1 Syllogisms

A syllogism is a two-premised, conclusive de- contradicting oneself, the reasoning in such

ductive argument in reasoning. The most com- syllogisms is sound.
mon type is a categorical syllogism, in which the
premises and conclusion are both straightfor- Components of Syllogism
ward declarative statements that are connect-
Consider the three statements given here.
ed by just three simple terms, each of which
appears twice (as a subject and a predicate): 1. All horses are mammals.

y “All athletes are cricketers; Major Premise [Component―1]

y no graduate are cricketer; 2. Rustam is a horse.

y therefore no athletes are graduates.” Minor Premise [Component―2]

Because it would be impossible to affirm the 3. Ranjeev is Rustam’s jockey.

premises and reject the conclusion without Conclusion [Component―3]

Types of Syllogism

Major Premise All cycles have pedals.

Categorical
Minor Premise I own a cycle.
Syllogism
Conclusion My cycle has pedals.

Major Premise Vandana loves watches.

Conditional Minor Premise Vandana loves to watch with leather straps.
Syllogism If Vandana loves watches, she must wear a watch with
Conclusion
a leather strap.

Major Premise Candy is either orange or blackberry.

Disjunctive
Minor Premise It is not blackberry.
Syllogism
Conclusion Therefore, it must be orange.

Major Premise Alcohol ups the cholesterol levels in human body.

People with hypertension should control cholesterol
Minor Premise
Enthymemes levels in their body.
Therefore, people with hypertension should not
Conclusion
consume alcohol.

Major Premise All Toyota cars are purple.

Fallacy Minor Premise The car in my garage is purple.
Conclusion My car is Toyota.

Syllogisms 5
 The Venn diagram method is a useful tool
for quickly testing syllogisms. We presume
that you have prior knowledge of diagram-
ming categorical propositions. However, let’s
review your understanding of categorical
statements.
Categorical propositions are statements
that demonstrate the relationship between
two sets, e.g., ‘All stars are five-pointed’ is a
categorical proposition since it tells us that
the items in the first set, ‘stars’, belong in
the second set, ‘five-pointed’.

Four Basic Forms of Categorical

Designated As Its Venn Diagram
Propositions

All S is P

A S P

No S is P

E S P

Some S is P

I S × P

Some S is not P

O S × P

Important Points alone is inadequate to demonstrate that the

A syllogism is a two-premise argument with conclusion must follow.
three words, each of which is employed
S P
twice. A circle can symbolise each phrase
(major, minor, and intermediate terms).
Since a syllogism is only true if the prem-
isses imply the conclusion, diagramming the
premisses reveals the logical geography of
the conclusion in a valid syllogism. If the syl- M
logism is invalid, a diagram of the premises

6 Syllogisms
Given that there are three classes, we antic- 2. The shading indicates that there are no
ipate three overlapping circles. individuals in that location. Empty space
1. The region within the circle denotes indicates that no information is available
the location of class participants, while about that region.
the area beyond the circle symbolises 3. The letter X relates to the word
all other persons (the complementary ‘some’ since it symbolises ‘at least one
class). The numerous schematic areas (person)’.
are noted above.

Some Typical Examples of Syllogisms Are Shown Here by Their Mood and Figure

EAE―1 AAA―1

The syllogism consists of an E statement This syllogism consists solely of A

for the main premiss, an A statement for
the minor premiss, and an E statement for
the conclusion.
By convention, S (the minor term) is the
subject and P (the major term) is the
predicate for the conclusion. Left wing
describes the location of the middle word.
The form written out is
No M is P
All S are M
No S is P
Note how the region shared by S and P has
been fully blocked out in the picture below,
suggesting that ‘No S is P’.
Upon diagramming simply, the two premises,
the conclusion has been achieved. Each and
every syllogism of the type EAE―1 is valid.
assertions, with the M-terms also
organised in the ‘left-hand wing’.
Its form is written out as
All M are P
All S are M
All S are P
Note in the picture below how the sole
portion of S that is not coloured is present
in all three classes. Important to note is
that this region of S is totally contained
within the P class. The AAA―1 syllogism is
therefore always valid.
The AAA―1 and EAE―1 syllogisms are
by far the most frequent in the question
papers.
S P

S P

Syllogisms 7
 AII―3 AII―2

The M-terms are put in the subject position

The AII―2 has the M words in both
on the right side of the AII―3 block.
premises’ predicates.
This syllogism sets up as The syllogism is written out as
All M is P
All P is M
Some M is S
Some S is M
Some S is P
Some S is P
Observe how you are ‘forced’ to place the
‘X’ from the minor premise in the region The graphic demonstrates that ‘X’ might
of the diagram shared by all three classes be in either the SMP or SPM region.
while drawing the syllogism. Since we do not sure precisely which
The ‘X’ cannot be placed on the P-line, as section it is in, we have marked the line
the shade indicates that this portion of with a ‘X’ as depicted.
the SM area is vacant. This ‘logical’ forcing When a ‘X’ appears on a line, its precise
permits you to deduce ‘Some S is P’. location cannot be determined with
This syllogism is an excellent illustration certainty.
of why the universal premiss should be Therefore, we cannot locate the conclusion
diagrammed before the specific premiss. when we attempt to read it. The AII―2
If we were to initially diagram the specific logical fallacy is faulty because the
premise, the ‘X’ would be placed on the line. conclusion cannot be interpreted with
confidence.
Then, we would have to shift it when
diagramming the universal premise, as the S P
universal premise leaves an empty space
where the ‘X’ might have been.

