Section 3.

1
Archimedes Principle:
The Buoyant Force on an object is equal to the weight
of the volume of the water displaced by the object
FB=rgV
Forces on a body in water
Distributed forces:
✓ Gravity: Distributed throughout volume of body based on mass
density.
✓ Buoyancy: Distributed over wetted surface of body based on
hydrostatic pressure
✓ Drag/Lift: Distributed over surface of body based on flow field
when moving relative to medium
 Buoyant Forces

Box Shaped Barge:

Weight

G
Horizontal
B
components of
pressure force FB A
are negated by z
equal force on
opposite side of FB =PA; V=zA;
barge. P=rgz; FB =rgV
FB =rgzA;
 Static Equilibrium

F=0
Weight, Buoyancy, Drag and Lift forces all sum to
zero in each dimension

M=0
All forces in each dimension are colinear and cancel;
i.e. there are no separation of the action points of
forces such that couples or moments are generated.
 Example Problem
A boxed shaped barge 50ft wide, 100ft long, and 15ft deep has 10ft of
freeboard in sea water:
– What is its draft?

– What is the hydrostatic pressure (psi) acting on the barge’s keel?

– What is the magnitude (LT) of the total hydrostatic force acting on the barge’s
keel?

– What is the weight (LT) of the water displaced by the barge?

– Assuming that the buoyant force acts through a single point, what is the
location of that point in 3 dimensions?

– Assuming minimum freeboard is 5ft, how many ft³ of coal at 50lb/ft³ can we
load on the barge in seawater?

– If we then take the barge into freshwater, what will the new draft be?
 Example Answer
Draft=Depth-Freeboard=15ft-10ft=5ft

Phyd=rgz=64lb/ft³×5ft×[1ft²/144in²]=2.22psi

Fhyd=Phyd×A=2.22lb/in²×50ft×100ft×[144in²/ft²]×[1LT/2240lb]=714LT

w=rgV=64lb/ft³×50ft×100ft×5ft×[1LT/2240lb]=714LT

Center of Buoyancy=at amidships, on centerline, 2.5ft above keel

 Example Answer
TPI=AWP[ft²]{LT/in}/420=50ft×100ft/420{LT/in}=11.9LT/in

Change in draft=10ft-5ft=5ft×[12in/ft]=60in

Change in weight=60in×11.9LT/in=714LT

V=w/rg=714LT/(50lb/ft³)×2240lb/LT=32,000ft³
 Example Answer
Current draft=TSW=10ft

w=rgSWVSW=64lb/ft³×50ft×100ft×10ft=3,200,000lb

VFW=w/rgFW=3,200,000lb/62.4lb/ft³=51,280ft³

TFW=VFW/AWP=51,280ft³/(50ft×100ft)=10.26ft

Increased draft means reduced freeboard below minimum spec

 Section 3.2
Center of Mass/Gravity
The weighted average over area or volume based
on given distribution summed such that result is
equivalent to the total force applied through a
single point.

What can change the Center of Gravity?

– Add/subtract weight
– Move weight/change distribution
Notation:
G=Location of Center of Gravity for ship
g=Location of Center of Gravity for object
Ds= Displacement of ship (LT)
W = Magnitude of Gravitational Force/Weight of object
(LT)
So far we’ve looked at ships that are in STATIC EQUILIBRIUM:
• SFx = 0
• SFy = 0
• SFz = 0
• SMp = 0

Go

Bo

BL
K
CL

Now let’s take a look at what happens when a weight is added

to disturb this equilibrium
 A change in weight (either adding or removing it) will cause a change in
the location of G, the center of gravity of the ship
• A change in VCG (or KG)
• A change in the TCG
TCG

Go G1

KGnew

BL
It also causes a change in the K
longitudinal CG (LCG), but CL
we’ll discuss that later...
When a weight is ADDED, the CG shifts TOWARD the added weight in line
with the CG of the ship and the cg of the weight

BL
When a weight is REMOVED, the CG shifts AWAY from the added weight
in line with the CG of the ship and the cg of the weight

•g

G0
G1

BL
K
CL
In the case of a weight SHIFT, the CG first shifts AWAY from the
removed weight….

•g

G2
G0 G1
•g

BL
K
CL

…and the TOWARDS the relocated weight

Let’s first consider a weight added directly over the centerline
This will cause the location of the CG to move TOWARD the weight ...

•g

G1
G0

KGnew KGold

BL
K
CL

… Causing a change in the VERTICAL distance, or KG

Use the concept of weighted averages to determine the new CG:

•g

G1
G0

K BL
CL

KGnew = Dsold x KGold + wadd x Kg

Dsold + wadd
It’s the same deal for removing a weight, only this time the weight is negative (i.e.
removed):

•g

G0
Kg
G1
KGold KGnew

K BL
CL

KGnew = Dsold x KGold + (-w) x Kg

Dsold + (-w)
In a relocation of a weight, look at it as SUBTRACTING one weight, and
ADDING another weight.

