logistika

dasavleTis qveynebis logistikisadmi didi yuradReba pirvel rigSi

arsebuli sabazro koniunqturis cvlilebiTaa ganpirobebuli. sameurneo
praqtikaSi daiwyo saqonlis warmoebis da miwodebis uzrunvelyofa im
meTodebis gamoyenebiT, romelic Tavismxriv logistikis koncefciazea
bazirebuli, rac sawarmos danaxarjebis minimizaciis procesis xelSewyobas
moiazrebs.
dRes uaResad didia logistikis roli Tanamedrove biznes seqtorSi.
gasuli saukunis 70–iani wlebidan dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi
sabolood formulirdeba logistikis koncefcia Bbiznesis integralur
instrumentad.
am periodSi damkvidrda azri, rom logistika esaa biznesis yvela
sferoSi moqmedebis strategia, mimarTuli gansazRvrul adgilze,
gansazRvruli raodenobisa da asortimentis produqciis droul
miwodebasTan.
avtoritetuli amerikuli organizaciis ,,National Logistics” – is eqspertebi
logistikis Semdegnair definicias gvTavazoben:,, logistika esaa, biznesis
kompleqsuri marTvis xelovneba, teqnologiur – inovaciuri ileTebi da
meTodebi, rac gulisxmobs dagegmvas, momarageba – realizaciis process
dasaxuli miznis misaRweva.

logistikis arsi da gaviTarebis etapebi.