S P ×
M
×

8 Syllogisms
 EAO―4

The EAO―4, the final syllogism given here, poses several intriguing challenges. Observe
that this syllogism contains universal premises and a specific conclusion.
Its form is written out as

No P is M
All M is S

Some S is not P

And its diagram is rather easily drawn as

S P

When we attempt to read the conclusion, we see that the SMP class contains no ‘X’. We
must infer that the syllogism is incorrect since ‘Some S is not P’ cannot be written down.

Nevertheless, if we know that M exists, all members of M must belong to the SMP class.
These M’s are also S’s. Consequently, we know that some S’s are not P’s. In other words,
the EOA―4 syllogism is correct if the additional premise ‘M exists’ is known beforehand.

The majority of current logicians have reached the conclusion that we should not infer
the existence of any class without proof.
y We wish to discuss hypothetical entities without presuming their reality.
y For instance, in science and mathematics, our logic applies when discussing circles,
points, frictionless planes, and freely falling things, despite the fact that these phenomena
do not exist physically.
y This graphic depicts the modern subject known as the dilemma of existential significance.
When can we conclude that something exists? How does this result impact our logical
validity theory?

Note:
1. It is necessary to draw all conceivable
Venn diagrams.
2. If a conclusion can be inferred from all
feasible solutions, then it is valid.
3. If the conclusion can be derived from
one of the two potential Venn diagrams
but not from the other, the conclusion is
considered incorrect.

Syllogisms 9
 Practice Exercise 1

1. Directions: In the following questions a Solutions

set of statements are followed by con- (A) If only conclusion I follows.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (B) If only conclusion II follows.
take the given statements to be true even (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
if they seem to be at variance with com- (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu- (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
sions and then decide which of the giv-
3. Directions: In the following questions a
en conclusions logically follows the given
set of statements are followed by con-
statements disregarding common facts.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
Statements
take the given statements to be true even
No Wi-Fi is tablet.
if they seem to be at variance with com-
Some tablets are pen drives.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
All pen drives are watches.
sions and then decide which of the given
Conclusions
conclusions logically follows the given
I. No watch is Wi-Fi.
statements disregarding common facts.
II. Some watches are tablets.
Statements
Solutions
Some greens are pinks.
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
Some pinks are reds.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
All reds are yellows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
No yellow is white.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
Conclusions
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
I. Some yellows are greens.
2. Directions: In the following questions a II. Some reds are white.
set of statements are followed by con- III. Some greens are reds.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to IV. No white is red.
take the given statements to be true Solutions
even if they seem to be at variance with (A) If only conclusion I follows.
commonly known facts. Read all the con- (B) If only conclusion I and II follow.
clusions and then decide which of the (C) If both conclusions II, and III follows.
given conclusions logically follows the (D) If only conclusions III, and IV follow.
given statements disregarding common (E) If only conclusion IV follows.
facts.
4. Directions: In the following questions a
Statements
set of statements are followed by conclu-
All controls are passes.
sions numbered I to IV. You have to take
All passes are clicks.
the given statements to be true even if
Conclusions
they seem to be at variance with common-
I. All clicks are controls.
ly known facts. Read all the conclusions
II. All passes are controls.

10 Syllogisms
 and then decide which of the given con- (B) If only conclusion II, and III follow.
clusions logically follows the given state- (C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
ments disregarding common facts. (D) If only conclusions II, III, and IV follow.
Statements (E) All the conclusions follow.
All planes are computers.
6. Directions: In the following questions a
All computers are books.
set of statements are followed by conclu-
All books are shoes.
sions numbered I to IV. You have to take
All shoes are boats.
the given statements to be true even if
Conclusions
they seem to be at variance with com-
I. Some boats are books.
monly known facts. Read all the con-
II. All computers are shoes.
clusions and then decide which of the
III. Some shoes are planes.
given conclusions logically follows the
IV. All planes are shoes.
given statements disregarding common
Solutions
facts.
(A) If only conclusion I, II, and III follow.
Statements
(B) If only conclusion I, II, and IV follow.
Some heaters are sweaters.
(C) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follows.
Some tumblers are heaters.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow.
All sweaters are generators.
(E) If all conclusions follow.
Conclusions
5. Directions: In the following questions a I. Some sweaters are heaters.
set of statements are followed by con- II. Some sweaters are not heaters.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to III. Some generators are heaters.
take the given statements to be true IV. Some tumblers is sweaters.
even if they seem to be at variance with Solutions
commonly known facts. Read all the con- (A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
clusions and then decide which of the (B) If only conclusion I and III follow.
given conclusions logically follows the (C) If only conclusion III, and IV follows.
given statements disregarding common (D) If only conclusions I to IV follow.
facts. (E) None of these.
Statements
7. Directions: In the following questions a
Some fish are insects.
set of statements are followed by con-
Some insects are animals.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
No animal is mammal.
take the given statements to be true
Conclusions
even if they seem to be at variance with
I. Some fish are mammals.
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
II. Some fish are animals.
clusions and then decide which of the
III. Some animals are insects.
given conclusions logically follows the
IV. No insect is mammal.
given statements disregarding common
Solutions
facts.
(A) If only conclusion III follows.