•g
G1
G0
Kg2
•g
KGnew
KGold Kg1

BL
K
CL
In this unique case, Dsnew and Dsold and are the SAME THING!
• w1 and w2 are also the same thing!
• The weight has only moved, not been removed
• So we can rearrange the formula:

Ds GnewGold = w g2g1

...This is ONLY for a single vertical weight shift!!

 Ds GnewGold = w g2g1

Where:
• GnewGold is the distance between the old and new CG’s
• g2g1 is the distance between the old and new Cg locations
of the relocated weight

...This relation will become important in the Inclining Experiment

We can generalize the formula for vertical changes
in CG by the following:

KGnew = Dsold x KGold + S wi x Kgi

Dsold + S wi
Example:

Given
• USS CURTS (FFG-38) floats on an even keel at a draft of 17ft
• KG = 19.5ft
• Lpp = 408ft
• It takes on 150LT of fresh water in a tank 6ft above the keel on the CL

Find
• New vertical center of gravity (KG) after taking on water
Step 1: Draw picture!

Ds

G0
G1
150
?
19.5’ LT
6’
K BL
CL

Step 2: Find Ds when floating at 17ft draft

• Go to curves of form for FFG in appendix
• Using curve 1, find the intersection w/ 17ft

Ds = 147 x 30LT
D s = 4410LT
Step 3: Write the GENERAL Equation

KGnew = Dsold x KGold + Swi x Kgi

Dsnew

Step 4: Substitute in values into the general equation

KGnew = 4410LT x 19.5ft + 150LT x 6ft

4410LT + 150LT

KGnew = 86215.5 LT-ft + 900LT-ft

4560 LT
 87115.5 LT-ft
KGnew = 4560 LT

KGnew = 19.10 ft

CHECK: Does this answer make sense?

YES! The CG shifts toward the added weight, lower than the original CG
 Example Problem
A 688 Class Submarine is in port, pier side undergoing a maintenance
period. The tender will be pulling periscopes tomorrow which requires
the ship to maintain zero list, i.e. TCG=0ft.

The Engineering Dept needs to pump #2RFT dry to perform a tank

inspection. What impact will this have on the sub’s TCG?

The sub has 10 MK 48 ADCAP torpedoes at 2LT each. How far and
in which direction should these torpedoes be shifted to restore the
sub’s TCG to zero?

Data: Do=6900LT Tcg#2RFT = -12ft (i.e. port of centerline);

TCGo=0ft Capacity#2RFT =5000galfw
 Example Answer
w#2RFT=rgV
=5000gal×[1ft³/7.4805gal]×rgfw
=668.4ft³×62.4lb/ft³×[1LT/2240lb]
=18.62LT

Df= D0+Swa-Swr=6900LT-19LT=6881LT

TCGf =(TCG0D0+STcgawa-STcgrwr)/Df
=(0ft×6900LT-[-12ft]×19LT)/6881LT
=0.033ft (stbd of centerline)
(Removed weight from port side)
 Example Answer
TCGf=(TCG0D0+STcgawa-STcgrwr)/Df

0ft=(0.033ft×6881LT+dTcg×10torps×2LT/ torp)/6881LT

dTcg = -(0.033ft×6881LT)/20LT
= -11.4ft (to port)

Shift 10 torpedoes each 11.4ft to port to compensate for the

loss of weight on the port side of the sub.
Section 3.3:
What happens when “G” leaves the Centerline?

Initial Condition: G shifts: Ship responds:

WL WL
D D D G1
WL
G0 G1
FB B0 FB B0
FB B1
BL K K F1
CL CL
As the ship lists/trims, the shape of the
submerged volume changes moving
B outboard until it slides under G.
*Since the total weight of the ship has
not changed, the total submerged volume
remains constant, but its shape changes.
Ship responds Where the lines of action of the various
to opposite weight centers of buoyancy cross* is the Metacenter
shift: M
F2(-) F1(+)
WL
G2 WL
B2 G0 B1

FB
FB B2 B0
F2 BL K
CL
*Lines of action cross at a single point only for
“small” angles of inclination (<10º).
 Shapes which impact KM:

M
M
WL
B2 B1
B0 WL
BL B2 B0 B1
K
CL BL K
CL
Highly curved hull cross-section: Very flat hull cross-section:
Little buoyant volume at large Large buoyant volume at large
lever arm: M is at/near center of lever arm: M is high
curvature
 ML

Distance from G to MT =
Metacentric Height =
Distance from B to MT = Major player in stability
Transverse Metacentric Radius calculations (+ keeps
MT ship upright)

GMT
WL
KMT BMT G
B KG
KB

TCG/TCB (-) BL TCG/TCB (+)

K
CL
Locations and Line Segments for Hydrostatic Calculations
 Example Problem G3

G2
G1
Radius
=3ft
A rocking chair’s “skids” have a radius
of curvature of 3ft. The chair’s initial center of gravity is
2.5ft above the skids. A box is put on the seat which raises
the combined center of gravity to 3ft above the skids.
Another box is put on top of the first which raises the
combined center of gravity to 3.5ft above the skids.

