Anterior •means towards the front.

Posterior •means towards the back.

Superior •means towards the head.

Inferior • means towards the feet.

• means towards the median plane

Medial (near the middle of the body).

• means away from the median plane

Lateral (away from the middle of the body).
Origin:
• The relatively fixed end of muscle during natural movements of the
muscle
Insertion:
• The relatively mobile end of the muscle during natural movements of
the muscle

Belly:
• The fat fleshy part of the muscle which is contractile in function

Tendon:
• The fibrous and non-contractile part of the muscle which
attaches muscle to the bone.
Aponeurosis:
• It is a flattened tendon arising from the connective tissues
around the muscle
Cell
Membrane

Cytosol
Cytoplasm

Nonmembranous: Cytoskeleton, Microvilli,

Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Ribosomes
Organelles
Membranous: Mitochondria, Nucleus,
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus,
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vesicles
 Rod-like, double membrane, inner membrane folded into
Mitochondria
projections called cristae; Site of ATP synthesis.

Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of

Ribosomes ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free or it can be attached
to ER; site of protein synthesis

Coiling membrane system with ribosomes attached; proteins

E. R. (rough) synthesized are packaged into vesicles for transport to the
golgi apparatus

Coiling membrane system lacking ribosomes; synthesizes

E. R. (smooth)
lipids and carbohydrates
 Stack of smooth membrane sacs adjacent to the nucleus;
Golgi modifies synthesized proteins, then packages the proteins
apparatus (e.g. lysosomes & peroxisomes) in vesicles for transport
around/out of cell
Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes used in cell
Lysosomes
digestion
Membranous sacs containing oxidative enzymes (e.g.
Peroxisomes peroxidase) that degrade toxic compounds such as
hydrogen peroxide

Vesicles Membrane bound sac that transports cellular material

Filaments containing the contractile protein actin; part of the

Microfilaments
cytoskeleton and functions in intracellular movement
Intermediate Protein fibers that provides strength, stabilize the position of
filaments organelles, and transport materials within the cytoplasm

Hollow tubes composed of the globular protein tubulin;

Microtubules microtubules provide strength and rigidity and anchoring major
organelles

Large and long strands of myosin protein found in muscle cells

Thick
that interact with thin actin filaments to produce muscle
filaments
contraction

Cylindrical structure composed of nine triplets of microtubules;

Centrioles centrioles direct the movement of DNA during cell division as well
as form the bases of cilia and flagella
 Small, finger-shaped projections of the cell
Microvilli membrane that actively absorb fluid and
nutrients
Cell surface projections composed of
Cilia microtubules; cilia move to propel substance
across the cell surface
Larger and longer cilia that provides cellular
Flagella
locomotion (e.g. human sperm)

Structure housing genetic information and is

Nucleus
surrounded by a membrane (nuclear envelope)
- one or more cells that
make and secrete a
particular product
Types of Multicellular Exocrine Glands

• secrete products (as soon as product are made)

by exocytosis.

• accumulate products until cell ruptures.

• accumulation of products, then apex of cell

pinches off.
• matrix contains all three fiber
types
• widely distributed under
epithelium
• forms lamina propria and wraps
and cushions organs
• serves as a reservoir of water and
salts for surrounding tissues
• Almost all cells obtain their
nutrients from and release their
wastes into areolar connective
tissue.
• matrix contains sparse
amount of all three tissue
types
• adipocytes have a flattened
nucleus as a result of fat
droplets contained inside of
cell
• used as fuel resource.
• reticular fibers w/ reticular
cells in loose ground
substance
• found in lymph nodes, bone
marrow, and spleen
• fibers form internal
skeleton that supports
other cell types
 • fibroblasts with collagen fibers
Dense regular • forms ligaments , tendons, and aponeurosis

• irregularly arranged collagen fibers with

fibroblast
Dense • found in the dermis of the skin and joint
irregular capsules
• withstands tension and provides strength

Elastic • fibroblasts with elastic fibers

• found in the walls of the aorta and vocal cords
connective • provides durability and strength
 elastic cartilage hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
 • chondroblasts produce matrix with collagen fibers, chrondrocytes
located within lacunae (spaces)
Hyaline • found in ribs, nose, trachea, and the larynx
• supports and reinforces

• Chondroblasts produce matrix with elastic fibers

Elastic • supports external ear
• maintains shape and structure

• matrix similar to hyaline but less firm and also contains more and
Fibro thicker collagen fibers
cartilage • component of intervertebral discs
• gives tensile strength
 • long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations

Skeletal (specific arrangement of actin and myosin)

• attached to skeleton and skin
• under voluntary control; provides movement

• branching uninucleate striated cells with junctions

(intercalated discs);
Cardiac • located in the walls of the heart and under
involuntary control
• propels blood (circulation).

• spindle-shaped uninucleate cells without striations

Smooth • found in the walls of hollow organs and under

involuntary control
• propels substances.
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