logistika berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT

~Tvlis xelovnebas”, `gansjis”, gamoTvlis xelovnebas~ aRniSnavs. laTinebi
`logistikiT~ aRniSnavdnen sursaTis ganawilebis wess. logistika aris
kompleqsi mTeli rigi sawarmoo procesebis uwyveti ciklis: dagegmvis,
kontrolisa da marTvis, transportirebisa da dasawyobebis, nedleulisa da
masalebis moZraobis da mza produqciis realizaciis.
logistika biznesis instrumntad warmodgenilia gasuli saukunis 50-ani
wlebidan amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. igi Semdgom swrafad gavrcelda
industriulad ganviTarebul sxva saxelmwiofoebSi da am terminma
sabolood daimkvidra adgili ukve 1970-ani wlebidan.
dReisaTvis logistika axalgazrda, magram swrafad ganviTarebadi
mecnierebaa, rac ganpirobebulia upirvelesad warmoebis sferoSi
produqciis Seqmnaze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcirebis SedarebiTi
SemosazRvrulobiT da msoflio ekonomikuri integraciis fonze gare
sawarmoo faqtorebis gavlenis gazrdiT firmebis saboloo ekonomikur
maCveneblebze.
logistikis ganviTarebam ramdenime eteapi ganvlo. 1920-1950 wlebi
gamoiyofa, rogorc `fragmentaciis~ periodi, es aris logistikis I periodi,
roca logistika, rogorc saerTo danaxarjebis Semcirebis da biznesis
ganviTarebis integraluri instrumenti, gamoiyeneboda mxolod ramdenime
firmaSi da isic arasrulyofilad. es periodi mniSvnelovania imiT, rom am
dros xorcieldeba winapirobebis Camoyalibeba logistikis koncefciis
SemuSavebisTvis. am faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia: saqonlis distribuciis
sferoSi satransporto danaxarjebis da maragebis zrda; satransporto
tarifebis amaRleba; marketingis koncefciis Camoyalibeba da swrafi
ganviTareba.
logistikis ganviTarebis II periodi, 1950-1970 wlebi iwodeba logistikis
Seqmnis periodad. am dros swrafad ganviTarda logistikis Teoria da
praqtika. marketingis strategiuli Sexedulebebi swrafad inergeboda
biznesis warmarTvis saqmeSi. aq ki didi xvedriTi woniT warmosdga
logistika.
aRniSnuli imanac ganapiroba, rom farTod gavrcelda saerTo
danaxarjebis koncefcia saqonlis fizikur ganawilebaSi. am moncefciis
ZiriTadi mizani iyo mwarmoeblebidan momxamreblebamde saqonlis moZraobaze
gaweuli danaxarjebis minimizacia, romelic yovelTvis ar iyo
dakavSirebuli iafi transportis gamoyenebasTan. M
magaliTad, zogierT SemTxvevaSi saavtomobilo gadazidvebis nacvlad,
saaviacio teqnikis gamoyeneba marTalia zrdida uSualod transportirebis
xarjebs, magram aq xSirad ar moiTxoveboda Sualeduri dasawyobeba.
aRniSnuli erTis mxriv gamoricxavs dasawyobebis xarjebs, da meores mxri
SesaZlebelia faqizi tvirTis dazianebis Tavidan acileba. garda amisa,
aseTi midgoma gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia maRalfuWebadi tvirTebisTvis.
es magaliTi uCvenebs logistikis ori ZiriTadi funqciis – maragebis
marTvis da transportirebis–urTierTdamokidebulebas. saerTo danaxarjebis
koncefcia gvevlineba logistikuri amocanebis amoxsnis meTodologiur
safuZvlad. amasTan erTad, 1950-1970 wlebSi logistikis swrafad
ganviTarebas ganapirobebda rigi faqtorebi, romelTagan ZiriTadia:
 warmoebis sferoSi danaxarjebis faqtoris zewola;
 kompiuteruli teqnologiebis progresi;
 maragebis formirebis strategiis cvlilebebi;
 standartuli konteinerebis gamoyenebis dawyeba.
CamoTvlili faqtorebi upiratesad aSS-Si gamovlinda. bazris ZiriTadi
tendencia gaxda momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis maqsimalurad