➢ For each of these conditions, when the chair is tipped 45°,

show how the forces of gravity and support are spatially
related and predict how the chair will react when released.

➢ What point in this scenario is analogous to a ship’s

metacenter?
 Example Answer
G1: Support is outboard center of gravity
G1 creating a couple which returns the chair
upright.
Support

G2
G2: Support is aligned with center of gravity
eliminating any couple. The chair maintains
position.
Support

G3: Support is inboard center of gravity creating

G3
a couple which tips the chair over.

The center of curvature of the rocking chair’s

Support
“skids” correspond to a ship’s metacenter.
Section 3.4:
Angle of List for Small Angles after
Transverse Weight Shift
For a given transverse weight shift, what is
the corresponding change in list angle?
g0
t
MT
F gf
G0 D
WL Gf
B0
Bf
FB
CL
BL
 Up to now we’ve considered ship’s floating on an even keel
…(no list or trim).

The following points are noted:

• K, keel
• B, center of buoyancy
• G, center of gravity
One point of particular note remains….

Go

Bo

BL
K
…MT, or the Transverse Metacenter CL
The Transverse Metacenter (MT) represents a convenient point of reference for
small changes in the angle of inclination, F, (less than 10o)

MT

Go

Bo

BL
K
CL
For small changes in inclination, the point MT is where the ship is assumed
to rotate.

MT
F

B1

...The MT is generally about 10-30ft above the keel

There is also a Longitudinal Metacenter, or ML...

ML

…usually in the magnitude of 100 to 1000ft above the keel

When the ship reacts to an off-center load (which
will change the ship’s CG),... MT
F

...the center of buoyancy will shift

until it is vertically aligned
with the new CG...
G1

…G1 can be assumed to move B1

PERPENDICULAR from the CL

Remember, this is only for listing FB

of 10o or less
 MT
Look at the right triangle formed by this
shifting… F

The short leg is G0G1

The long leg is G0MT

The hypotenuse is G1MT

G1
SO….

tan F = G0G1 B1
G0MT

(tan F = opp/adj… remember?)

FB
With that fact understood, we can now determine the ANGLE OF LIST
of a vessel due to a change in loading.

tan F = G0G1
MT
G0MT
How?

• G0G1 is the change in the transverse Center of Gravity

KMT
• From the Curves of Form you can get KMT Go
• The Vertical Center of Gravity is KG0 Bo

KG
• G0MT = KMT - KG0

K
CL
Example:

The USS Simpson (FFG-56) floats on an even keel at a 16ft draft. The
KG is 20ft above the keel. After 1 week, 50LT of fuel has been used from
a tank 11ft to port and 15ft above the keel.

Find the angle of list after the fuel has been used.

Step 1: Find the ship’s displacement

From the curves of form, curve #1, 16ft draft crosses at 132

132 x 30LT = 3960LT

Step 2: Find the new vertical CG (KG)

KG1 = Ds0 x KG0 - (w x Kg)

Ds1

KG1 = 3960LT x 20ft - (50LT x 15ft)

(3960 - 50)LT

KG1 = 78,450LT-ft
3910LT

KG1 = 20.06ft
Step 3: Find the Transverse CG (TCG)

TCG1 = Ds0 x TCG0 - (w x Tcg)

Ds1

TCG1 = 3960LT x 0ft - (50LT x -11ft) (minus because it’s to port)

(3960 - 50)LT
TCG1 = 0 - (-550LT-ft)
3910LT
TCG1 = 0.141ft (shifts to starboard, away from
removed weight)
Step 4: Define lengths of G0G1 and G0MT

G0G1 is the change in the Transverse CG:

• G0 = 0 (on the centerline)

• G1 = .141ft

G0G1 = .141ft

G0MT = KMT - KG0

• KMT from curves is 113 x .2ft = 22.6ft

• KG0 = 20ft

G0MT = 2.6ft
 MT
Step 5: (Almost there!) Find tan f:
F

tan f = opposite
adjacent

tan f = G0G1
G0MT
tan f = .141ft
2.6ft

tan f = 0.0541 G1

atan 0.0541 = f
3.10o = f
 Section 3.5
The Inclining Experiment
In the previous section, we derived the
relationship between a shift in weight and the
resultant list/trim angle:

tan(F) = wt/(DG0MT)

➢ w,t are the weight and distance moved – usually known

➢ The location of MT and the magnitude of D are

properties of the hull shape read from the Curves of
Form for the appropriate draft (T).

