0.9 * TK - 667.56 kJ/kg 20.0 ºC <= t <= 45 ºC

The enthalpy of the reactants may be considered to be the sum of the enthalpies
of liquid octane and of air.

Com

Stoichiometric combustion of octane

Equilibrium equation for the stoichiometric combustion of octane

C8H18(g)
C 8 H 18 + a O2 +

The mass balance gives

C: C= 8 O: 2
2
H: 18 = b * 2 2
b = 9 2

N: 3.76 * a
3.76 * a
3.76 * a

C8H18(g) + 12.5 O2 + 47 N2

C8H18(g) + 12.5 O2 + 47 N2

Combustion with excess air

Equilibrium equation for the combustion of octane with 200% of theorical air

C8H18(g)

C 8 H 18 + 2 ( 12.5
C 8 H 18 + 25

C8H18(g) + 25 O2 + 94 N2 --->

Reactants Products
NC8H18 = 1 Kmolf NH2O = 9
NO2 = 25 Kmol/Kmolf NCO2 = 8
NN2 = 94 Kmol/Kmolf NO2 = 12.5
NN2 = 94

For 200% of theorical air, the equation is

C8H18 + (12.5 O2 + 47 N) + (12.5 O2 + 47 N) ---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47 N2 + (12.5 O2 + 47 N)
C8H18 +25 O2 + 94 N ---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 94 N2 +12.5 O2

Reactants Products
NC8H18 = 1 Kmolf NH2O = 9 Kmol/Kmolf
NO2 = 25 Kmol/Kmolf NCO2 = 8 Kmol/Kmolf
NN2 = 94 Kmol/Kmolf NO2 = 12.5 Kmol/Kmolf
NN2 = 94 Kmol/Kmolf
Na = 119 kmola/kmolf Np = 123.5 kmolp/kmolf

Na = 119 kmola/kmolf
Ma = #VALUE! kga/kmola Air #VALUE!
ma = #VALUE! kga/kmolf

Notes
- Valid when reactants and products are at the
same pressure and temperature (Avogadro)
- Water in products is vapor, if the emperature
is high enough to prevent water condensation
iquid octane Air: Products
emperature Ait supply temperature Products reference temperature
ºC ta = 260 ºC tref = 25
at a reference temperature
ta_ref = 25 ºC

Air molecular mass

kg/kmol gas: Air
Ma = #VALUE! kg/kmol
py of liquid octane
Excess combustion air
p_C8H18_Liq_tC Ex% = Air / Airstoich * 100
Ex% = 200 %
mbustion of liquid octane Excess air ratio
r= Ex% / 100
kJ/kg r= 2 -
temperature
ºC

9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47 N2

he theorical air. r= 2.00

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47

+ (r - 1) *

N2 ---> 9 H2O + 8 +
CO2 (r-1) +1 47

N2 ---> 9 H2O + 8 +
CO2 r * 47

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2+ 2 47

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 94

 kmol/kmolf
kmol/kmolf
kmol/kmof
kmol/kmolF
kmolp/kmolf

reference temperature

h Nx h
kJ/kmol kmol/kmolF kJ/kmolF
#VALUE! 9 #VALUE! 9898.7428 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 8 #VALUE! 9368.6385 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 12.5 #VALUE! 8669.4126 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 94 #VALUE! 8659.5353 #VALUE!
hP,ref = #VALUE! kJ/kmolF
Np = 123.5 kmolP/kmolF
hP,ref = #VALUE! kJ/kmolP

Specific enthalpy of products Average fuel temperature

at flame temperature For the
hP = [kJ/kmolP]
tf,ave = (tf + tf,ref)/2
Specific enthalpy of products tf = 15.6 ºC
at reference temperature tf,ref = 25 ºC
 From page 3 tf,ave = 20.28 ºC
hP,ref = #VALUE! [kJ/kmolP]
Constant pressure heat capacity
Mols of products of octane liquid at average
From page 9 temperature.
Np = 123.5 kmolp/kmolF VBA function with validity range
20 ºC <= t <= 45 ºC
Molar mass of fuel Cpliq_ave =
fuel: C8H18 tf,ave = 20.3 ºC
Mf = #VALUE! kgF/kmolF Tf,ave = 293.4 kJ/(kg*K)
Cpliq_ave = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
Mass of air per mol fuel
From page 9 Fuel enthalpy change
ma = #VALUE! kga/kmolf hf,t - hf,tref = Cpf,ave * (tf - tf,ref)
Cpliq_ave = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
tf = 15.6 ºC
tf,ref = 25.0 ºC
hf,t - hf,tref = #VALUE! kJ/kg

combustion, Table of products

h Nx h
kJ/kmol kmol/kmolF kJ/kmolF
hH2O Gas_H2OEnthalpy_tK #VALUE! 9 #VALUE!
hCO2 Gas_CO2Enthalpy_tK #VALUE! 8 #VALUE!
hO2 Gas_O2Enthalpy_tK #VALUE! 12.5 #VALUE!
hN2 Gas_N2Enthalpy_tK #VALUE! 94 #VALUE!
hP,T = #VALUE!
Np = 123.5
hP,T = #VALUE!
tion temperature
Resulting adiabatic flame temperature of the combustion products
tP= 1409 ºC

Liquid octane fuel burned with 200 % of theorical air

Complete combustion assumed
In the combustion equation, N2 represents nitrogen and argon.
The products temperature is high enough to ensure that the
water in the products is a vapor
From [1], Example 10, page 220, TP = 3032.5
TP = 1684.7
tP = 1411.6
 Fuel: Liquid octane supply Enthalpy of combustion of liquid
tF = 60 ºF n-octane [10], Table 10, page 95,
tF = 15.6 ºC at a reference temperature
tf,ref = 25 ºC
hRP = -19,100 Btu/lb
hRP = -44,427 kJ/kg

hRP = (hP - hR)T,p

where hRP is the enthalpy of the gaseous products
of combustion minus the enthalpy of the reactants,
at 25 ºC and 1 atm, per lb of hydrocarbon

Combustion

3.76 *a N2 ---> b H2O + c

* a = b + 2 * c
* a = 9 + 2 * 8
 * a = 9 + 16
* a = 25
a= = 12.5

= 3.76 * a
= 3.76 * 12.5
= 47

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47

Exc = 2 -

O2 + 47 N2 ) ---> 9 H2O +
O2 + 94 N2 ---> 9 H2O +

+ 12.5 O2

9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 12.5 O2

Kmol/Kmolf
Kmol/Kmolf
Kmol/Kmolf
Kmol/Kmolf
5 O2 + 47 N)

hf - hfref + qref DHF = 1 * (hf - hfref) + qref

Fuel

DHp = 123.5 * (hp - hpref)

