PLANT KINGDOM

BY
DR.T.PRABHAKAR Ph.D
BRYOPHYTA
 Male Strobili Female Strobili

Megasporongia/Macrosporong
Microsporophyll/Microsporongia
Megaspore mother cell

Microspores Diferentiated one of the cells of Nucellus

Nucellus protected by enve called OVULI

Develop into Male Gametophyte
Megaspore Mother cell
Pollengrains[Reduced gp] Devided by Meiotic

4 Megaspores

One will develop into Multicellular Female

Gametohyte
 Pollengrain[Microsporongium]

Ovule[Megasporongium]
Pollengrain enters intoArchegonium Ovule

Fertilization

Zygote

Embryo-Ovule
Seeds(Seeds are not covered)
 SYNERGIDS
• The synergids are part of the egg apparatus and are
thought to help the pollen nucleus reach the egg cell for
fertilization. See more at egg apparatus, embryo sac.
• The synergid cells are located in the female gametophyte
and are essential for angiosperm reproduction. During the
fertilization process, a pollen tube grows into one of
the synergid cells, ceases growth, ruptures, and releases its
two sperm cells into this cell.
 ANTIPODALS
• antipodal cells The three haploid cells in the
mature embryo sac of flowering plants that are
situated at the opposite end to the micropyle.
"antipodal cells.“
• antipodal cells. antipodal cells The three
haploid cells in the mature embryo sac of
flowering plants that are situated at the opposite
end to the micropyle.
 POLAR NUCLEI
• polar nuclei Two haploid nuclei in the centre of the embryo
sac of flowering plants. These nuclei fuse with a male
gamete nucleus to form a triploid endosperm nucleus, which
subsequently divides to form the endosperm.
• Of the two sperm cells, one sperm fertilizes the egg cell,
forming a diploid zygote; the other sperm fuses with the
two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that develops into the
endosperm. Together, these two fertilization events in
angiosperms are known as double fertilization .
The pollen grains germinate on the stigma and the resulting
pollen tubes grow through the tissues of stigma and style and
reach the
ovule. The pollen tubes enter the embryo-sac where two male
gametes are
discharged. One of the male gametes fuses with the egg cell to
form a zygote (syngamy). The other male gamete fuses with the
diploid secondary nucleus to produce the triploid primary
endosperm nucleus (PEN). Because of the involvement of two
fusions, this event is termed as double fertilisation,
PLANT LIFE CYCLES AND ALTERNATION
OF GENERATIONS
• The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which
is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The
fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs
in plants is called the alternation of generations.
• The fusion of male and female gametes produces a diploid zygote which
develops into a new sporophyte. This cycle is known as alternation of
generations or alternation of phases. Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and
hornworts) have a dominant gametophyte phase on which the
adult sporophyte is dependent for nutrition
 LIFE CYCLES

Haplontic Haplo-diplontic Diplontic

The dominant, Bryophytes and diploid sporophyte is the

photosynthetic phase in pteridophytes, dominant, photosynthetic,
such plants is the free- interestingly, exhibit an independent phase of the
living haploid intermediate condition plant.
gametophyte. (Haplo-diplontic); both This kind of life cycle is
This kind of life cycle phases are multicellular. called as Diplontic
is termed as Haplontic.
However, they differ in Gymnosperms and
• Many algae such as their dominant phases Angiosperms
Volvox, Spirogyra