Syllogisms 11
 Statements
No ball is base.
Some bases are baseballs.
All baseballs are baselines.
Conclusions
I. No baseline is ball.
II. Some baselines are bases.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
8. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
No stabiliser is cockpit.
Some cockpits are rudders.
All rudders are spoilers.
Conclusions
I. No spoiler is cockpit.
II. Some spoilers are cockpits.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
9. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
12
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All creams are chutneys.
All chutneys are jams.
Conclusions
I. All jams are creams.
II. All chutneys are creams.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
10. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
Some lotteries are donations.
Some donations are taxes.
All taxes are penalties.
No penalty is refund.
Conclusions
I. Some penalties are lotteries.
II. Some taxes are refund.
III. Some lotteries are taxes.
IV. No refund is tax.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
Syllogisms
 (B) If only conclusion I and II follow.
(C) If both II, and III follows.
(D) If only III, and IV follow.
(E) If only IV follows.
11. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All fish are tunas.
All tunas are toads.
13. Directions: In the following questions a
All toads are sharks.
Some sharks are whales but no whale is
either toad, tuna, or fish.
Conclusions
I. Some whales are tunas.
II. Some sharks are fish.
III. Some sharks are tunas.
IV. All fish are toads.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow.
(E) If only conclusions III, and IV follow.
12. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Syllogisms
Statements
Some shafts are blocks.
Some blocks are pistons.
No pistons are bearings.
Conclusions
I. Some shafts are bearings.
II. Some shafts are pistons.
III. Some pistons are blocks.
IV. No block is bearing.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion III follows.
(B) If only conclusion II, and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions II, III, and IV follow.
(E) All the conclusions follow.
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to III. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
Some boys are grooms.
Some grooms are fathers.
Some fathers are teachers.
Conclusions
I. Some boys are fathers.
II. Some grooms are teachers.
III. Some boys are teachers.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
(B) If only conclusion I and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions I to IV follow.
(E) None of these.
13
 14. Directions: In the following questions a Solutions
set of statements are followed by con- (A) If only conclusion I follows.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (B) If only conclusion II follows.
take the given statements to be true even (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
if they seem to be at variance with com- (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu- (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
sions and then decide which of the given
16. Directions: In the following questions a
conclusions logically follows the given
set of statements are followed by con-
statements disregarding common facts.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
Statements
take the given statements to be true even
All human are batman.
if they seem to be at variance with com-
No batman is Tarzan.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
Some Tarzans are superman.
sions and then decide which of the given
Conclusions
conclusions logically follows the given
I. No batman is human.
statements disregarding common facts.
II. Some human are superman.
Statements
Solutions
All vehicles are trucks.
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
Some trucks are cars.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
Conclusions
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
I. Some cars are vehicles.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
II. No car is vehicle.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Solutions
15. Directions: In the following questions a (A) If only conclusion I follows.
set of statements are followed by con- (B) If only conclusion II follows.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
take the given statements to be true (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
even if they seem to be at variance with (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
17. Directions: In the following questions a
clusions and then decide which of the
set of statements are followed by con-
given conclusions logically follows the
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
given statements disregarding common
take the given statements to be true even
facts.
if they seem to be at variance with com-
Statements
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
Some cups are laptops.
sions and then decide which of the given
Some laptops are grippers.
conclusions logically follows the given
All grippers are laptops.
statements disregarding common facts.
Conclusions
Statements
I. Some laptops are laptops.
No TV is a USB.
II. Some laptops are cups.
Some USB are signals.