dakamayoffileba da servisuli servisuli momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba.
AamasTan erTad, gasuli saukunis 60-ani wlebidan bazarze erTi da igive
danuSnulebis mravali saqoneli gamoCnda, ramac aiZula mwarmoeblebi da
distributorebi moeZebnaT axali gzebi moTxovnisa da warmoebis
koordinaciisaTvis.
saqonlis mravalferovnebam avtomaturad ganapiroba misi maragebis zrda
distribuciis sistemaSi. aq ufro da ufro meti kapitalis dabandeba
xdeboda saWiro. amitomac, ZiriTadi amocana gaxda maragebis optimaluri
masStabis SemmuSaveba, am sferoSi danaxarjebis Semcirebis mizniT.
aRniSnuli procesebi kidev ufro swrafi tempiT ganviTarda Semdgom
periodSi logistikis principebi Seexo am ciklis yvela Semadgenel
elements:,,Sesyidva-warmoeba-distribucia-gasaReba” im mizniT, rom
uzrunvelyofiliyo jamuri danaxarjebis minimizacia. 1980 wlebisTvis
damaxaiaTebeli iyo:
 informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTareba da personaluri
kompiuterebis danergva;
 bazris globalizacia;
 xarisxis marTvis kompleqsuri sistemebis farTod danergva;
 biznesis organizaciis struqturuli cvlilebebi,
transnacionaluri kompaniebis ricxvis zrda;
 ganviTarebuli qveynebidan, finansebis sxva dabalganviTarebul
qveynebSi gatana.
mikroprocesoruli teqnikis masiurma warmoebam da misma gamoyenebam
ekonomikis yvela sferoSi ganapiroba informaciul-kompiuteruli
revolucia. eleqtronuli informacia gadaiqca Tanamedrove sabazro
infrastruqturis ZiriTad komponentad. Seiqmna sxvadasxva sainformacio
sabanko sistemebi, romelTa moZieba_gamoiyeneba xelmisawvdomia swrafad da
iafad.
vaWroba-momaragebam, gasaRebis integraciam msoflios yvela wertilSi
dRis wesrigSi daayena xelSekrulebis gaformeba da sabanko operaciebis
warmoeba eleqtronuli sistemiT, sabanko gadaricxvebis operatiulobis da
saimedobis asamaRleblad SemoRebuli iqna sabanko saerTaSoriso xazebi
SWIFT da SWIFT-II. logistikur partniorebs Soris sainformacio gacvlis
gasaioleblad dainerga `monacemTa eleqtronuli gacvlis~ qseli (Electronic
Data Intercharge, EDI) da agreTve aseTive qseli menejmentsa, vaWrobasa da
transportze (lectronic Data Intercharge for Administration, Commerce and Transport,
EDIFACT).
logistikis Teoriis da praqtikis gaumjobesebas axali impulsi misca
ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier tradiciuli ekonomikuri barierebis
gamartivebam. aseTebs warmoadgens tvirTebis Tavisufali moZraoba aSS-sa da
kanadas, aseve evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebs Soris. aRniSnulma gavlena iqonia
produqciis warmoebis xerxebsa da meTodebze. aseve icvleba distribuciis
sferos specifika, satransporto saSualebaTa saxeebi da masTan
damokidebulebaSi muSavedeba saerTASoriso logistikuri programebi.
magaliTad evrokavSirisaTvis moqmedebs ramodenime programa, romlebic
iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso centrebis organizirebas sasaqonlo nakadebis
fizikuri ganawilebisaTvis.
evrokavSiris farglebSi Seiqmna saerTaSoriso informaciul-
kompiuteruli sistemebi (TEDJM, UNCTAD, TACIS). Tavismxriv dasavleTSi
logistikis ganviTarebas emsaxureba gavrcelebuli ,,xarisxis marTvis
sayovelTao koncefcia” – TQM. is firmebi, romlebic aRiareben da TavianT
saqmianobaSi iyeneben am koncefciis debulebebs, warmatebas aRweven
konkurenciul brZolaSi, gardaiqmnebian transnacionalur organizaciebad
da uzrunvelyofen roogrc firmis, misi SiToeuli personalis
ketildReobas, aseve momxmarebelTa mzardi motxovnis warmatebiT
dakmayofilebas.