25 * (hO2 - hO2ref)
Air DHair = 119 * (ha - haref)
94 * (hN2 - hN2ref
 rev.cjc.19.08.2018
page 1 of 9

eference temperature
ºC

page 2 of 9

N2 + (r - 1) * 12.5 O2
47 N2

N2 + (r- 1) * 12.5 O2

N2 + (r - 1) * 12.5 O2

N2 + 1* 12.5 O2

N2 + 12.5 O2
 page 3 of 9

page 4 of 9
Enthalpy of combustion of
liquid n-octane
[10], Table 10, page 95, at a
reference temperature
tf,ref = 25 ºC
tf,ref = 77 ºF
 Tf,ref = 536.7 R
hRP = -19,100 Btu/lb
hRP = -44,427 kJ/kgf-liq

Enthalpy of air at supply

temperature
ha,ta = Gas_AirEnthalpy_tK(tK)
ta = 260 ºC
Ta = 533.15 kJ/kga
ha,ta = #VALUE! kJ/kga

Enthalpy of air at reference

temperature
ha,ta = Gas_AirEnthalpy_tK(tK)
ta,ref = 25 ºC
Ta = 298.15 kJ/kga
ha,tref = #VALUE! kJ/kga

page 5 of 9

kJ/kmolF
kmolP/kmolF
kJ/kmolP

R
K
ºC
 page 6 of 9

Air supply temperature

ta = 500 ºF
ta = 260 ºC

Air molar mass

Ma = #REF! kg/kmol

y of the gaseous products

e enthalpy of the reactants,
b of hydrocarbon

page 7 of 9

CO2 + 3.76 *a N2

Solution
a= 12.5 KmolO2/ Kmolf
 b= 9 KmolH2O/ Kmolf
c= 8 KmolCO2/ Kmolf
3.76 * a = 47 KmolN2/ Kmolf

N2

N2

page 8 of 9

8 CO2 + 47 N2
8 CO2 + 47 N2

+ 47 N2

+ 94 N2

page 9 of 9
 9 * (hH2O(g) - hH2O(g),ref)

8 * (hCO2 - hCO2,ref)
Products
12.5 * (hO2 - hO2,ref)

94 * (hN2 - hN2,ref)
 [10], Example 10, page 220 Fuel: Liquid octane
Fuel supply temperature
Flame temperature tF = 15.6
Adiabatic combustion at constant pressure.
Liquid octane, originaly at tF, is burned at Molar mass of fuel
constant pressure in steady flow with air at t a. (sheet Gas data)
The combustion is with Ex % of theorical air. fuel: C8H18
Mf = #VALUE!

Specific enthalpy of liquid octane

VBA function
Cpliq = Cp_C8H18_Liq_tC

Enthalpy of combustion of liquid octane

(From page 9)
hRP = -44,427
at a reference temperature
tf,ref = 25

Solution Denoting the values at this reference

Application of the first law indicates temperature with primed symbols,
equality of the enthalpy of reactants it is posible to write
' '
H R and products H P H R −H R = H P -H R
Thus [ H R−H 'R] =H P+H 'P -H 'P -H'R
H R =H P [ H R−H 'R] =[ H P -H 'P ] +( H 'P -H'R )
For the evaluation of the enthalpy where ( H 'P -H 'R )=H RP is the
it is considered its value related enthalpy of combustion . Thus
to the value it has at a reference
temperature t ref=25ºC . [ H R−H 'R] =[ H P -H 'P ] +H RP Eq . a
The quantities in brakets are
Microsoft Equation
independent of the base state selected .
3.0
Primed symbols indicate values at the
reference temperature

From equation
kJ Btu
[ H R−H 'R] =[ H P -H 'P ] +H 'rp kmolf
or
lbmol f
Eq . a
' ' '
HR −H R−H rp=H P -H P
[ H P -H'P ]=[ H R−H 'R ]−H 'rp
Introducing specific enthalpies,
N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =[ H R−H 'R ]−H 'rp Eq . b
and disaggregating the enthalpy of the reactants
in the enthalpies of the fuel and of the air
[ H R−H 'R] −H RP =[ H f −H 'f ] + [ H a−H 'a ] −H 'rp
one gets
[ H R−H 'R] −H RP =mf⋅[ h f −h'f ]+ma⋅[ ha−h 'a ] −mf⋅h'rp
[ H R−H 'R] −H RP =mf⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ ha−h'a ] Eq . c

mf
[ ]
kg f
kmol f
h f , h'f , and h 'rp
[ ]
kJ
kgf
h P=
1
NP
{
mf⋅[ h

ma
[ ]
kga
kmol f
h a and h'a
[ ]
kJ
kga Microsoft Equation
3.0

Equation for a stoichiometric combustion of octane. Complete combustion assumed

C8H18(g) + 12.5 O2 + 47 N2 --->

Equation for a combustion with excess air. Combustion air is N times the theorical air.

C8H18(g) + r * ( 12.5 O2 + 47 N2 )
C8H18(g) + r * 12.5 O2 + r 47

C8H18(g) + r 12.5 O2 + r 47

C8H18(g) + 25 O2 + 94 N2

C8H18(g) + 25 O2 + 94 N2

Reactants Products
NC8H18 = 1 kmolf NH2O = 9
NO2 = 25 kmol/kmolf NCO2 = 8
NN2 = 94 kmolkmolf NO2 = 12.5
NN2 = 94
Na = 119 kmola/kmolf Np = 123.5

Products of combustion for octane with Enthalpy of products at reference temperature

excess air tref = 25 ºC
Ex = mair / mair-soich Tref = 298.15 K
Ex = 2
gas function
Products hH2O Gas_H2OEnthalpy_tK
NH2O = 9 kmol/kmolF hCO2 Gas_CO2Enthalpy_tK
NCO2 = 8 kmol/kmolF hO2 Gas_O2Enthalpy_tK
NO2 = 12.5 kmol/kmolF hN2 Gas_N2Enthalpy_tK
NN2 = 94 kmol/kmolF
Np = 123.5 kmolP/kmolF
Enthalpy of products

1
h P=
NP
{
m f⋅[ h f −h 'f −h'rp ] +m a⋅[ h a−h'a ] +h'P } Eq . d

Enthalpy of products
hP = (1/NP) * ( Mf * ( (hf,tR - hf,tref) - hrp ) + ma * ( ha,ta - ha,tref ) ) + hP,tref
hP = ### [kJ/kmolP]

Repeated, using liquid octane enthalpy from [10]

hP = (1/NP) * ( Mf * ( hf,tR - hf,tref - hrp) + ma * ( ha,ta - ha,tref ) ) + hP,tref

[kJ/kmolP] [kJ/kmolP]
Mols of products Mass of air per mol fuel
Np = 123.5 kmolp/kmolF ma = #VALUE! kga/kmolf
Molar mass of fuel
Mf = #VALUE! kgF/kmolF Air enthalpy
Fuel VBA function, based on [10], Table 1
Fuel supply temperature ha = Gas_AirEntkJ/kga
tf,tºC = 15.6 ºC
Enthalpy of air at supply temperature
Fuel reference temperature ta = 260 ºC
tf,ref = 25 ºC Ta = 533.15 K
ha,ta = #VALUE! kJ/kga
Using the reference [10]
Enthalpy of liquid octane Enthalpy of air at reference temperature
 hf = 0.9*T -668 kJ/kF-liq ta,ref = 25 ºC
Enthalpy of combustion Table 10 Ta,ref = 298.15 K
hRP = -44,427 kJ/kgf-liq ha,tref = #VALUE! kJ/kga

Products of combustion for octane with Enthalpy of products at combustion,

excess air initially assumed
Ex = mair / mair-soich tP,ass = 1409 ºC
Ex = 2 TP,ass = 1682 kJ/kmolP
Calculated enthalpy of products
Products based on energy balance (page 6)
NH2O = 9 lbmol/lbmolF hP,bal = #VALUE! kJ/kmolP
NCO2 = 8 lbmol/lbmolF
NO2 = 12.5 lbmol/lbmolF Calculated enthalpy of products
NN2 = 94 lbmol/lbmolF based on the enthalpy of products
Np = 123.5 kmolP/kmolF at the adiabatic combustion temperature
Np = 123.5 lbmolP/lbmolF (from Table of products)
hP,comb = #VALUE! kJ/kmolP

Enthalpy difference
Dh = hP,bal - hP,comb
Dh = #VALUE!