➢ How do we find the location of G0?

How do we find the location of G0?
We determine it experimentally after new construction
for a class or any major permanent complex weight
redistributions for a given ship (alteration/conversion).

Inclining Experiment Procedure:

1. Configure the ship in a “light” condition

2. Bring on large weights (~2% of Dship), move to known distances port and
starboard of centerline and measure tan(F) using “plum bob”. Measure &
record Dincl using draft and Curves of Form.

3. Plot wt vs. tan(F); divide slope by Dincl to get GinclMT

4. Calculate KGincl = KMT(from Curve of Form)–GinclMT

5. KG0=KGlight=(KGinclD incl–Kginclwtswinclwts)/(D incl–winclwts)

 Inclining Experiment Tools
-Plot: -Plumb Bob:
Mast
Inclining Moment, wt (LT-ft)

dadj
F tan(F)=dopp/dadj

dopp Scale
Tangent of Inclining Angle (Tan[F])
 MT
So far we’ve established that the
angle of list can be found using F
the right triangle identified here:

The short leg is G0G1

The long leg is G0MT

The hypotenuse is G1MT

G1
SO….

tan F = G0G1 B1
G0MT

...And so we can find the angle of list FB

 MT

Up to now, however, G0MT has

been given based upon a KG that
has been provided.

G1

We’ll now see how KG can be

found by determining G0MT
B1

This is done by the Inclining Experiment FB

By using a known weight and placing it at a known distance
an angle of list can be measured

By repeating this process - port and starboard- we can

graph the relationship between the moment created by the
weight and the angle of inclination

This will allow an average inclined KG to be determined,

and from that a KG for the ship in an condition of no list or
trim can be established
In earlier discussions an equation was derived for a shift in of
a single weight:

Ds G0G1 = w g0g1

…where g0g1 was the distance that the weight was

shifted. Let’s call that distance “t”. Sooo,...

Ds G0G1 = wt

And re-look at the equation for the angle of list:

tan F = G0G1
G0MT
Note that the common term in both equations is G0G1. So
let’s isolate it in each equation:

tan F = G0G1
Ds G0G1 = wt
G0MT

G0MT tan F = G0G1 G0G1 = wt

Ds

G0MT tan F = wt
Ds
 G0MT tan F = wt
Ds
That’s nice,… but not nice enough... One more rearrangement
and we’ll have what we really want, G0MT:

wt
G0MT =
tan F Ds
 G0MT = wt
tan F Ds

Let’s review what we know:

• “w” is a known weight that is relocated

• “t” is the distance the weight is moved
• “tan f” is the angle created by the weight shift
• “Ds” is the displacement of the ship

This will be the formula that governs the Inclining Experiment

 G0MT = wt
tan F Ds

In the Inclining Experiment:

➢The distance “t” is varied, changing the angle of list, tan f

➢“w” and Ds will remain constant

➢By varying t, thus varying the created moment of wt,

the angle of inclination will change

By plotting wt versus tan f, you can determine the average G0MT

 G0MT = wt
tan F Ds

Remember, slope is Dy/Dx:

Or...

Dy = DWt
Dx Dtan f
So...

Average G0MT = (slope of wt vs tan F curve)

Ds
When you vary the distance t, and thus the moment, you’ll vary the inclination
angle. The result is plotted in an example here:

Moment v. tan f

1000
800
600
moment (LT-ft)

400
200
0
-0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -200 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-400
-600
-800
-1000
tan f

The slope of the “best fit” line, Dy/Dx, when divided by the displacement,
will give the average G0MT distance:

Average G0MT = (slope of wt vs tan F curve)

Ds
 Having found the Average G0MT, you can find the KG when the
ship is loaded with the inclining weight:

KG = KMT - G0MT

The problem now degenerates to a simple “’change in vertical

center of gravity, KG, equation:

KG light = KG inclined x Ds old - Kg x w

Ds new

KG light, the KG of the ship with considering the ship’s weight only-
no crew, stores, fuel, etc.- is what we wanted!!
In Summary:

✓Using a known weight and a measured distance, a moment is created

✓The moment creates a list that can be measured

✓By repeating the process with the same weight over different
distances and plotting the results, the average G0MT can be found

✓Once G0MT is found, you can find KG of the light ship

 Example Problem
• The USS OHIO has just completed her Overhaul and Conversion
from an SSBN to an SSGN and Special Operations Forces
platform. She is pierside performing a required Inclining
Experiment. Dlightship=18700LT; KMT=21ft. The inclining gear
weighs 400LTs and is centered 47ft above the keel. 375LTs is
moved to the following transverse distances resulting in the
corresponding list angles.