logistikuri marTvis obieqtebi.

logistikis, rogorc mecnierebis kvlevis da marTvis obiqts warmoadgens

materialuri, sainformacio, safinanso nakadebis sistema. logistikuri
midgomis principuli gansxvaveba mis winamorbed materialuri resursebis
moZraobis marTvisagan mdomareobs imaSi, rom amJamad marTvis obieqts
warmoadgens mTlianad zemoaRniSnuli nakadebis sitema.
materialuri nakadi es aris produqcia (tvirTebis, detalebis,
sasaqonlo-materialuri faseulobebis saxiT), romelic ganixileba mis
mimarT sxvadasxva logistikuri, (transportireba sawyobSi Senaxva) an
teqnologiuri (meqanikuri damuSaveba, awyoba) operaciebis gamoyenebis
procesSi da ganekuTvneba drois gansazRvrul intervals.
arsebobs materialuri nakadebis Semdegi klasifikacia:
 sagareo materialuri nakadi – esaa materialuri nakadi mimdinare
gare garemoSi (logistikur sistemasTan mimarTebaSi);
 Sida materialuri nakadi – esaa materialuri nakadimocemuli
logistikuri sistemis SigniT;
 Semomavali materialuri nakadi – esaa sagareo materialuri nakadi,
Semosuli mocemul logistikur sistemaSi gare garemodan;
  gamavali materialuri nakadi – esaa Sida materialuri nakadi,
mimdinare logistikuri sistemidan gare garemoSi;
 satvirTo nakadi – esaa tvirTebis raodenoba, romelic gadaitaneba
transportis calkeuli saxeobebiT, gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT,
drois garkeveul periodSi.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sasaqonlo nakadebis moZraobis
efeqtianobis amaRleba ZiriTadad miiRweva, maTi safinanso momsaxurebis
gaumjobesebis xarjze, rac Tavismxriv ganapirobebs logistikuri safinanso
nakadebis gamoyofisa da Seswavlis aucileblobas. Tavismxriv yovelive es
unda modiodes sasaqonlo-materialur da sasaqonlo-aramaterialur
faseulobebis gadaadgilebasTan koordinaciaSi.
amgvarad logistikaSi safinanso nakadSi unda vigulisxmoT safinanso
saSualebebis mizanmimarTuli moZraoba, romelic cirkulirebs logistikur
sistemaSi da aucilebelia gansazRvruli sasaqonlo nakadis efeqturi
moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad.
daniSnulebis mixedviT logistikuri safinanso nakadebi SeiZleba daiyos
Semdeg jgufebad:
 saqonlis Sesyidvis procesiT ganpirobebuli safinanso nakadebi;
 safinanso nakadebi samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis mixedviT;
 safinanso nakadebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba sawarmoo procesebs;
 saqonlis realizaciis procesSi warmoSobili safinanso nakadebi;
 sainvesticio safinanso nakadebi.
angariSsworebis gamoyenebul formebze damokidebulebiT logistikaSi
yvela safinanso nakadebi SeiZleba diferencirebul iqnas or jgufad:
 fuladi safinanso nakadebi, romlebic axasiaTeben naRdi safinanso
saSualebebis moZraobas;
 unaRdo safinaso saSualebebis moZraobiT ganpirobebuli fuladi
nakdebi.
sameurneo kavSirebis saxeebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben horizontalur da
vertikalur safinanso nakadebs. pirveli asaxavs safinanso nakadebis
moZraobassamewarmeo saqmianobis Tanasworuflebian subieqtebs Soris, xolo
meore - ,,Svilobil” da mTavar organizaciebs Soris.
logistikaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia informaciul-kompiuterul
uzrunvelyofas. logistikis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba didad ganisazRvreba
biznesis yvela sferoSi informaciul-kompiuteruli teqnologiis swrafi
ganviTarebiT da danergviT. logistikuri procesis informaciuli
uzrunvelyofis mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rom bevri specialisti gamoyofs
gansakuTrebul informaciul logistikas, romelsac damoukidebeli
mniSvneloba aqvs biznesSi da informaciuli nakadebisa da resursebis
marTvaSi. informaciuli nakadi ewodeba metyvelebiTi an dokumentaluri
(qaRaldisa da eleqtronuli) formiT gamoxatul SetyobinebaTa nakads da
gamiznulia mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis realizaciisaTvis. Tanamedrove
logistikaSi informaciuli nakadebis rolis zrda ganpirobebulia:
 momxmareblisaTvis informacia SekveTis statusze, saqonlis
arsebobaze, miwodebis vadebze da gadazidvis dokumentebze,
warmoadgens samomxmareblo logistikis aucilebel elements;
 maragebis marTvis poziciidan gamomdinare, logistikur WaWvSi
sruli da sarwmuno informaciis arseboba SesaZleblobas iZleva
Semcirdes moTxovna maragebze da SromiT resursebze, moTxovnis
donis ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebis xarjze;
 informacia zrdis logistikuri sistemis moqnilobas im
TvalsazrisiT, rom SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu rogor, sad da
ra dros SeiZleba resursebis gamoyeneba konkretuli upiratesobis
misaRwevad.
organisaziaSi rogorc wesi sainformacio operaciebi sruldeba,
sainformacio nakadebis mravalricxovani maCveneblebiT da maxasiaTeblebiT:
gadasacemi Setyobinebebis, monacemTa tipebis, sxvadasxva dokumentebis,
monacemTa masivebis nomenklaturiT, monacemTa gadacemis intensivobiTa da
siCqariT, specialuri maxasiaTeblebiT (sainformacio arxebis
gamtarunarianobiT, dacva arasanqcionirebuli xelmisawvdomobisagan,
daculoba Seferxebebisagan).
logistikuri sainformacio sistemis agebas safuZvlad udevs eqvsi
ZiriTadi principi:
 informaciis sisrule – organizacia unda flobdes aucilebel da
srul informacias gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis;
 informaciis sizuste – sawyisi informaciis sizustes principuli
mniSvneloba aqvs swori gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis, moTxovnis
prognozirebisaTvis da materialur resursebze moTxovnebis
dagegmvisaTvis;
 informaciis drouloba (drouli) – es principi gansakuTrebul
xasiaTs iZens, rodesac saubaria logistikis iseT teqnologiebze,
romlebic dafuZnebuli arian koncefciaze ,,Just in Time”, (amaze odnav
mogvianebiT);
 orientirebuloba–logistikur sainformacio sistemaSi informaciis
miReba da analizi, unda efuZnebodes produqciis xarisxis, servisis
gaumjobesebis, logistikuri danaxarjebis Semcirebis, damatebiTi
SesaZleblobebis gamovlenas;
  informaciis moqniloba – logistikur informaciul sistemaSi,
cirkulirebadi informacia, misadagebeli unda iqnas konkretul
mosargeblebze da unda hqondes maTTvis SedarebiT xelsayreli
saxe. qaRaldisa da eleqtronuli dokumentbrunva, angariSgebebi,
cnobebi da dokumentebi maqsimalurad unda iqnan misadagebulni
logistikuri procesis yvela monawilis moTxovnebisadmi da
adaptirebulni unda iqnan bevri mosargeblisaTvis SesaZlo
dialogur reJimSi;
 monacemTa saTanado formati – logistikuri sainformacio sistemis
kompiuterul da telekomunikaciur qselebSi gamoyenebuli
monacemebisa da Setyobinebebis formati maqsimalurad efeqturad
unda iyenebdes teqnikuri saSualebebis SesaZleblobebs
(mexsisrebis moculoba, gamtarunarianoba, swrafi moqmedeba). garda
amisa aucilebelia logistikuri Suamavlebis da sxva
mosargebleebis kompiuteruli da telekomunikaciebis sistemebis
informaciuli SeTavsebadoba, logistikur sainformacio sistemaSi
monacemTa formatebis mixedviT.

logistikis funqciebi.