#VALUE!

Specific enthalpy of octane liquid

[10], page 220
hf = 0.5*TR -287 Btu/lb-liq
TR: [R]
1 Btu/lb = 2.326 kJ/kg
287 Btu/lb = 668 kJ/kg

hf = 0.5*TK*1.8 -667.56
hf = 0.9 * TK - 667.56 kJ/kg
The enthalpy of the reactants may be considered to be the sum of the enthalpies
of liquid octane and of air.

[10], page 220 - 221

Com

Stoichiometric combustion of octane

Equilibrium equation for the stoichiometric combustion of octane

C8H18(g)
C 8 H 18 + a O2 +

The mass balance gives

C: C= 8 O: 2
2
H: 18 = b * 2 2
b = 9 2

N: 3.76 * a
3.76 * a
3.76 * a

C8H18(g) + 12.5 O2 + 47 N2

C8H18(g) + 12.5 O2 + 47 N2

Combustion with excess air

Equilibrium equation for the combustion of octane with 200% of theorical air
C8H18(g)

C 8 H 18 + 2 ( 12.5
C 8 H 18 + 25

C8H18(g) + 25 O2 + 94 N2 --->

Reactants Products
NC8H18 = 1 Kmolf NH2O = 9
NO2 = 25 Kmol/Kmolf NCO2 = 8
NN2 = 94 Kmol/Kmolf NO2 = 12.5
NN2 = 94

For 200% of theorical air, the equation is

C8H18 + (12.5 O2 + 47 N) + (12.5 O2 + 47 N) ---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47 N2 + (12.5 O2 + 47 N)
C8H18 +25 O2 + 94 N ---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 94 N2 +12.5 O2

Reactants Products
NC8H18 = 1 Kmolf NH2O = 9 Kmol/Kmolf
NO2 = 25 Kmol/Kmolf NCO2 = 8 Kmol/Kmolf
NN2 = 94 Kmol/Kmolf NO2 = 12.5 Kmol/Kmolf
NN2 = 94 Kmol/Kmolf
Na = 119 kmola/kmolf Np = 123.5 kmolp/kmolf

Na = 119 kmola/kmolf
Ma = #VALUE! kga/kmola
ma = #VALUE! kga/kmolf

Notes
- Valid when reactants and products are at the
same pressure and temperature (Avogadro)
- Water in products is vapor, if the emperature
is high enough to prevent water condensation
 Liquid octane Air: Products
emperature Ait supply temperature Products reference temperat
ºC (Note 1) ta = 260 ºC (Note 1) tref =
at a reference temperature
ta_ref = 25 ºC

Air molecular mass

lb/lbmol gas: Air
Ma = #VALUE! lb/lbmol
lpy of liquid octane
Excess combustion air
Cp_C8H18_Liq_tC Ex% = 200 %
Ex = Ex% / 100
mbustion of liquid octane Ex = 2 -

kJ/kg (Note 1)
temperature
ºC

es at this reference The enthalpy of the reactants The enthalpy of the reactants may be
may be considered to be the
rimed symbols, considered to be the sum of the enthalpies
e sum of the enthalpies of
liquid octane and of air .
of liquid octane and of air .
The enthalpy of liquid octane The enthalpy of octane can be given as
H 'P -H 'P -H'R h f =0 . 9⋅TK−667
can be given as
H 'P ] + ( H 'P -H'R ) h f =0 .5⋅T −287 kJ
=H RP is the Btu h f : octane enthalpy
h f : octane enthalpy kgf-liq
stion . Thus lbf-liq
TK:Absolute temperture K
H 'P ] +H RP Eq . a T:Absolute temperture R
The state of zero enthalpy
The state of zero enthalpy is 0 K
rakets are
base state selected . is 0 R .
Microsoft Equation
Microsoft Equation 3.0
3.0
 Microsoft Equation
Microsoft Equation 3.0
3.0

Replacing equation
superscripts
[ H R−H 'R] −H RP =mf⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ ha−h'a ] Eq . c ' : refers to a temperatu
into equation subscripts:
N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =[ H R−H 'R ]−H RP Eq . b R:reactants
P:products
N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =m f⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ h a−h'a ] f:fuel
1
h P -h 'P=
NP {
mf⋅[ hf −h 'f −h 'rp ] +ma⋅[ h a −h'a ] } a:air
H : enthalpy [Btu ]
1 h: specific enthalpy [ B
h P=
NP
{ }
mf⋅[ h f −h 'f −h'rp ] +m a⋅[ h a−h'a ] +h'P Eq . d
h̄: specific enthalpy [ B
N : specific molar mass
Microsoft Equation
3.0

m: specific mass [ lb/ lbm

M f : molar mass of fuel
1
h P=
NP
{
m f⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +m a⋅[ ha −h'a ] + h'P } Eq . d

9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47 N2

he theorical air. Case Ex = 2

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47

+ (r - 1) *

+
 N2 ---> 9 H2O + 8 +
CO2 (r-1) +1 47

N2 ---> 9 H2O + 8 +
CO2 r * 47

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2+ 2 47

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 94

kmol/kmolf
kmol/kmolf
kmol/kmof
kmol/kmolF
kmolp/kmolf

reference temperature

h Nx h
kJ/kmol kmol/kmolF kJkmolF
#VALUE! 9 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 8 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 12.5 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 94 #VALUE!
hP,ref = #VALUE! kJ/kmolF
Np = 123.5 kmolP/kmolF
hP,ref = #VALUE! kJ/kmolP
 Specific enthalpy of products Average fuel temperature
at flame temperature Enthalpy change as required in
hP = [kJ/kmolP] equation (d)
Eq . d tf,ave = (tf + tf,ref)/2
Specific enthalpy of products tf = 15.6 ºC
at reference temperature tf,ref = 25 ºC
From page 5 tf,ave = 20.28 ºC
hP,ref = #VALUE! [kJ/kmolP] Constant pressure heat capacity
of octane liquid at average
Mols of products temperature.
From page 12 VBA function with validity range
Np = 123.5 kmolp/kmolF 20 ºC <= t <= 45 ºC
Cpliq_ave = Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantP
Molar mass of fuel tf,ave = 20.3 ºC
fuel: C8H18 T,ave = 293.4 K
Mf = #VALUE! kgF/kmolF Cpliq_ave = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
Although name is Gas_Octane, it corresponds to liquid
Mass of air per mol fuel Fuel enthalpy change
From page 12 hf,t - hf,tref = Cpf,ave * (tf - tf,ref)
ma = #VALUE! kga/kmolf Cpliq_ave = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
tf = 15.6 ºC
tf,ref = 25.0 ºC
hf,t - hf,tref = #VALUE! kJ/kg

Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureLiquid_tK

Also, (valid only for 200% excess air)

From page 5 Enthalpy of products at
hP,ref = #VALUE! kJ/kmolP reference temperature
From [10] Table 7. Enthalpy of products

with 200% theorical air

tref = 25 º
tref = 77 ºF
Tref = 536.67 R
R Btu/lbmolP
536 3767.7 Btu/lbmolP
536.67 3772.524 Btu/lbmolP
537 3774.9 Btu/lbmolP
1 Btu/lbmolP = 2.326 kJ/kmolP
hProd_25ºC = 8774.9 kJ/kmolP

Enthalpy of products
hP = (1/NP) * ( Mf * ( (hf,tR - hf,tref) - hrp ) + ma * ( ha,ta - ha,tref ) ) + hP,tref
 hP = (1/NP) * ( Mf * ( ( (0.9*Tf,TK -668) - (0.9*Tf,Ref -668) ) - Hrp) + ma * ( ha,ta - ha,tref ) ) + hP,tref
hP = (1/NP) * ( Mf * ( 0.9*(Tf,TK -Tf,Ref ) - hrp) + ma * ( ha,ta - ha,tref ) ) + hP,tref
hP = (1/NP) * ( Mf * ( 0.9*(tf,ºC -tf,Ref-ºC ) - hrp) + ma * ( ha,ta - ha,tref ) ) + hP,tref
hP = #VALUE! kJ/kmolP

combustion, Table of products

h Nx h
kJ/kmol kmol/kmolF kJ/kmolF
hH2O Gas_H2OEnthalpy_tK #VALUE! 9 #VALUE!
hCO2 Gas_CO2Enthalpy_tK #VALUE! 8 #VALUE!
hO2 Gas_O2Enthalpy_tK #VALUE! 12.5 #VALUE!
hN2 Gas_N2Enthalpy_tK #VALUE! 94 #VALUE!
hP,T = #VALUE!
Np = 123.5
hP,T = #VALUE!
tion temperature

Resulting adiabatic flame temperature of the combustion products

tP= 1409 ºC

Liquid octane fuel burned with 200 % of theorical air

Complete combustion assumed
In the combustion equation, N2 represents nitrogen and argon.
The products temperature is high enough to ensure that the
water in the products is a vapor

Return

Fuel: Liquid octane supply Enthalpy of combustion of liquid

tF = 60 ºF n-octane [10], Table 10, page 95,
tF = 15.6 ºC at a reference temperature
tf,ref = 25 ºC
hRP = -19,100 Btu/lb
hRP = -44,427 kJ/kg
 Combustion

3.76 *a N2 ---> b H2O + c

* a = b + 2 * c
* a = 9 + 2 * 8
* a = 9 + 16
* a = 25
a= = 12.5

= 3.76 * a
= 3.76 * 12.5
= 47

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47

---> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 47

Exc = 2 -
 O2 + 47 N2 ) ---> 9 H2O +
O2 + 94 N2 ---> 9 H2O +

+ 12.5 O2

9 H2O + 8 CO2 + 12.5 O2

Kmol/Kmolf
Kmol/Kmolf
Kmol/Kmolf
Kmol/Kmolf

5 O2 + 47 N)

hf - hfref + qref DHF = 1 * (hf - hfref) + qref

Fuel

DHp = 123.5 * (hp - hpref)

25 * (hO2 - hO2ref)
Air DHair = 119 * (ha - haref)
kmolp/kmolf 94 * (hN2 - hN2ref
 rev.cjc.28.11.2017
1

Products reference temperature

25 ºC

Kelv = 273.15 K
Rank = 459.67 R

eactants may be
um of the enthalpies
of air .
ne can be given as

kJ
kgf-liq
ure K
alpy is 0 K
Microsoft Equation
3.0
 3

superscripts
' : refers to a temperature of 25 ºC
subscripts:
R:reactants
P:products
f:fuel
a:air
H : enthalpy [Btu ]
h: specific enthalpy [ Btu/lb ]
h̄: specific enthalpy [ Btu/lbmol ]
N : specific molar mass [ Btu/lbmol f ]
m: specific mass [ lb/ lbmol f ]
M f : molar mass of fuel [lb f / lbmol f ]
Microsoft Equation
3.0

N2 + (r - 1) * 12.5 O2
47 N2

*
N2 + (r- 1) * 12.5 O2

N2 + (r - 1) * 12.5 O2

N2 + 1* 12.5 O2

N2 + 12.5 O2

6
 Enthalpy of combustion of
liquid n-octane
[10], Table 10, page 95, at a
reference temperature
tf,ref = 25 ºC
tf,ref = 77 ºF
Tf,ref = 536.67 R
hRP = -19,100 Btu/lb
hRP = -44,427 kJ/kgf-liq

Enthalpy of air at supply

temperature
ha,ta = Gas_AirEnthalpy_tK
ta = 260 ºC
Ta = 533.15 kJ/kga
ha,ta = #VALUE! kJ/kga

Enthalpy of air at reference

temperature
ha,ta = Gas_AirEnthalpy_tK
ta,ref = 25 ºC
Ta,ref = 298.15
ha,tref = #VALUE! kJ/kga

eatConstantPressureLiquid_tK(tK)

Microsoft Equation
3.0
ma * ( ha,ta - ha,tref ) ) + hP,tref

kJ/kmolF
kmolP/kmolF
kJ/kmolP

Air supply temperature

ta = 500 ºF
ta = 260 ºC
 10

CO2 + 3.76 *a N2

Solution
a= 12.5 KmolO2/ Kmolf
b= 9 KmolH2O/ Kmolf
c= 8 KmolCO2/ Kmolf
3.76 * a = 47 KmolN2/ Kmolf

N2

N2

11
8 CO2 + 47 N2
8 CO2 + 47 N2

+ 47 N2

+ 94 N2

12

9 * (hH2O(g) - hH2O(g),ref)

8 * (hCO2 - hCO2,ref)
Products
12.5 * (hO2 - hO2,ref)

94 * (hN2 - hN2,ref)
 Adiabatic flame temperature Denoting the values at this referenc
temperature with primed symbols,
Application of the first law indicates it is posible to write
' '
H R −H R= H P -H R
equality of the enthalpy of reactants
H R and products H P [ H R−H 'R] =H P+H 'P -H 'P -H'R
Thus [ H R−H 'R] =[ H P -H 'P ] +( H 'P -H'R )
H R =H P where ( H 'P -H 'R )=H RP is the
For the evaluation of the enthalpy enthalpy of combustion . Thus
it is considered its value related [ H R−H 'R] =[ H P -H 'P ] +H RP Eq
to the value it has at a reference The quantities in brakets are
temperature t ref=25ºC . independent of the base state selec