14 Syllogisms
 All signals are set boxes.
Conclusions
I. Some TV are signals.
II. All set boxes are signals.
III. Some set boxes are USB.
IV. No set box is TV.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only III follows.
(D) If only III to IV follow.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows.
18. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All capsules are drops.
All drops are stones.
All stones are cards.
20. Directions: In the following questions a
Some cards are systems but no system
is either stone, drop or a capsule.
Conclusions
I. Some systems are drops.
II. Some cards are capsules.
III. Some cards are drops.
IV. All capsules are stones.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusion II to IV follow.
(E) If only conclusions III to IV follow.
Syllogisms
19. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by conclu-
sions numbered I to IV. You have to take
the given statements to be true even if
they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the giv-
en conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All libraries are laboratories.
All laboratories are research-centres.
All research-centres are universities.
Conclusions
I. Some universities are libraries.
II. All laboratories are universities.
III. Some research-centres are libraries.
IV. All laboratories is libraries.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion III and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions I and IV follow.
(E) None of these.
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
Some laptops are machines.
All machines are gadgets.
Some gadgets are tools.
15
 Conclusions
I. Some machines are tools.
II. All laptops are gadgets.
III. Some laptops are gadgets.
IV. No machine is tool.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follow.
(C) If only conclusion III follows.
(D) If only conclusions I and II follow.
(E) If either conclusion I or IV and III
follow.
21. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
No Trojan is virus.
Some viruses are goodies.
All goodies are bugs.
Conclusions
I. No bug is Trojan.
II. Some bugs are viruses.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
22. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
16
commonly known facts. Read all the
conclusions and then decide which of
the given conclusions logically follows
the given statements disregarding com-
mon facts.
Statements
No penguin is oyster.
Some oysters are quails.
All quails are sharks.
Conclusions
I. No shark is oyster.
II. Some sharks are oysters.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
23. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All eggplants are fruits.
All fruits are spheres.
Conclusions
I. All spheres are eggplants.
II. All fruits are eggplants.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Syllogisms
24. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
Some cakes are biscuits.
Some biscuits are breads.
All breads are wafers.
No wafer is muffin.
Conclusions
I. Some wafers are cakes.
II. Some breads are muffin.
III. Some cakes are breads.
IV. No muffin is bread.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion I and II follow.
(C) If both II and III follows.
(D) If only III and IV follow.
(E) If only IV follows.
25. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
clusions and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows the
given statements disregarding common
facts.
Statements
All shoes are soups.
All soups are metals.
All metals are frogs.
Syllogisms
Some frogs are players but no player is
either metal, soup or a shoe.
Conclusions
I. Some players are soups.
II. Some frogs are shoes.
III. Some frogs are soups.
IV. All shoes are metals.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusion II, and IV follow.
(E) If only conclusions III to IV follow.
26. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
Some cabins are rooms.
Some rooms are flats.
No flat is apartment.
Conclusions
I. Some cabins are apartment.
II. Some cabins are flats.
III. Some flats are rooms.
IV. No room is apartment.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion III follows.
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions II, III, and IV follow.
(E) All the conclusions follow.
27. Directions: In the following questions
a set of statements are followed by
17
 conclusions numbered I to III. You have Solutions
to take the given statements to be true (A) If only conclusion I follows.
even if they seem to be at variance with (B) If only conclusion II follows.
commonly known facts. Read all the con- (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
clusions and then decide which of the (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
given conclusions logically follows the (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
given statements disregarding common
29. Directions: In the following questions a
facts.
set of statements are followed by con-
Statements
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
Some glasses are plastics.
take the given statements to be true
Some plastics are carbons.
even if they seem to be at variance with
Some carbons are graphites.
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
Conclusions
clusions and then decide which of the
I. Some glasses are carbons.
given conclusions logically follows the
II. Some plastics are graphites.
given statements disregarding common
III. Some glasses are graphites.
facts.
Solutions
Statements
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
Some farmers are workers.
(B) If only conclusion I and III follow.
Some workers are managers.
(C) If only conclusion II and III follows.
All managers are doctors.
(D) If conclusions I, II and III follow.
Conclusions
(E) If none of the conclusions follow.
I. Some doctors are workers.
28. Directions: In the following questions a II. Some doctors are farmers.
set of statements are followed by con- Solutions
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (A) If only conclusion I follows.
take the given statements to be true (B) If only conclusion II follows
even if they seem to be at variance with (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
commonly known facts. Read all the con- (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
clusions and then decide which of the (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
given conclusions logically follows the
30. Directions: In the following questions a
given statements disregarding common
set of statements are followed by con-
facts.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
Statements
take the given statements to be true even
No typist is editor.
if they seem to be at variance with com-
Some editors are managers.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
All managers are ladies.
sions and then decide which of the given
Conclusions
conclusions logically follows the given
I. No lady is typist.
statements disregarding common facts.
II. Some ladies are editors.