biznesis organizebis dros, logistikis funqciaTa Soris SeiZleba

gamoiyos: sabaziso, sakvanZo da mxardamWeri funqciebi. sabaziso logistikur
funqcias miekuTvneba: momarageba, warmoeba da realizacia. sakvanZo
funqciebad ganixileba:
 momxmarebelTaTvis momsaxurebis standartebis SenarCuneba;
 transportireba;
 maragebis marTva;
 SekveTebis procesebis marTva;
 faswarmoqmna;
 fizikuri ganawileba.
momxmarebelTaTvis momsaxurebis standartebis SenarCuneba, maRali
xarisxis produqciiT uzrunvelyofa, saqonlis distribucia da gayidvebis
Semdgomi servisi, warmoadgens nebismieri dasavluri firmis logistikis
pirvelxarisxovan amocanas.
sawarmoo miznebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, logistikaSi didi yuradReba
eqceva materialuri resursebis momragebis proceduras. firmebSi
momaragebis organizacia da marTva gulisxmobs iseTi amocanebis kompleqss,
rogoricaa materialuri resursebis mimwodeblebis SerCeva, saWiro
resursebis dagegmva, materialuri resursebis miwodebis racionaluri
vadebis da moculobis gansazRvra, saxelSekrulebo samuSaoebis
organizacia.
aseve erTerTi sakvanZo sakiTxia transportireba, romelsac kidev calke
Tavis saxiT mimovixilavT. TumcaRa, unda SevniSnoT, rom transportirebis
procesi, ganixileba ufro farTed, vidre tvirTi gadazidva da gadazidvebis
procesebis erToblioba.
transportirebis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba imiTac, rom ekonomikis
zogierT dargebSi satransporto xarjebi sakmaod maRalia. transportirebis
marTva Cveulebriv gvTavazobs iseTi amocanebis gadawyvetas, rogoricaa:
gadamzidvelis da eqspeditoris SerCeva, transportis tipis SerCeva,
racionaluri marSrutebis SemuSaveba.
mza produqciis da materialuri resursebis maragebis marTva
gulisxmoba maragebis Seqmnas, regulirebas da kontrols. Tu produqtis
transportirebisas mniSvnelovania adgilis faqtori, maragebis marTvisas
mTavaria drois faqtori. rogor wesi yovelTvis arsebobs gansazRvruli
moTxovna mza produqtebsa da materialuri resursebis maragebis mimarT.
asrulebs ra buferis rols, erTis mxriv materialuri resursebis
mimwodeblebsa da warmoebas, meores mxriv warmoebasa da momxmareblebs
Soris. aseve amcirebs mosalodnel risks materialuri resursebis
deficitis warmoqmnaze, warmoebis procesSi an momxmareblis moTxovnis
dakmayofilebisas mza produqciaze.
SekveTebis procedurebis marTvis funqcia gansazRvravs, SekveTebis
miRebisa da damuSavebis wess, mza produqtis miRebis momentebs da
momxmareblisaTvis momsaxurebis gawevas. miuxedavad imisa, rom logistikis
am sakvanZo funqciaze xarjebi arc ise didia, rogorc satransporto an
maragebis marTvaze, misi rolo aranakleb mniSvnelovania, radganac pirdapir
gansazRvravs momxmareblis momsaxurebis xarisxs da pasuxobs potenciuri
klientebis realur moTxovnebs.
erTerT sakvanZo logistikur funqcias, rogor ukve aRiniSna
ganekuTvneba faswarmoqmna. Tavismxirv faswarmoqmnis strategia mWidro
kavSirSia marketingTan. TumcaRa logistika uzrunvelyofs ra misi
mxardamWeri funqciebiT, marketingis stimulirebas, mniSvnelovanwilad
amcirebs danaxarjebs, Sesabamisad TviTRirebulebas.
mxardamWer logistikur funqcias ganekuTvneba:
 tvirTdamuSaveba (Cawyoba);
 damcavi SefuTva;
 dabrunebuli saqonlis miReba;
 sainformacio – kompiuteruli mxardaWera.
 tvirTdamuSaveba – Cawyoba gulisxmobs maragebis, sawyobebis tipebis
gansazRvras, materialuri resursebis Senaxva, dafasoeba, maragebis
ganlagebis dagegmva. garda amisa tvirTdamuSaveba gulisxmobs materialuri
resursebis an mza produqciis gadaadgilebas sawyobSi da mis gamzadebas
transportirebisaTvis.
damcavi SefuTva uzrunvelyofs tvirTis dacvas, momxmareblamde misi
sxvadasxva transportiT transportirebisas. amasTan SefuTvas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac is unda iyos vizualuradac aRsaqmeli da amav
droulad ar unda aZvirebdes saqonlis Rirebulebas.
mniSvnelovania aseve dabrunebuli saqonlis sakiTxebic, romelic
logistikis mxardamWer funqcias miekuTvneba. es aris dabrunebul
saqonelTan dakavSirebiT, sasaqonlo sxvadasxva procedurebi, (saqoneli,
romelic ama Tu im mizezis gamo ver akmayofilebs momxmareblis moTxovnas,
saqoneli, romelmac ver gaiara sagarantio vada).
Tanamedrove logistikuri sistemebis ver iarsebebn sainformacio
kompiuteruli mxardaWeris gareSe. uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom am mxriv
organizacia mTlianad pasuxobdes arsebul, arsebiT standartebs.
sainformacio – kompiuteruli mxardaWera gamoiyeneba praqtikulad yvela
logistikuri moqmedebebisaTvis, rogorc mikro, ise makroekonomikur doneze.