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Primed symbols indicate values at the

reference temperature

From equation
kJ Btu
[ H R−H 'R] =[ H P -H 'P ] +H 'rp kmolf
or
lbmol f
Eq . a

HR−H 'R−H 'rp=H P -H 'P

[ H P -H'P ]=[ H R−H 'R ]−H 'rp
Introducing specific enthalpies,
N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =[ H R−H 'R ]−H 'rp Eq . b
and disaggregating the enthalpy of the reactants
HR−H R−H rp=H P -H P
[ H P -H'P ]=[ H R−H 'R ]−H 'rp
Introducing specific enthalpies,
N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =[ H R−H 'R ]−H 'rp Eq . b
and disaggregating the enthalpy of the reactants
in the enthalpies of the fuel and of the air
[ H R−H 'R] −H RP =[ H f −H 'f ] +[ H a−H 'a ] −H 'rp
one gets
[ H R−H 'R] −H RP =mf⋅[ h f −h'f ]+ma⋅[ ha−h 'a ] −mf⋅h'rp
[ H R−H 'R] −H RP =mf⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ ha−h'a ] Eq . c

mf
[ ]
kg f
kmol f
h f , h'f , and h 'rp
[ ]
kJ
kgf

ma
[ ]
kga
kmol f
h a and h'a
[ ]
kJ
kga

Density of gas mixture with Density of gas mixtur

molecular mass MMc molecular mass MMc
P⋅ν=R g⋅T P⋅ν= R g⋅T
R
P: pressure ( Pa ) R= g
MM
ν : molar specific volume Molar specific volume
m³/kmol m3
ν
R g :General gas constant kmol
T:temperature ( K ) Specific volume
m3
MMc:molecular mass of v
kg
combustible mixture ( kg/kmol )
m3 m3 1 km
R:gas constant v =ν ⋅
kg kmol MM kg
R ν
R= g v=
MM
MM
Microsoft Equation
3.0
values at this reference The enthalpy of the reactants The enthalpy of the
ith primed symbols,
write
may be considered to be the considered to be the
'
-H R sum of the enthalpies of of liquid octane and
' '
P +H P -H P -H R
' liquid octane and of air . The enthalpy of octa
The enthalpy of liquid octane h f =0. 9⋅TK−667
](
H P -H 'P + H 'P -H'R )
can be given as
)
H 'R =H RP is the
mbustion . Thus
h f =0.5⋅T −287 h f : octane enthalpy
H P -H 'P ] +H RP Eq . a Btu
h f : octane enthalpy TK:Absolute tempe
in brakets are lbf-liq
f the base state selected . The state of zero en
T:Absolute temperture R
Microsoft Equation
3.0
The state of zero enthalpy
is 0 R .
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Replacing equation
Eq . a [ H R−H 'R] −H RP =mf⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ ha−h'a ] Eq . c
into equation
N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =[ H R−H 'R ]−H RP Eq . b
N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =m f⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ h a−h'a ]
1
Eq . b h P -h 'P=
NP {
mf⋅[ hf −h 'f −h 'rp ] +ma⋅[ h a −h'a ] }
 N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =[ H R−H 'R ]−H RP Eq . b
N P⋅[ hP -h 'P ] =m f⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ h a−h'a ]
1
Eq . b h P -h 'P=
NP { }
mf⋅[ hf −h 'f −h 'rp ] +ma⋅[ h a −h'a ]

1
h P=
NP
{ }
mf⋅[ h f −h 'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ h a−h'a ] +h'P Eq . d

Microsoft Equation
3.0

1
.c h P=
NP
{
mf⋅[ h f −h'f −h'rp ] +ma⋅[ ha −h'a ] + h'P } Eq . d

Microsoft Equation
3.0

of gas mixture with Gas law Gas density

ar mass MMc P⋅ν= R g⋅T P⋅v= R⋅T
g⋅T ν P 1
v= = =ρ
MM R⋅T v
M P
ν =v⋅MM ρ=
R⋅T
pecific volume
R with
R= g
MM Rg
R=
volume R g = R⋅MM MM
P
P⋅v⋅MM= R⋅MM⋅T ρ=
Rg
P⋅v= R⋅T ⋅T
MM
m3 1 kmol
⋅ P
kmol MM kg ρ= ⋅MM
R g⋅T
Microsoft Equation
3.0

P
Const=
R g⋅T
Microsoft Equation
3.0
ρ=Const⋅MM
 1

The enthalpy of the reactants may be

considered to be the sum of the enthalpies
of liquid octane and of air .
The enthalpy of octane can be given as
h f =0 . 9⋅TK−667
kJ
h f : octane enthalpy
kgf-liq
TK:Absolute temperture K
The state of zero enthalpy is 0 K
Microsoft Equation
3.0

superscripts
Eq . c ' : refers to a temperature of 25 ºC
subscripts:
Eq . b R:reactants
P:products
f:fuel
a:air
H : enthalpy [Btu ]
 Eq . b R:reactants
P:products
f:fuel
a:air
H : enthalpy [Btu ]
.d h: specific enthalpy [ Btu/lb ]
h̄: specific enthalpy [ Btu/lbmol ]
N : specific molar mass [ Btu/lbmol f ]
m: specific mass [ lb/ lbmol f ]
Microsoft Equation
3.0

M f : molar mass of fuel [lb f / lbmol f ]

P Eq . d
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Gas density
P⋅v= R⋅T
P 1 ρ=Const⋅MM
= =ρ Const=
P
R⋅T v R g⋅T
P
ρ=
R⋅T
with
Rg
R=
MM
P
ρ=
Rg
⋅T
MM
P
ρ= ⋅MM
R g⋅T
P
Const=
R g⋅T
ρ=Const⋅MM
Microsoft Equation
3.0
Octane properties [11] and [13]

1.- Saturation pressure as function of temperature 4.- Enthalpy of saturated gas

Psat = Gas_OctanePsat_tK hsatg =

t= 400 K T=
Psat = #VALUE! kPa hsatg =

398.8 K <= T <= 568.8 K 398.8 K <= T <= 568.8 K

2.- Saturation temperature as function of pressure 5,. Evaporation enthalpy

Tsat = Gas_OctaneTsat_PkPa hevap =

P= 386 kPa T=
Tsat = #VALUE! K hevap =

101.3 kPa <= P <= 2486 kPa 398.8 K <= T <= 568.8 K

3.- Enthalpy of saturated fluid 6. Specific heat at constant pressure o

hsatf = Gas_OctaneEnthalpySaturatedLiquid_tK CpSatFluid =

T= 455 K T=
hsatf = #VALUE! kJ/kg CpSatFluid =

398.8 K <= T <= 568.8 K

Octane properties
'
1.- Saturation pressure of n-octane
2.- Saturation temperature of n-octane
3.- Specific enthalpy of saturated Liquid octane
4.- Specific enthalpy of saturated Gas octane
5.- Enthalpy of evaporation of octane
6.- Specific heat at constant pressure of saturated Liquid
7.- Specific heat at constant pressure of saturated Gas
8.- Specific Heat at Constant Pressure of Octane Gas
9.- Specific Heat at Constant Pressure of Octane Liquid
- Enthalpy of saturated gas 7.-Specific heat at constant pressure of saturated gas