18 Syllogisms
 Statements
All potholes are circles.
Some circles are rims.
Conclusions
I. Some rims are potholes.
II. No rim is pothole.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
31. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
No stapler is a pin.
Some pin are punches.
All punches are clips.
Conclusions
I. Some stapler are punches.
II. All clips are punches.
III. Some clips are pin.
IV. No clip are stapler.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only III follows.
(D) If only III to IV follow.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows.
32. Directions: In the following questions
a set of statements are followed by
Syllogisms
conclusions numbered I to IV. You have
to take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
commonly known facts. Read all the
conclusions and then decide which of
the given conclusions logically follows
the given statements disregarding com-
mon facts.
Statements
All roofs are skates.
All skates are windows.
All windows are doors.
Some doors are driveways but no drive-
way is either window, skate, or a roof.
Conclusions
I. Some driveways are skates.
II. Some doors are roofs.
III. Some doors are skates.
IV. All roofs are windows.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow.
(E) If only conclusions III and IV follow.
33. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
clusions and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows the
given statements disregarding common
facts.
Statements
All seeds are soaps.
All soaps are salts.
All salts are sugars.
19
 Conclusions
I. Some sugars are seeds.
II. All soaps are sugars.
III. Some salts are seeds.
IV. All soaps is seeds.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion III to IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions I to IV follow.
(E) None of these.
34. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
Some rubbers are glasses.
36. Directions: In the following questions a
All glasses are asbestosis.
Some asbestosis are plastics.
Conclusions
I. Some glasses are plastics.
II. All rubbers are asbestosis.
III. Some rubbers are asbestosis.
IV. No glass is plastic.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follow.
(C) If only conclusion III follows.
(D) If only conclusions I and II follow.
(E) If either conclusion I or IV and III
follow.
35. Directions: In the following questions
a set of statements are followed by
20
conclusions numbered I and II. You have
to take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
commonly known facts. Read all the
conclusions and then decide which of
the given conclusions logically follows
the given statements disregarding com-
mon facts.
Statements
No autoplay is auto-mode.
All auto-links are autoplays.
Some auto-modes are autorickshaws.
Conclusions
I. No autoplay is auto-link.
II. Some auto-links are autorickshaws.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
clusions and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows the
given statements disregarding common
facts.
Statements
Some hips are lips.
Some lips are knees.
All knees are elbows.
Conclusions
I. Some elbows are lips.
II. Some elbows are hips.
Syllogisms
 Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
37. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All talons are raptors.
Some raptors are molars.
Conclusions
I. Some molars are talons.
II. No molar is talon.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
38. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
clusions and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows the
given statements disregarding common
facts.
Statements
No snow is gold.
Syllogisms
Some gold are ivories.
All ivories are oranges.
Conclusions
I. Some snow are ivories.
II. All oranges are ivories.
III. Some oranges are gold.
IV. No orange is snow.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only III follows.
(D) If only III to IV follow.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows.
39. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by conclu-
sions numbered I to IV. You have to take
the given statements to be true even if
they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the con-
clusions and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows the
given statements disregarding common
facts.
Statements
Some clouds are smokes.
Some smokes are planes.
All planes are birds.
Conclusions
I. All smokes are birds.
II. Some birds are clouds.
III. Some clouds are planes.
IV. All smokes are either clouds or
planes.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) None of the conclusions follow.
(E) All the conclusions follow.
21
 40. Directions: In the following questions a Solutions
set of statements are followed by con- (A) If only conclusion I follows.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to (B) If only conclusion II follows.
take the given statements to be true even (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
if they seem to be at variance with com- (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu- (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
sions and then decide which of the given
42. Directions: In the following questions a
conclusions logically follows the given
set of statements are followed by con-
statements disregarding common facts.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
Statements
take the given statements to be true even
All sugars are crystals.
if they seem to be at variance with com-
All crystals are powders.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
All powders are seeds.
sions and then decide which of the given
Conclusions
conclusions logically follows the given
I. Some seeds are sugars.
statements disregarding common facts.
II. All crystals are seeds.
Statements
III. Some powders are sugars.
All journals are periodicals.
IV. All crystals is sugars.
Some periodicals are books.
Solutions
Conclusions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
I. Some books are journals.
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
II. No book is journal.
(C) If only conclusion III to IV follows.
Solutions
(D) If only conclusions I to IV follow.
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(E) None of these.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
41. Directions: In the following questions a (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
set of statements are followed by con- (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
take the given statements to be true even
43. Directions: In the following questions a
if they seem to be at variance with com-
set of statements are followed by con-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
sions and then decide which of the given
take the given statements to be true even
conclusions logically follows the given
if they seem to be at variance with com-
statements disregarding common facts.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
Statements
sions and then decide which of the given
No expression is script.
conclusions logically follows the given
Some scripts are phonologies.
statements disregarding common facts.
All phonologies are rhythms.
Statements
Conclusions
No samosa is a dosa.
I. No rhythm is script.
Some dosa are jalebis.
II. Some rhythms are scripts.

22 Syllogisms
 All jalebis are laddos.
Conclusions
I. Some samosas are jalebis.
II. All laddos are jalebis.
III. Some laddos are dosas.
IV. No laddo is samosa.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only III follows.
(D) If only III to IV follow.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows.
44. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All accounts are passwords.
All passwords are handles.
All handles are Sims.
Some Sims are profiles but no profile is
either handle, password or an account.
Conclusions
I. Some profiles are passwords.
II. Some Sims are accounts.
III. Some Sims are passwords.
IV. All accounts are handles.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow.
(E) If only conclusions III to IV follow.
Syllogisms
45. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All speakers are devices.
All devices are modules.
All modules are cooling-fans.
Conclusions
I. Some cooling-fans are speakers.
II. All devices are cooling-fans.
III. Some modules are speakers.
IV. All devices is speakers.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion III to IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions I to IV follow.
(E) None of these.
46. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All organisms are sponges.
Some sponges are fungi.
Conclusions
I. Some fungi are organisms.
II. No fungi is organism.
23
 Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
47. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
clusions and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows the
given statements disregarding common
facts.
Statements
No motherboard is a processor.
Some processors are cards.
All cards are cases.
Conclusions
I. Some motherboard are cards.
II. All cases are cards.
III. Some cases are processors.
IV. No case is motherboard.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
(C) If only III follows.
(D) If only III to IV follow.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows.
48. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
24
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All rocks are stones.
All stones are walls.
All walls are castles.
Conclusions
I. Some castles are rocks.
II. All stones are castles.
III. Some walls are rocks.
IV. All stones is rocks.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion III and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions I and IV follow.
(E) None of these.
49. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
take the given statements to be true even
if they seem to be at variance with com-
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
sions and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows the given
statements disregarding common facts.
Statements
All disasters are incidents.
Some incidents are events.
Conclusions
I. Some events are disasters.
II. No event is disaster.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Syllogisms
50. Directions: In the following questions a
set of statements are followed by con-
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
clusions and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows the
given statements disregarding common
facts.
Statements
All editors are authors.
All authors are writers.
All writers are readers.
All readers are customers.
Conclusions
I. Some customers are writers.
II. All authors are readers.
III. Some readers are editors.
IV. All editors are readers.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I, II, and III follow.
(B) If only conclusion I, II, and IV follow.
(C) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow.
(E) If all conclusions follow.