Distance to Starboard(ft) List Angle(°)

-50 -12.8
-25 -6.4
0 0
25 6.5
50 12.7

What is KGlight?
 Example Answer
Multiply transverse distances by 375LT to get
inclining moment. Take tangent of list angle and
plot the two derived sets of data against one
another:
Data From Inclining Experiment

25000

20000

15000

10000
Inclining Moment (LT-ft)

5000

0
-0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25000
Tangent of the Inclining Angle
 Example Answer
Slope=(18750-[-18750]LT-ft)/(.225-[-.227]) =83000LT-ft

GMTincl=slope/Dincl=83000LT-ft/19100LT =4.35ft

KGinc l=KMT-GMTincl=21ft-4.35ft=16.65ft

KGlight =(KGinclDincl-Kgwtswwts)/Dlight
=(16.65ft×19100LT-47ft×400LT)/18700LT
=16ft
Section 3.6 Longitudinal Changes
Tm=(Taft+Tfwd)/2
Trim=Taft - Tfwd
– If ship is “trimmed by the stern”,
– Bow is up
– Taft> Tfwd
– Trim is (+)

DWL
WL
Taft Tfwd
F
Ap daft dfwd Fp
Consider a ship floating on an even keel, that is, no list or trim...

_
.
When a weight, w, is added, it causes a change draft.

_
.

_
.
 The ship will pivot about the center of flotation, F.

The change in draft will be evident in a change of draft

forward...
…and aft.

dTaft

dTrim F _
.
dTfwd

The difference between the fore and aft drafts is the change in trim:

Trim = dTaft - dTfwd

Graphically, it looks like this. First, the ship is represented with a line
representing its initial state:

FP
AP )(
O _
.
F

As weight is added, the the ship rotates about F:

)(
O FP
AP _.
F

You can simulate this on your paper by turning the sheet in the direction that the
bow or stern would sink because of the added weight, then drawing a line to
represent the new position.
 Now, rotate the sheet so that the line drawn becomes level and acts as
the new waterline:

AP w FP _
.

The changes in draft can now be read directly…

dTfwd dTrim
w _.
dTaft

dTaft is below the WL, so it’s subtracted. dTfwd is above the waterline, so it’s added to the
draft.
There are two aspects of draft to consider when finding the change in draft:

1. Change in draft due to the parallel sinkage of the vessel due to the
added weight, “w”:

dTPS = w
TPI

2. Change in draft due to the moment created by the added weight

at a distance from F, or “wl”:

dTrim = wl
MT1”
These two measurements- change due to parallel sinkage and
change in trim due to moment- when added with the initial
draft will give you the TOTAL draft, forward and aft:

dTrim = wl dTPS = w
MT1” TPI

Tfwd new = Tfwd old +/- dTPS +/- dTrim

AND

Taft new = Taft old +/- dTPS +/- dTrim

Let’s consider change due to the parallel sinkage of the vessel first:

dTPS = w
TPI

TPI, Tons Per Inch Immersion is a geometric function of the vessel at

a given draft and is taken from the Curves of Form

• The added weight, w, will cause the vessel to “sink” a small distance for
the length of the entire vessel

• We assume that the weight is applied at F! This assures that the sinkage
is uniform over the length of the ship
 Now consider the change in trim due to the created moment of the added
weight:

dTrim = wl
MT1”

MT1”, or the M oment to Trim 1”, is also from the Curves of Form

The weight, w, at a distance, l, from the center of flotation, F, creates

a moment that causes the ship to rotate about F

This rotation causes one end to sink and the other end to rise

The degree of rise or fall depends on the location of F with regard to

the entire length of the ship as given by Lpp
The value for dTrim will be for the entire length of the ship:

dTrim = wl
MT1”

dTfwd dTrim
w _
dTaft .

Lpp

...Now we need to find how much of the trim is aft and how
much is forward!
 To find the trim distribution, consider the similar triangles formed below:

dTfwd dTrim
w _.
dTaft

daft dfw
d
Lpp

The largest triangle shows the TOTAL change in trim, dTrim

The hatched green triangle shows the forward trim dTfwd

The hatched yellow area triangle shows the aft trim, dTaft
 l

dTfwd dTrim
w _.
dTaft

daft dfw
d
Lpp

For these similar triangles there is a ratio aspect that relates to each:

dTrim dTaft dTfwd

= =
Lpp daft dfwd

(The short leg divided by the long leg of the triangle!)

Knowing how to find the change in draft from both parallel
sinkage and from the induced moment, you can now find the
total draft change, fore and aft:

Tfwd new = Tfwd old +/- dTPS +/- dT

AND

Taft new = Taft old +/- dTPS +/- dT

 Calculating Draft Changes
Procedure:
✓ Calculate impact of weight addition/removal to mean
draft using TPI.

✓ Calculate impact of weight addition/removal to trim at

given distance from center of floatation.

✓ Calculate trim effect on fwd and aft drafts separately.