satransporto logistika.

trnasporti msoflio ekonomikis erTerTi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilia.

igi materialuri warmoebis xelSemwyobi meqanizmia. mas gaaCnia saerTo
saxelmwifoebrivi sa socialur – ekonomikuri mniSvneloba. funqciis
TvalsazrisiT igi atarebs dargTaSoris damakavSirebel xasiaTs da
aqtiurad zemoqmedebs wamoebis tempebze, xolo misi gansakuTrebuli da
rTuli teqnikur–teqnologiuri aRWurviloba, eqspluataciis spevifiuroba,
momsaxurebis mrafalferovneba da sxvadasxva ekonomikur samarTlebriv
garemoSi funqcionireba mas unikalurs xdis.
logistikur procesebSi Zalze xSirad dgeba metad rTuli da
specifiuri satransporto procesebis ganxorcielebis aucilebloba,
romelic ukavSirdeba sxvadasxva manZilze satvirTo gadazidvebs da misi
ZiriTadi mizania logistikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli warmoebis da moxmarebis
sferoebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis uzrunvelyofa, logistikur procesebSi
saWiro resursebis miwodebis gziT. swored amitom transportis logistika
warmoadgens logistikuri WaWvis erT-erT ZiriTad Semadgenel nawils.
logistikis ganviTarebasTan erTad sul ufro meti yuradReba eqceva
satransporto momsaxurebis racionaluri gzebis Ziebas, gadazidvis
mimarTulebis da tvirTis miwodebis optimaluri variantebis SerCevas,
gadazidvis procesebis marTvis da organizaciis srulyofili meTodebis
danergvas, radgan satransporto logistikis uzrunvelyofis dabalma donem
SesaZloa Zalze negatiurad imoqmedos biznesis funqcionirebis sabolo
Sedegebze.
Tanamedrove bazarze sul ufro metad aRiniSneba swrafva iseTi
organizaciebisaken, sadac transportirebis ganxorcielebis sistema,
maqsimaluraqad orientirebulia logistikur principebze. satransporto
logistikaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Semdegi saxis: saavtomobilo,
sarkinigzo, sazRvao, milsadeni da sahaero transporti. kargad
organizebuli satransporto logistika uzrunvelyofs tvirTis (saqonlis):
 daTqmul vadebSi, arc adre da arc gvian;
 SeTanxmebuli xarisxiT, wunisa da defeqtebis gareSe;
 gansazrvruli moculobis partiebiT;
 minimaluri SesaZlo xarjiT, daniSnulebis adgilamde miwodebas.
aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba arc Tu ise advilia, sxvadasxva saxis
satransporto saSualebebis, SedarebiTi logistikuri maCveneblebis
Sefasebis gareSe. TiToeuli transporti xasiaTdeba Tavisi SedarebiTi
upiratesobebiT:
 saavtomobilo transporti – maRali misadagoba, tvirTi karidan
karamde miwodeba, mravalferovani marSrutebis da mitanis
sqemebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba; tvirTis mcire partiebad
gadazidvisas, gadamzidvelebis farTo arCevani;
 sarkinigzo transporti – maRali gamtaroba da
gadamzidunarianoba, klimatur pirobebze, weliwadis droebze da
samuSao saaTebze naklebi damokidebuleba, reguliaruli
gadazidvebis maRali SesaZleblobebi;
 sazRvao transporti – didi moculobis tvirTebis
kontinentTaSorisi transportirebis SesaZlebloba,
gadazidvebis dabali TviTRirebuleba;
 milsadeni – didi moculobiT tvirTebis transportirebis
dabali TviTRirebuleba, marali mwarmoebluroba, tvirTis
daculobis maRali maCvenebeli;
 sahaero transporti – tvirTis mitanis Zalze maRali siCqare,
maRali saimedooba, gadazidvebis mravalferovani marSrutebi.
logisitkis koncefciis ganviTarebasTan erTad sul ufro aqtualuri
xdeba logistikis satransporto uzrunvelyofa Sereuli gadazidvebis
mesveobiT. sxvadasxva transportis upiratesobebidan da nakvlovanebebidan
gamomdinare, tvirTis sawyisi punqtidan saboloo punqtamde mitana
yovelTvis ver xerxdeba mxolod erTi saxis satransporto saSualebiT,
zogjer ki arc aris rekomendirebuli logistikuri principebidan
gamomdinare. swored am problemis gadasaWrelad transportis logistikaSi
gamoiyeneba Sereuli gadazidvebi.
multimodaluri – Sereuli gadazidvebi, gulisxmobs tvirTis pariis
transportirebas, gagzavnis punqtidan daniSnulebis punqtamde, rodesac
tvirTis gadazidvis procesSi monawileobs erTze meti saxis satransporto
saSualeba. amasTan erTad tvirTis miwodeba wina satransporto
saSualebidan Semdegze xdeba dasawyobebis gareSe. multimodaluri
gadazidvebis magaliTad SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos, sarkinigzo sadgurebis,
sazRvao portebis an aeroportebis momsaxureba, saavtomobilo
satransporto saSualebebiT tvirTis miRebis an distribuciis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
dabolos, satransporto logistikis sistema es aris kompleqsi romelic
aerTianebs rogorc satransporto procesebis organizacias, aseve
sanedleulo maragebis marTvas, datvirTva gadmotvirTvas,
gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebis gansazRvras da sistemis mdgradobas, raTa
tvirTis gadaadgilebis erT monakveTze miRebuli ekonomia ar iyos
daTrgunuli SemdgomSi arasworad dagegmili da gauTvaliswinebeli
qmedebebisagan.