Solutions

1. (B) Analysis of Conclusions:

Reference diagram: Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion II: Invalid
Pendrives
Wi-Fi 3. (E)
Reference diagram:

Greens Pinks Yellows Whites

Tablets Watches

Analysis:
Conclusion I: Invalid
Reds
Conclusion II: Valid
So, conclusion II follows. OR

2. (D) Greens

Reference diagram:
Controls
Whites Yellows

Passes Reds

Pinks

Clicks
Analysis of Conclusions:

Syllogisms 25
 We can see that in both cases only con- Fish Insects Animals Mammals
clusion IV is valid.

4. (E)
Reference diagram:

Books
Shoes Computers Conclusion I: Not valid
Boats Planes Conclusion II: Not valid
Conclusion III: Valid
Conclusion IV: Valid
OR

Mammals

Analysis: Fish Insects

Conclusion I: Valid
Conclusion II: Valid
Conclusion III: Valid
Conclusion IV: Valid
Therefore, all the four given conclusions Animals

follow.
Conclusion I: Valid
5. (A) Conclusion II: Valid
Reference diagram: Conclusion III: Valid
Conclusion IV: Valid
Mammals Fish Insects Animals
Analysis of Conclusions: There are three
major cases as shown above, and we can
see only conclusion III is consistently
valid. So, option (A) is correct answer.

6. (B)
Conclusion I: Valid Ist, IInd, diagram is incorrect.
Conclusion II: Not valid Reference diagram:
Conclusion III: Valid Sweaters

Conclusion IV: Valid

Heaters Generators
OR

Tumblers

26 Syllogisms
 Conclusion I: Valid Analysis:
Conclusion II: Not valid Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion III: Valid Conclusion II: Valid
Conclusion IV: Valid So, conclusion II follows
OR
8. (D)
Tumblers Heaters Sweaters
Generators Incorrect answer and diagram
Reference diagram:
Conclusion I is valid, but II is not valid.

Conclusion I: Not valid Stablizers

Cockpits
Conclusion II: Not valid
Conclusion III: Valid
Conclusion IV: Not valid
OR
Spoiler
Heaters Rudders

Conclusion II is valid, but I is invalid.

Tumblers

Stablizers Rudders

Sweaters
Generators
Conclusion I: Valid Cockpits Spoiler
Conclusion II: Not valid
Conclusion III: Valid 9. (D)
Conclusion IV: Valid Reference diagram:
Analysis of Conclusions: As can be seen
Creams
here, in all the cases conclusion I and III
II are always valid. Therefore, option (B)
is the correct answer.
Chutneys

7. (B)
Reference diagram:
Jams
Baseballs
Ball
Analysis of Conclusions:
Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion II: Invalid
Bases Baseline

Syllogisms 27
 10. (E) Conclusion III Valid
Write analysis of both diagrams- Conclusion IV Valid
Reference diagram: Therefore, only conclusions II, III, and IV
follow.
Lotteries Donations Panelties Refunds
12. (A)
Reference diagram:

Bearings Shafts Blocks Pistons

Taxes

OR

Lotteries Conclusion I: Valid

Conclusion II: Not valid
Conclusion III: Valid
Conclusion IV: Valid
Refunds Panelties
OR

Taxes
Shafts Blocks Pistons Bearings

Donations

Analysis of Conclusions:
We can see that in both cases only con-
clusion IV is valid.
Conclusion I: Not valid
11. (B) Conclusion II: Not valid
Reference diagram: Conclusion III: Valid
Tunas Conclusion IV: Valid
Toads Fish
Sharks OR
Mammals

Whales Fish Insects

Analysis:
Conclusion I Invalid
Conclusion II Valid
Animals

28 Syllogisms
 Conclusion I: Valid Superman
Conclusion II: Valid
Conclusion III: Valid Trazens

Conclusion IV: Not valid

Analysis of Conclusions: There are three Batman
major cases as shown above, and we can
see only conclusion III is consistently Humans
valid. So, option (A) is correct answer.

13. (B) Analysis:

Incorrect analysis and answer. Conclusion I: Invalid
Reference diagram: Conclusion II: Valid
Boys Grooms Fathers Teachers So, conclusion II follows.