✓ Separately add mean draft impact to trim effects to

determine final drafts fwd and aft.
Example:

The YP floats at a draft 10.5 ft aft and 10.1ft forward. A load of 10LT is placed
15ft forward of amidships. Find the final forward and aft drafts.

GIVEN:
Lpp = 101.7 ft Draft = (10.5 + 10.1)/2 = 10.3ft
amidships = 50.85 ft Ds = 2LT x 205 = 410LT
LCF = 55.8 ft from FP, or 4.95 ft aft of amidships
DRAW A PICTURE!

Daft = 45.9 Dfwd = 55.8

19.95

)(
O dTfwd
_. 10LT
dTrim
dTaft
F

101.7
 Daft = 45.9 Dfwd = 55.8

19.95

)(
O dTfwd
_ 10LT
dTrim
. dTaft
F

101.7

Step 1: Find change due to parallel sinkage

dTPS = w
TPI

dTPS = 10LT
235 x .02LT/in

dTPS = 2.13in
 Daft = 45.9 Dfwd = 55.8

19.95

)(
O dTfwd
_ 10LT
dTrim
. dTaft
F

101.7

Step 2: Find change due to moment

dTrim = wl
MT1”
dTrim = 10LT x 19.95ft
252.5 x .141 LT-ft/in

dTrim = 5.60in
 Daft = 45.9 Dfwd = 55.8

19.95

)(
O dTfwd
_ 10LT
dTrim
. dTaft
F

101.7

Step 3: Divide the dTrim based on similar triangles

dTrim dTaft dTfwd dTaft = 45.9ft x 5.60in = 2.53 in
= =
Lpp daft dfwd 101.7ft

4.21in dTaft dTfwd 5.60in

= = dTfwd = 55.8ft x = 3.07 in
101.7ft 45.9ft 55.8ft 101.7ft
 Daft = 45.9 Dfwd = 55.8

19.95

)(
O dTfwd
_ 10LT
dTrim
. dTaft
F

101.7

Step 4: Sum the changes in draft fore and aft

Forward:
Tfwd new = Tfwd old +/- dTPS +/- dTmoment
Tfwd new = 10.1ft + (2.13in + 3.07in) x (1ft/12in)
Tfwd new = 10.1ft + .43ft

Tfwd new = 10.53ft

 Daft = 45.9 Dfwd = 55.8

19.95

)(
O dTfwd
_ 10LT
dTrim
. dTaft
F

101.7

Step 4: Sum the changes in draft fore and aft

Aft:
Taft new = Taft old +/- dTPS +/- dTmoment
Taft new = 10.5ft + (2.13in - 2.53in) x (1ft/12in)
Taft new = 10.5ft - .033ft

Taft new = 10.467ft

 Background Lab 2
Lab Objectives
✓Reinforce students’ understanding of
Archimedes Principle
✓Reinforce student’s concept of static
equilibrium
✓Reinforce student’s concept of the center of
floatation
Background Lab 2
Concepts/Principles:
✓Archimedes Principle
✓Static Equilibrium
✓Center of Floatation
✓Simpson’s First Rule
✓Interpolation
✓Hydrostatic Force
✓TPI
✓MT1”
 Background Lab 2
Terminology
– Displacement
– Buoyant Force

Equations
– D=rg=FB

General Safety
– Immediately clean up any water spilled to avoid fall
hazard
 Apparatus
Equipment
– Floating bodies
– Tanks with weirs and spillways
– Buckets
– Scale
– Rulers
– 5 lb weights

Procedures for taking measurements

– Record results measurements of models and weighing
of buckets
 Data Collection/Reduction
Data to be collected & Expected results
– These should be equal
✓ Weight of model
✓ Weight of water
✓ Calculated water volume displaced
✓ Hydrostatic Force

– Longitudinal Center of Floatation (LCF)

Sources of error
– Measurements
– Insufficient drip time
 Data Collection/Reduction
Calculations
✓FB
✓TPI
✓MT1”

Plots/sketches
– None
 Section 3.8: Dry Docking
How is the ship’s weight shared between docking
blocks and buoyant force?

Requirements for Static Equilibrium still apply:

✓ SF=0; SM=0

✓ SFV=(-)D+FB+Fblocks=0

✓ FB=rgS

✓ D =rgS+ Fblocks

✓ Since ship’s weight remains constant, as hull comes out of

water, submerged volume decreases, hence buoyant force
decreases, and force from the blocks increases.

✓ (P= Fblocks)
 Dry-Docking
If a list develops during docking, the increasing force
from the blocks can work to capsize the ship

D M D
M
G
G
WL WL
B
B
FB
Fblock=P=D-FB FB
P

Solutions:
– Use side blocks to force a zero list
– Stop docking evolution and correct problem, if ship
develops an increasing list
 Impact on Stability
Consider force of blocks to be the same as a weight removal from the
keel:

– What is the impact on KG and GMT ?