Gas_OctaneEnthalpySaturatedGas_tK CpSatGas = Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureSaturatedGas_tK

535 K T= 515 K
#VALUE! kJ/kg CpSatGas = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

398.8 K <= T <= 568.8 K 398.8 <= tK <= 555

. Evaporation enthalpy 8.- Constant pressure heat capacity of octane gas

Gas_OctaneEnthalpyEvaporation_tK(tK) Cp,gas Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureGas_tK

515 K T= 399.15 K
#VALUE! kJ/kg Cp,gas #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

398.8 K <= T <= 568.8 K 200 [K] <= T <= 1500 [K]

Specific heat at constant pressure of saturated liquid 9.- Constant pressure heat capacity of octane liquid

Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureSaturatedLiquid_tK Cp,liq = Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureLiquid_

515 K T= 313.15 K
#VALUE! kJ/(kg*K) Cp,liq = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

398.8 <= tK <= 555 293.7 [K] <= T <= 318.15 [K]
Although name is Gas_Octane, it corresponds to liquid 20.55 [ºC] <= t <= 45 [ºC]
Although name is Gas_Octane, it corresponds to liquid

see Gas. Octane properties.xls

Gas_OctanePsat_tK(tK)
Gas_OctaneTsat_PkPa(PkPa)
Gas_OctaneEnthalpySaturatedLiquid_tK(tK)
Gas_OctaneEnthalpySaturatedGas_tK(tK)
Gas_OctaneEnthalpyEvaporation_tK(tK)
Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureSaturatedLiquid_tK(tK)
Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureSaturatedGas_tK(tK)
Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureGas_tK(tK)
Gas_OctaneSpecificHeatConstantPressureLiquid_tK(tK)
 rev.cjc.24.01.2018

sure of saturated gas

tantPressureSaturatedGas_tK

ity of octane gas

eatConstantPressureGas_tK

ity of octane liquid

eatConstantPressureLiquid_tK

e, it corresponds to liquid
TP = 3032.5 R
TP = 1684.7 K
tP = 1411.6 ºC
1

2
3

4
Gas data
Molecular mass
VBA function
GasMolarMass Gas M HHV Ref
M kg/kmol MJ/kg
kg/kmol (Note 1)
#VALUE! Methane CH4 16.04246 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Ethane C2H6 30.06904 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Propane C3H8 44.09562 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Butane C4H10 58.12220 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Pentane C5H12 72.14878 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Hexane C6H14 86.17536 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Heptane C7H16 100.20194 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Octane C8H18 114.22852 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Nonane C9H20 128.25510 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Decane C10H22 142.28168 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Undecane C11H24 156.30826 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Dodecane C12H26 170.33484 #VALUE! [14]
#VALUE! Hydrogen H2 2.01588 141.8 [14]
#VALUE! Carbon monoxide CO 28.01010 10.112 [14]
#VALUE! Carbon dioxide CO2 44.00950 0
#VALUE! Sulfur (solid) S 32.06500 9.163
#VALUE! Hidrogen sulfide SH2 34.08088 #VALUE! Note 3
#VALUE! Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.06380 0
#VALUE! Water H2O 18.01528 0
#VALUE! Nirogen N2 28.01340 0
#VALUE! Argon Ar 39.94800 0
#VALUE! Oxygen O2 31.99880 0
#VALUE! Carbon (graphite) C 12.01070 32.808 [14]
Neon Ne 20.1797 0
Helium He 4.002602 0
Xenon Xe 131.293 0
0

Lower heating value of hydrogen sulfide

SH2(g) +1.5*O2(g) --> 1*SO2(g) + 1*H2O(vap)

1 SH2(g) + 1.5 O2(g) -->

 1 -20.6 + 1.5 0 -->
-20.6 0 -->
-20.6 -->
Dhreaction = -635.3 - -20.6
Dhreaction = -614.7 kJ/mol
Dhreaction = -614700 kJ/kmol

SH2
M= #VALUE! kg/kmol

Dhreaction = Dhreaction / M
Dhreaction = -614700 kJ/kmol
M= #VALUE! kg/kmol
Dhreaction = #VALUE! kJ/kg

LHV = #VALUE! MJ/kg

Higher heating value of hydrogen sulfide

SH2(g) +1.5*O2(g) --> 1*SO2(g) + 1*H2O(liq)

1 SH2(g) + 1.5 O2(g) -->

1 -20.6 + 1.5 0 -->
-20.6 0 -->
-20.6 -->
Dhreaction = -679.3 - -20.6
Dhreaction = -658.7 kJ/mol
Dhreaction = -658700 kJ/kmol

SH2
M= #VALUE! kg/kmol

Dhreaction = Dhreaction / M
Dhreaction = -658700 kJ/kmol
M= #VALUE! kg/kmol
Dhreaction = #VALUE! kJ/kg

HHV = #VALUE! MJ/kg

 LHV Ref Note 1. Molecular masses of gases in table below are taken from [3] , page 1-7
MJ/kg [3] VBA
.@ 15.4 ºC function
50.01 [14] H2 2.01588 #VALUE!
47.79 [14] S 32.065 #VALUE!
46.36 [14] N2 28.0134 #VALUE!
45.75 [14] Ar 39.948 #VALUE!
45.36 [14] O2 31.9988 #VALUE!
44.75 [14] C 12.0107 #VALUE!
44.57 [14] Ne 20.1797 #VALUE!
44.43 [14] He 4.002602 #VALUE!
44.31 [14] Xe 131.293 #VALUE!
44.24 [14] I2 253.8089 #VALUE!
44.19 [14] The rest is calculated as the sum of the mass of its atoms
44.15 [14]
120.971 [14] Note 2. Calculated in sheet Ref. 14, using the relation
10.112 [14] DeltaHV = 44000 * NH2O (kmolH2O/kmolF) / MF (kgF/kmolF)
0 which consideres the evaporation enthalpy of the water in the products
9.163 [14] (Sheet Diff HHV to LHV)
#VALUE! Note 3
0 Note 3. Calculated below using Hess's law
0
0 There is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combustion of c
0 carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur (S) since no water is formed in combusting those substanc
0
32.808 [14]
0
0
0
0

1 CO2(g) + 1 H2O(g)
 1 -393.5 + 1 -241.8
-393.5 + -241.8
-635.3

1 CO2(g) + 1 H2O(liq)
1 -393.5 + 1 -285.8
-393.5 + -285.8
-679.3
 10.04.2018

3] , page 1-7

s for the combustion of carbon (C),

mbusting those substances (green cells)
In a process of complete oxidation, the difference
between the HHV and the LHV is given by the relation
HHV-LHV =−N H2O⋅( EF {H 2 O(liq ) }−EF { H 2 O( vap ) })
[ kJ
molfuel ]
where
N H2O : is the number of water mols in the products
of a complete combustion, per one mol of fuel
EF: enthalpy formation
EF {H 2 O( liq ) } :enthalpy of formation with water in liquid state
EF {H 2 O( liq ) } :enthalpy of formation with water in vapor state
and with
EF {H 2 O( liq ) } =h f_liq = -285 . 8 kJ
EF {H 2 O( vap ) }=hf_vap = -241 . 8 kJ

[ HHV-LHV ] =− N H 2 O⋅(−285 . 8−(241 .8 ) ) [ ]

kJ
mol

[ HHV-LHV ] =N H 2O
[ ] [ ]
molw
mol F
⋅( 44 )
kJ
mol w [ ]
kJ
mol
Equation valid for an oxidation process where the Microsoft Equation
3.0

products contain N H2O mols of water .