15. (A)
Incorrect answer, diagram and analysis.
Reference diagram:
Laptops
OR Cups

Boys Fathers

Grippers
Holders

Analysis:
Grooms Teachers Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion II: Valid
Analysis of Conclusions: As can be seen So, only conclusion I follows.
here, in all the cases conclusion I and II
are always valid. Therefore, option (B) is 16. (D)
the correct answer. Reference diagram:

Vehicles Vehicles
14. (B)
Incorrect answer, diagram and analysis.
Reference diagram:

Trucks Trucks
Cars
Cars

Syllogisms 29
 Analysis of Conclusions: Analysis:
Conclusion I is particular affirmative. Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion II is universal negative Conclusion II: Valid
proposition. Conclusion III: Valid
Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion Conclusion IV: Valid
II follows. Therefore, the given conclusions II, III,
and IV follow.
17. (C)
Reference diagram: 19. (E)
Reference diagram:
Tvs
Signals Laboratories
USBs
Research-centres Libraries
Universities

Setboxes

OR

Setboxes
Tvs USBs

Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I,

Signals
Analysis of Conclusions:
In first case, only conclusions III to IV
are valid; whereas in second case con-
clusions I and III are valid. Therefore, we
now conclusion III is always valid.
18. (B)
Reference diagram:
II, and III follow but conclusion IV does
not. Now, option (A) suggest only I and
II follow, so it is incorrect as III also fol-
lows. Option (B) suggest only II and III
follow, whereas I also follow. Option
(C) and (D) mentions IV as valid con-
clusion, thus making these options as
incorrect. Since, none of the options
tells that all the three (I, II, and III) fol-
lows, therefore, we will mark (E) as the
correct option.

Drops 20. (C)

Stones Capsules
Cards Both diagrams are same. Make different
cases as required by the question.
Reference diagram:

Systems

30 Syllogisms
 Laptops So, conclusion II follows
Gadgets
Machines 22. (B)
Diagram is incorrect.
Reference diagram:
Incorrect: Conclusion I is valid, but II is
not valid.
Tools
Penguins
Oysters
OR

Laptops Tools

Sharks
Quails

Conclusion II is valid, but conclusion I is

invalid.
Machines Gadgets
Penguins Quails
Analysis of Conclusions:
Conclusion I: Valid, only if conclusion IV
is invalid.
Conclusion II: Not valid. Oysters Sharks
Conclusion III: Valid.
Conclusion IV: Valid, only if conclusion I 23. (E)
is invalid. Reference diagram:
Eggplants
21. (B)
Incorrect answer and conclusion.
Reference diagram: Fruits

Goodies
Trojans
Spheres

Analysis of Conclusions
Conclusion I: Invalid
Viruses Bugs
Conclusion II: Invalid

Analysis: 24. (E)

Conclusion I: Invalid Error in the second diagram.
Conclusion II: Valid Reference diagram:

Syllogisms 31
 Cakes Biscuits Wafers Muffin Apartments Cabins Rooms Flats

Breads

Conclusion I: Valid
OR
Conclusion II: Not valid
Cakes Conclusion III: Valid
Conclusion IV: Valid
OR
Salt Wafers
Cabins Rooms Flats Apartments

Breads

Biscuits

Analysis of Conclusions:
We can see that in both cases only con- Conclusion I: Not valid
clusion IV is valid. Conclusion II: Not valid
Conclusion III: Valid
25. (B)
Conclusion IV: Valid
Reference diagram:
OR
Soups
Metals Shoes
Frogs Apartments

Cabins Rooms
Players

Analysis:
Conclusion I Invalid Flats
Conclusion II Valid
Conclusion III Valid Conclusion I: Valid
Conclusion IV Valid Conclusion II: Valid
Therefore, conclusions II, III, and IV follow. Conclusion III: Valid
Conclusion IV: Not valid
26. (A)
Analysis of Conclusions: There are three
Reference diagram: major cases as shown above, and we can

32 Syllogisms
 see only conclusion III is consistently 29. (A)
valid. So, option (A) is correct answer. Reference diagram:

27. (B) Doctors

Farmers
Reference diagram:

Glasses Plastics Carbons Graphites

Managers
Workers

OR Analysis:
Conclusion I: Valid
Glasses Carbons
Conclusion II: Invalid
So, only conclusion I follows.

30. (D)
Reference diagram:

Potholes Potholes

Plastics Graphites

Analysis of Conclusions: As can be seen

here, in all the cases conclusion I and II
Circles Circles
are always valid. Therefore, option (B) is
Rims
the correct answer. Rims

28. (B) Analysis of Conclusions:

Reference diagram: Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
Managers Conclusion II is universal negative
Typist proposition.
Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
II follows.

Ladies
31. (C)
Editors
Reference diagram:

Analysis: Staplers
Punches
Conclusion I: Invalid Pins
Conclusion II: Valid
So, conclusion II follows.

Clips

Syllogisms 33
 OR Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I, II,
Clips and III are follow but conclusion IV does
Staplers Pins
not. Now, option (A) suggest only I and
II follow, so it is incorrect as III also fol-
lows. Option (B) suggest only II and III
follow, whereas I also follow. Option (C)
Punches and (D) mentions IV as valid conclusion,

Analysis of Conclusions: thus making these options as incorrect.

In first case, only conclusions III to IV are Since, none of the options tells that all

valid; whereas in second case conclu- the three (I, II, and III) follows, therefore,

sions I and III are valid. Therefore, con- we will mark (E) as the correct option.

clusion III is always valid.