sasawyobo meurneobis logistika.

materialuri nakadebis Seuferxebeli gadaadgileba logistikur WaWvSi,

moiTxovs gansazRvrul adgilebze sasaqonlo-materialuri faseulobebis
garkveuli maragebis Seqmnas, romlebic inaxeba Sesabamisi simzlavris
sawyobebSi. Tanamedrove sawyobi es aris rTuli teqnikuri nageboba,
romelic Sedgeba mravali urTierTdakavSirebuli elementisagan, gaaCnia
garkveuli struqtura da asrulebs materialuri nakadebis gardaqmnis,
agreTve tvirTebis dagrovebis, gadamuSavebisa da momxmarebelTa Soris maTi
ganawilebis funqciebs.
sasawyobo meurneobis logistikaSi mTavar problemas sasaqonlo
materialuri faseulobebis (maragebi), SenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis
Semcirebis mizniT, erTis mxriv sasawyobo maragebis Semcirebis tendenciis
SenarCuneba, xolo meores mxriv arsebuli sasawyobo meurneobis ganviTareba
warmoadgens, radgan mis gareSe SeuZlebelia, sawarmoo procesebis
uwyvetobisa da ritmulobis SenarCuneba.
amitom logistikur qselSi maragebis Seqmna gamarTlebulia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca igi iZleva danaxarjebis Semcirebisa da logistikuri
servisi xarisxis amaRlebis saSualebas. satransporto logistikis sistema
sasawyobo meurneobis logistikuri procesi iyofa sam nawilad:
 Sesyidvebis samsaxuris moqmedebebis koordinaciasTan dakavSirebul
operaciebad;
 tvirTebis damuSavebisa da dokumentaciis gaformebasTan
dakavSirebul operaciebad;
 gasaRebis samsaxuris moqmedebebis koordinaciasTan dakavSirebul
operaciebad.
sasawyobo meurneobis logistikuri procesis racionalurad
ganxorcieleba sawyobebSi misi rentabelobis winapirobaa. logistikuri
procesis warmarTvisaTvis saWiroa:
 sawyobebis racionalurad dagegmva - gamoyofili samuSao zonebi
unda iZleodes danaxarjebis Semcirebisa da tvirTebis
damuSavebis procesis srulyofis saSualebas;
 sasawyobo sivrcis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba – mowobilobebi unda
ganTavsdes ise, rom Seiqmnas sawyobis simZlavris gazrdis
saSualeba;
 gadazidvebis Sidasasawyobo marSrutebis minimizacia, raTa
Semcirdes saeqspluatacio danaxarjebi da gaizardos sawyobis
gamtarunarianoba;
 informaciuli sistemis SesaZleblobaTa maqsimalurad
gamoyeneba – rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs dokumentaciis
warmoebisa da informaciis gacvlasTan dkavSirebul drosa da
xarjebs.
logistikuri sistema - ,,Just in Time”.