Df
– Df= D0-wr= D0-P Disturbance
D0 M
• Ship’s weight/displacement is decreased trying to roll
the ship Gf
G0
– KGfDf= KG0D0-Kgrwr, but Kgr=0; WL
B
P=weight FB
– KGfDf= KG0D0; removed

– KGf= KG0D0/Df= KG0D0/(D0-P);

• Center of Gravity moves up due to keel weight removal

– GMT = KMT – KGf

• Shorter distance between Center of Gravity and Metacenter
gives less distance to develop a righting moment
 Comparison to Grounding:
Same stability concerns for both evolutions
although grounding is obviously not planned or
controlled.

Since re-floating after grounding is generally not

on level sea bed with a zero list, it should only be
done at highest available tide to maximize buoyant
force and righting moment and avoid capsizing.
Pulling the ship directly off the shoal.

D M
G
WL
B
FB
Fground=P=D-FB
 Floating the Ship
Undocking has the same concerns as docking plus:
– The Center of Gravity may have been shifted by the
work done in dock.

– All holes in the ship below the waterline need to be

confirmed properly closed.

Recovery from grounding concerns:

– The Center of Gravity may have been changed by
flooded or damaged compartments.

– When ship floats again, damage previously held above

the water could be submerged resulting in further
damage.
 Example Problem
DD963 is preparing to enter drydock. It is currently
moored pier side on an even keel and a draft of 18.5 feet.
To ensure that the sonar dome rests properly on the blocks,
the forward draft of the ship must be Tf=17.5 feet. How
much ballast must be removed from a tank located 100 feet
forward of amidship? Give the answer in gallons of
saltwater.

Lpp=465 feet
TPI=50LT/in
MT1”=1400ft-LT/in
LCF=25 feet aft of amidships
 Example Answer
Tfinal fwd=Tinitial fwd±dTps±dTfwd 100ft
25ft w
232.5ft
dTps=w/TPI
F amidship l=125ft FP
dTfwd=dTrim×Dfwd/Lpp
dTrim=wl/MT1” AP Lpp=465ft

Daft=207.5ft Dfwd=257.5ft

Tfinal fwd= Tinitial fwd± w/TPI ± wl/MT1”×Dfwd/Lpp

= w/TPI ± wl/MT1”×Dfwd/Lpp =(17.5ft-18.5ft)×12in/ft= -12 in
=-w/(50LT/in) – w(125ft)/(1400ft-LT/in)×257.5ft/465ft= (-)12in

-12 in = -w/(50LT/in) – w/(20.23LT/in)

= -w/(14.4LT/in)

w= -12in×(-14.4LT/in)=172.8LT

V=w/(rg)=172.8LT/[(64lb/ft³)×2240lb/LT×7.4805gal/ft³]=45,243gal
This is just another application of moments!
 Example Problem
An FFG-7 is in the process of undocking when the
evolution is halted at 10ft of water on the hull.

– If D=3600LT, how much weight is being supported by

the blocks?

– If the water level is raised 1in, how much additional

weight is removed from the blocks?
 Example Answer
At T=10ft, FB= 62×30LT = 1860LT;

P=D-FB=3600LT-1860LT = 1740LT

At T=10ft, TPI=128×0.2LT/in = 25.6LT/in;

Raising water level 1in removes an additional

25.6LT from the blocks
 Background Lab 3
Lab Objectives

– Reinforce students’ understanding of the theory

behind inclining experiments

– Provide students with practical experience in

conducting an inclining experiment

– Determine the KG of the 27-B-1 model for

future laboratories
 Background Lab 3
Concepts/Principles
– KG
– TCG
– MT
– Inclining Experiment
 Background Lab 3
Terminology
– Light-ship condition
– Inclined ship condition
– Plum bob

Equations
– GinclMT= wt/tan(F)×1/D
– KGincl = KMT(from Curve of Form)–GinclMT
– KG0=KGlight=(KGinclDincl–Kginclwtswinclwts)/(Dincl–winclwts)
 Apparatus
General Safety
– Minimize water on the floor

Equipment
– 27-B-1 Models
– Weights
– Plum bobs

Procedures for taking measurements

– Record measurements
 Data Collection/Reduction
Data to be collected & Expected results
– 27-B-1 Model Numbers
– Weight of Models
– Drafts
– Model dimensions
– Water temperature
– tan(F)
– Where do you expect KG to be?