34. (E) and (C)
32. (B)
Reference diagram:
Reference diagram:
Skates
Windows Roofs Rubbers
Doors Asbestosis
Glasses

Driveways

Plastics

Analysis: OR
Conclusion I Invalid
Conclusion II Valid Rubbers Plastics
Conclusion III Valid
Conclusion IV Valid
Therefore, conclusions II, III, and IV follow.
33. (E)
Reference diagram:
Soaps Glasses Asbestosis
Salts Seeds
Sugars Analysis of Conclusions:
Conclusion I: Valid, only if conclusion IV
is invalid.
Conclusion II: Not valid.
Conclusion III: Valid.
Conclusion IV: Valid, only if conclusion I
is invalid.

34 Syllogisms
35. (B) Analysis of Conclusions:
Reference diagram: Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
Auto-modes Conclusion II is universal negative
proposition.
Auto-modes Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
II follows.
Autoplays
38. (C)
Reference diagram:
Auto-links
Snows
Ivorys
Analysis: Golds
Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion II: Valid
So, conclusion II follows.
Oranges
36. (A)
Reference diagram: OR

Elbows Oranges
Hips Snows Golds

Ivorys
Knees
Lips
Analysis of Conclusions:
In first case, only conclusions III to IV are
Analysis:
valid; whereas in second case conclu-
Conclusion I Valid
sions I and III are valid. Therefore, con-
Conclusion II Invalid
clusion III is always valid.
So, only conclusion I follows.
39. (D)
37. (D)
First diagram is incorrect.
Reference diagram:
Reference diagram:
Tolans Tolans
Clouds Smokes Birds

Raptors Raptors
Molars
Molars
Planes

Syllogisms 35
 OR 41. (B)

Clouds Smokes
Conclusion I is valid, but conclusion II is
not valid.
Conclusion I is valid, but conclusion II is
not valid.

Expressions
Scripts

Planes Birds

Rhythms
Analysis:
Phonologies
Though conclusions II and III are valid as
per figure 2 above, but as figure I sug- Conclusion II is valid, but I is invalid.
gests none of the given conclusions are
Expressions Phonologies
valid. Therefore, we take (D) as correc-
tion option.

40. (E)
Reference diagram: Scripts Rhythms

Crystals
Powders Sugars 42. (D)
Seeds Reference diagram:

Journals Journals

Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I, II, Periodicals Periodicals

and III are follow but conclusion IV does Books
Books
not. Now, option (A) suggest only I and
II follow, so it is incorrect as III also fol-
lows. Option (B) suggest only II and III Analysis of Conclusions:
follow, whereas I also follow. Option (C) Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
and (D) mentions IV as valid conclusion, Conclusion II is universal negative
thus making these options as incorrect. proposition.
Since, none of the options tells that all Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
the three (I, II, and III) follows, therefore, II follows.
we will mark (E) as the correct option.

36 Syllogisms
43. (C) 45. (E)
Reference diagram: Reference diagram:

Samosas Devices
Jalebies
Dosas Modules Speakers
Cooling-fans

Laddos

OR
Laddos
Samosas Dosas
Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I, II,
and III are follow but conclusion IV does
not. Now, option (A) suggest only I and
II follow, so it is incorrect as III also fol-
Jalebies
lows. Option (B) suggest only II and III

Analysis of Conclusions: follow, whereas I also follow. Option (C)

In first case, only conclusions III to IV are and (D) mentions IV as valid conclusion,

valid; whereas in second case conclu- thus making these options as incorrect.

sions I and III are valid. Therefore, con- Since, none of the options tells that all

clusion III is always valid. the three (I, II, and III) follows, therefore,
we will mark (E) as the correct option.
44. (B)
46. (D)
Reference diagram:
Reference diagram:
Passwords
Handles Accounts Organisms Organisms
Sims

Profiles
Sponges Sponges
Fungi
Fungi

Analysis:
Conclusion I Invalid Analysis of Conclusions:
Conclusion II Valid Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
Conclusion III Valid Conclusion II is universal negative
Conclusion IV Valid proposition.
Therefore, conclusions II, III, and IV follow. Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
II follows.

Syllogisms 37
 47. (C) options as incorrect. Since, none of the
Motherboard options tells that all the three (I, II, and
Cards
Processors III) follows, therefore, we will mark (E) as
the correct option.

49. (D)
Cases Reference diagram:
Disasters Disasters
OR
Cases
Motherboard Processors

Incidents Incidents
Events
Cards Events

Analysis of Conclusions: Analysis of Conclusions:

In first case, only conclusions III to IV are Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
valid; whereas in second case conclu- Conclusion II is universal negative
sions I and III are valid. Therefore, con- proposition.
clusion III is always valid. Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
II follows.
48. (E)
Reference diagram: 50. (E)
Stones Reference diagram:
Walls Rocks Writers
Castles Readers Authors
Customers Editors

Analysis of Conclusions:
Conclusions I, II, and III are follow but
conclusion IV does not. Now, option (A) Analysis:
suggest only I and II follow, so it is in- Conclusion I: Valid
correct as III also follows. Option (B) Conclusion II: Valid
suggest only II and III follow, whereas I Conclusion III: Valid
also follow. Option (C) and (D) mentions Conclusion IV: Valid
IV as valid conclusion, thus making these Therefore, all the four conclusions follow.

38 Syllogisms