Application of the equation

N H 2O
[ kmolw
]
[ ] [ ]
kJ kmol F kJ
( HHV-LHV ) = ⋅( 44000 )

[ ]
kg kg fuel kmol w
MF
kmol F
 N H 2O
[ kmolw
]
[ ] [ ]
kJ kmol F kJ
( HHV-LHV ) = ⋅( 44000 )

[ ]
kg kg fuel kmol w
MF
kmol F

Difference in the heating values o

Combustion equations of the fuels (complete combustio

1 CH4 + 2 O2 ---> 1
1 C2H6 + 3.5 O2 ---> 2
1 C3H8 + 5 O2 ---> 3
1 C4H10 + 6.5 O2 ---> 4
1 C5H12 + 8 O2 ---> 5
1 C6H14 + 9.5 O2 ---> 6
1 C7H16 + 11 O2 ---> 7
1 C8H18 + 12.5 O2 ---> 8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion
HHV-LHV|F =

HHV-LHV|F =
 Difference between the heating values

[ kJ
molfuel ] For a specific fuel with combustion products with N
mols of water per mol of fuel and with a molar mass
the difference between the heating values is

N H2 O
[ kmol w
]
[ ] [
id state kJ kmol F kJ
( HHV-LHV ) = ⋅( 44000 )

[ ]
or state kg kg fuel km
MF
kmol F

J
ol ] DHV [kJ/kg] = 44000 * NH2O (kmolH2O/kmolF) / MF (kgF/kmolF

] The enthalpy of combustion and the change of the enthalpy of formati

only when an element is oxidized by other (O2)
Microsoft Equation
3.0

[ kJ
kmolw ]
[ kJ
kmolw ]
ce in the heating values of some hydrocarbons DHV = HHV - LHV
DHV =
(NH2O / MF) * 44000
ls (complete combustion) Faires (1)
NH2O MF DHV DHV HHV LHV
molw/molF kg/kmol kJ/kg kcal/kg kcal/kg kcal/kg
CO2 + 2 H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 13,256 11,945
CO2 + 3 H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 12,391 11,342
CO2 + 4 H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 12,025 11,072
CO2 + 5 H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
CO2 + 6 H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
CO2 + 7 H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
CO2 + 8 H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
CO2 + 9 H2O #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

[ ]
N H2O [ molw ] J
HV-LHV|F =Hv⋅ [ J
mol w ]
⋅
N F [ mol F ] mol F

HHV-LHV|F⋅ kmol [ kJ
]
HV-LHV|F =
F

[ ]
kJ

MF
[ kg
kmol F ] kgF Microsoft Equation
3.0
 1

ues

on products with N H2O

with a molar mass M F ,
values is

mol w
]
[ ]
mol F kJ
⋅( 44000 )
fuel
mol F ] kmolw

kmolF) / MF (kgF/kmolF)

e of the enthalpy of formation of a reaction have the same value

Microsoft Equation
[1], page 606 3.0

2
 DHV
kcal/kg
1,311
1,049
953

Microsoft Equation
3.0
Higher and lower heating values

[14] LHV
Lower heating value for some organic compounds (at 15.4°C)

Fuel MJ/kg MJ/L BTU/lb kJ/mol

Paraffins
Methane 50.009 — — 802.34
Ethane 47.794 — — 1437.17
Propane 46.357 — — 2044.21
Butane 45.752 — — 2659.3
Pentane 45.357 - — 3272.57
Hexane 44.752 - — 3856.66
Heptane 44.566 - — 4465.76
Octane 44.427 - — —
Nonane 44.311 - — —
Decane 44.24 — — —
Undecane 44.194 — — —
Dodecane 44.147 — — —

HHV LHV 
Higher (HHV) and Lower (LHV) Heating values
of some common fuels (NIST Chemistry)
Fuel    HHV MJ/kg    HHV BTU/lb    HHV kJ/mol    LHV MJ/kg   
Hydrogen 141.8 61,000 286 121
Methane 55.5 23,900 889 50
Ethane 51.9 22,400 1,560 47.8
Propane 50.35 21,700 2,220 46.35
Butane 49.5 20,900 2,877 45.75
Pentane 45.35
Gasoline 47.3 20,400 44.4
Paraffin 46 19,900 41.5
Kerosene 46.2 43
Diesel 44.8 19,300
Coal
27 14,000
(Anthracite)
Coal (Lignite) 15 8,000
Wood 15 6,500
Peat (damp) 6 2,500
Peat (dry) 15 6,500
 Adapted from [14]

Heating value for some organic compounds (at 15.4°C) [14a]

LHV NH2O (1) M DeltaHV (2) HHV
Fuel MJ/kg molH2O/molF kg/kmol kJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg
Paraffins
Methane 50.009 CH4 2 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Ethane 47.794 C2H6 3 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Propane 46.357 C3H8 4 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Butane 45.752 C4H10 5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Pentane 45.357 C5H12 6 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Hexane 44.752 C6H14 7 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Heptane 44.566 C7H16 8 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Octane 44.427 C8H18 9 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Nonane 44.311 C9H20 10 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Decane 44.24 C10H22 11 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Undecane 44.194 C11H24 12 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Dodecane 44.147 C12H26 13 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Isoparaffins
Isobutane 45.613 — — —
Isopentane 45.241 — — —
2-Methylpentane 44.682 — — —
2,3-Dimethylbutane 44.659 — — —
2,3-Dimethylpentane 44.496 — — —
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 44.31 - — —
Naphthenes
Cyclopentane 44.636 — — —
Methylcyclopentane 44.636 — — —
Cyclohexane 43.45 — — —
Methylcyclohexane 43.38 — — —
Monoolefins
Ethylene 47.195 — — —
Propylene 45.799 — — —
1-Butene 45.334 — — —
cis-2-Butene 45.194 — — —