Sources of error
– Measurement error
– Round off
 Data Collection/Reduction
Calculations
– Use equations
Plots/sketches
– w×t vs. tan(F)
 Review of Chapters 1-3
for
Six Week Exam

• Chapter 1: Engineering Fundamentals

• Chapter 2: Hull Form and Geometry
• Chapter 3: Hydrostatics
• Review Equation & Conversion Sheet
Chapter 1: Engineering Fundamentals
• Drawings, sketches, graphs
• Dependent/independent variables
• Region under and slope of a curve
• Unit analysis
• Significant figures
• Linear interpolation
• Forces, moments, couples, static equilibrium,
hydrostatic pressure, mathematical moments
• Six degrees of freedom
• Bernoulli’s Equation
Chapter 1: Engineering Fundamentals

✓ Force × distance
✓ Equal and opposite forces applied with an offset
distance to produce a rotation
✓ F=0; M=0
✓ P= rgz
✓ Mx=ydA
✓ Translational: heave, surge, sway
✓ Rotational: roll, pitch, yaw
✓ List, trim, heel
✓ p/r+V²/2+gz=constant
Chapter 2: Hull Form and Geometry

✓Categorizing ships
✓Ways to represent the hull form
✓Table of Offsets
✓Hull form characteristics
✓Centroids
✓Center of Flotation, Center of Buoyancy
✓Simpson’s Rule
✓Curves of Form
 Chapter 2: Hull Form and Geometry
Plans
Body: Section Lines
Sheer: Buttock Lines
Half-Breadth: Waterlines

Depth(D), draft(T), beam(B), freeboard

Centroid (location): LCF=(2/AWP)*xdA
Center of waterplane area
Center of submerged volume
ydx=Dx/3*[1y0+4y1+2y2+4y3+…+2yn-2+4yn-1+1yn]

D, LCB, KB, TPI, AWP, LCF, MT1”, KML, KMT

Draft->proper curve, proper axis, proper multiple/units
Simpson Integrals Y
(Half-Breadth Plan)
y(x)
Half-
See your “Equations and Conversions” Sheet Breadths dx=Station Spacing
(feet)

0 Stations X

Waterplane Area
AWP=2ydx; where integral is half breadths by station

Sectional Area Z (Body Plan)

Asect=2ydz; where integral is half breadths by waterline dz=Waterline Spacing
Water y(z)
lines

0 Half-Breadths (feet) Y
Simpson Integrals
See your “Equations and Conversions” Sheet
Asect
A(x)
Sectional
Submerged Volume Areas dx=Station Spacing
(feet²)
 S=Asectdx; where integral is sectional areas
X
by station 0 Stations

(Half-Breadth Plan)
Y
y(x)
Half-
Breadths dx=Station Spacing
Longitudinal Center of Floatation (feet)
x
LCF=(2/AWP)*xydx; where integral is product of distance 0 Stations X
from FP & half breadths by station
 Chapter 3: Hydrostatics
✓ Archimedes Principle/Static Equilibrium

✓ Impact to G of weight addition, removal, movement

✓ Metacenter

✓ Angle of list

✓ Inclining Experiment

✓ Trim calculations

✓ Drydocking
 Chapter 3: Hydrostatics
The Buoyant Force on an object is equal to the weight of the volume of
the water displaced by the object: FB=rgV

For box shaped barge, FB= rgV = P×Awp= rgzAwp

F=0; M=0
gf
Center of Gravity (G) Gf WL
Df= D0+Swa-Swr Gi
G0
KGfDf= KG0D0+SKgawa-SKgrwr g0 G moves parallel to
weight shift
TCGfDf= TCG0D0+STcgawa-STcgrwr BL K
CL
 Chapter 3: Hydrostatics
M ML
MT
F2(-) F1(+)
WL GMT
WL
B2 G0 B1 KMT BMT G

FB B KG
B0 KB
BL K BL
CL K
TCG/TCB (-) CL TCG/TCB (+)
tan(F) = wt/(DG0MT)
To find KG:
– Plot wt vs. tan(F); divide slope by Dincl to get GinclMT
– KGincl = KMT(from Curve of Form)–GinclMT
– KG0=KGlight=(KGinclDincl–Kginclwtswinclwts)/(Dincl–winclwts)
 Chapter 3: Hydrostatics
Trim Equations:
– dTPS=w/TPI
– dTrim=wl/MT1”
– dTfwd/aft/dfwd/aft =dTrim/Lpp
– Tfinal fwd/aft=Tinitial fwd/aft±dTPS±dTfwd/aft
Weight
Added dTPS
l F
w dTfwd
dTrim dTaft q
Tfinal fwd
Ap daft Lpp dfwd Fp
Tfinal aft
General Problem Solving Technique
Write down applicable reference equation which contains the desired
“answer variable”.
Solve the reference equation for the “answer variable”.

Write down additional reference equations and solve for

unknown variables in the “answer variable” equation, if needed.

Draw a quick sketch to show what information is given and needed and
identify variables, if applicable.

Rewrite “answer variable” equation, substituting numeric values with

units for variables.

Simplify this expanded equation, including units, to arrive at the final

answer.

Check the answer:

Do units match answer?
Is the answer on the right order of magnitude?
 Summary

✓Equation Sheet
✓Assigned homework problems
✓Additional homework problems
✓Example problems worked in class
✓Example Problems worked in text