trans-2-Butene 45.124 — — —

Isobutene 45.055 — — —
1-Pentene 45.031 — — —
2-Methyl-1-pentene 44.799 — — —
1-Hexene 44.426 — — —
Diolefins
1,3-Butadiene 44.613 — — —
Isoprene 44.078 - — —
Nitrous derivated
Nitromethane 10.513 — — —
Nitropropane 20.693 — — —
Acetylenes
Acetylene 48.241 — — —
Methylacetylene 46.194 — — —
1-Butyne 45.59 — — —
1-Pentyne 45.217 — — —
Aromatics
Benzene 40.17 — — —
Toluene 40.589 — — —
o-Xylene 40.961 — — —
m-Xylene 40.961 — — —
p-Xylene 40.798 — — —
Ethylbenzene 40.938 — — —
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 40.984 — — —
Propylbenzene 41.193 — — —
Cumene 41.217 — — —
Alcohols
Methanol — — —
Ethanol 28.865 — — —
n-propanol 30.68 — — —
Isopropanol 30.447 — — —
n-Butanol 33.075 — — —
Isobutanol 32.959 — — —
Tertiobutanol 32.587 — — —
n-Pentanol 34.727 — — —
Ethers
Methoxymethane 28.703 — — —
Ethoxyethane 33.867 — — —
Propoxypropane 36.355 — — —
Butoxybutane 37.798 — — —
Aldehydes and ketones
Methanal 17.259 — — —
Ethanal 24.156 — — —
Propionaldehyde 28.889 — — —
Butyraldehyde 31.61 — — —
Acetone 28.548 — — —
Other species
Carbon (graphite) 32.808 — — —
Hydrogen 120.971 — — —
Carbon monoxide 10.112 — — —
Ammonia 18.646 — — —
Sulfur (solid) 9.163 — — —
Note that there is no difference between the lower and higher
heating values for the combustion of carbon, carbon monoxide and
sulfur since no water is formed in combusting those substances
(1)
Mols of water in products / mol fuel

(2)
DeltaHV = 44000 * NH2O (kmolH2O/kmolF) / MF (kgF/kmolF)
which consideres the evaporation enthalpy of the water in the products
See sheet Diff HHV to LHV
Air composition according CRC
Published by Anne Marie Helmenstine

[18] Nitrogen -- N2 -- 78.084%

https://www.thoughtco.com/chemical-composition-of-air-604288
Oxygen -- O2 -- 20.9476%

Argon -- Ar -- 0.934%

by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Carbon Dioxide -- CO2 --

Updated August 16, 2017
Neon -- Ne -- 0.001818%
Nearly all of the Earth's atmosphere is made up of only five gases:
nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide. Methane -- CH4 -- 0.0002
Several other compounds also are present. Although this CRC table
does not list water vapor, air can contain as much as 5% water vapor, Helium -- He -- 0.000524
more commonly ranging from 1-3%. The 1-5% range places water
vapor as the third most common gas (which alters the other Krypton -- Kr -- 0.000114
percentages accordingly).
Below is the composition of air in percent by volume, at sea level Hydrogen -- H2 -- 0.0000
at 15 C and 101325 Pa.
Xenon -- Xe -- 0.0000087
Reference: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, edited by David R. Lide, 1997.

Ozone -- O3 -- 0.000007%

Nitrogen Dioxide -- NO2 -

Iodine -- I2 -- 0.000001%

Carbon Monoxide -- CO -

Ammonia -- NH3 -- trace

 CRC data [18]
%vol Component M
Nitrogen -- N2 -- 78.084% N2 78.084 i kg/kmol
N2 #VALUE!
Oxygen -- O2 -- 20.9476% O2 20.9476 O2 #VALUE!
Ar #VALUE!
Argon -- Ar -- 0.934% Ar 0.934 CO2 #VALUE!
Ne #VALUE!
Carbon Dioxide -- CO2 -- 0.0314% CO2 0.0314 He #VALUE!
CH4 #VALUE!
Neon -- Ne -- 0.001818% Ne 0.001818 Kr #VALUE!
H2 #VALUE!
Methane -- CH4 -- 0.0002% CH4 0.0002 Xe #VALUE!
O3 #VALUE!
Helium -- He -- 0.000524% He 0.000524 NO2 #VALUE!
I2 253.809
Krypton -- Kr -- 0.000114% Kr 0.000114

Hydrogen -- H2 -- 0.00005% H2 0.00005

Xenon -- Xe -- 0.0000087% Xe 0.0000087 Atmospheric air molecu

composition given in CR
Ozone -- O3 -- 0.000007% O3 0.000007 Mair =

Nitrogen Dioxide -- NO2 -- 0.000002% NO2 0.000002

Iodine -- I2 -- 0.000001% I2 0.000001

Carbon Monoxide -- CO -- trace trace

Ammonia -- NH3 -- trace trace

 Air composition [18] Mol fraction
ppmv Nfract M * Nfract
CRC data CRC, norm %vol moli/molair
780840 780,842 78.084 0.78084215 #VALUE!
209476 209,477 20.948 0.20947658 #VALUE!
9340 9,340 0.934 0.00934003 #VALUE!
314 314.0 0.031 0.000314 #VALUE!
18.18 18.18 0.0018 1.81801E-05 #VALUE!
5.24 5.24 0.0005 5.24001E-06 #VALUE!
2 2.00 0.0002 2E-06 #VALUE!
1.14 1.14 0.0001 1.14E-06 #VALUE!
0.5 0.50 0.0001 5E-07 #VALUE!
0.087 0.087 0.00001 8.70002E-08 #VALUE!
0.07 0.07 0.00001 7E-08 #VALUE!
0.02 0.02 0.000002 2E-08 #VALUE!
0.01 0.01 0.000001 1E-08 0.000
999,997.2 #VALUE!
0.999997 1000000 100.000

Atmospheric air molecular mass, according the

composition given in CRC [18]
#VALUE! kg / kmol
[1] Termodinámica
Yunus A. Cengel
Michael A. Boles

[2] Termodinamica
Virgil Moring Faires

[3] http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap1.html
CHAPTER 1. MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION

[4] Fundamentos fde termodinámica

Van Wylen and Sonntag
Ed. Limusa 20 ed, 1997

[5] http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap1.html
CHAPTER 1. MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION

[6] Power generation. Calculation reference guide

Tyler G. Hicks., P.E. editor
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
1985

[7] [7]
Heat ans mass transfer
Yunus A. Cengel & Afshin

[8]
[9]

[10] Gas Tables

Thermodynamic properties of air, products of
combustion and component gases
Josedph H. Keenan & Joseph Kaye
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1948

[11] NIST Chemistry

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas octane
http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C111659&Mask=7

[12] Perry' Chemical Engineer's Hanbook

[13] Termopedia
http://www.thermopedia.com/es/content/996/
[14] Thermal fluids Central
http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/encyclopedia/index.php/Heat_of_Combustion#References
Heat of combustion

[15] Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid octane

http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C111659&Mask=2

[16] Enthalpy of vaporization

http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C111659&Mask=4

[17] Fandom
Data from NASA, normalized
http://renewableenergy.wikia.com/wiki/Molecular_weight_of_dry_air

[18]

https://www.thoughtco.com/chemical-composition-of-air-604288
 Microsoft Equation
3.0

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Heat ans mass transfer

Yunus A. Cengel & Afshin J. Ghajar
stion#References