msoflioSo yvelaze didi popularobiT sargeblobs logistikuri

koncepcia ,,Just in Time”, (zustad droSi). TiTqmis yvela danarCenebi maszea
dafuZnebuli. koncefcia ,,zustad droSi”, dasavleTis ganviTarebul
saxelmwifoebSi warmoiSva gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. misi arsi
mdgomareobs materialuri resursebis – nedleulis, masalebis,
naxevarfabrikatebis, saamwyobo erTeulebis miwodebaSi moxmarebis adgilze
zustad im raodenobiT da zustad maSin, roca masze konkretuli moTxovna
arsebobs, teqnologiuri damuSavebisas samuSao adgilze - saamwyobo
konveirze.
amiT minimumamde mcirdeba maragebis arsebobis saWiroeba, xolo idealur
pirobebSi saerTod ar aris saWiro. analogiuri sqemiT moiTxoveba mza
produqciis miwodeba sadistribucio qselisaTvis. am midgomis proqtikuli
realizacia amcirebs sabrunavi saSualebebis moculobas da sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, bunebrivia, izrdeba misi brunvis siCqare da masTan erTad
umjobesdeba warmoebisa da realizaciis teqnikur – ekonomikuri
parametrebi.
logistikuri sistema ,,zustad droSi”, amavroulad warmoadgens
logistikuri sistemis Sedgenis Tanamedrove koncefcias da xasiaTdeba
Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebiT:
 materialuri resursebis da mza produqciis minimaluri maragebis
sididiT;
 mokle logistikuri sawarmoo procesiT (cikliT);
 sarealizaciod gamzadebuli mza produqciis minimaluri odenobis
maragebiT;
 efeqturi sainformaciao mxardaWeriT;
 saerTo logistikuri servisis maRali xarisxiT.
logistikur sistemas ,,zustad droSi” umeteswilad aRniSnaven
inglisurenovani abraviaturiT ,,JIT”. JIT – is danergvas rogorc wesi Tan
sdevs produqciis xarisxis da mTeli logistikuri sistemis xarisxobrivi
parametrebis gaumjobeseba. momarageba – realizaciis warmodgena JIT – is
dros, SeiZleba warmovidginoT orburkeriani maragebis marTvis sistemiT.
erT - erTi am bunkerTagan gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesis an mza
produqciiT momxmarebelTa moTxovnis dakmayofilebisavis, xolo meore
bunkeri ivseba pirvelisgan xarjvis Sesabamisad. JIT – s gaaCnia kidev erTi
arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli. esaa mza produqciis damzadeba mcire partiebad. igi
iwvevs sawarmoo ciklis SefardebiT Semcirebas, xolo es ukanaskneli
ganapirobebs mimwodebelTa mier miwodebis ciklis Semcirebas, rac saboloo
maragebis minimizaciiT aisaxeba.
am msjelobidan gamomdinare, idealuri rodesac miwodebis partiis
sidide, mxolod erTi erTeuliT izomeba, magram transportirebis
xarjebidan gamomdinare, partiis aseTi Semcireba, raTqma unda ekonomikurad
gaumarTlebelia. amitom JIT – i, iyenebs e.w. ,,Pull Sistems” – s, (gaweva-Seyovneba),
da xasiaTdeba im upiratesobiT, rom maragebi iwyebs moZraobas mxolod
maSin, roca firmaSi maragis sidide kritikul zRvars aRwevs.
amasTan erTad, momaragebis partiis sidide ganisazRvreba produqciis
moTxovnis, transportirebis saxeobebis, mimwodebelta saimedobisgan
damokidebulebiT. unda ariniSnos, rom mimwodebelTa saimedooba JIT - is
danergvis aucilebeli winapirobaa da gulisxmobs sakontraqto
valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis maRal kulturas.
bevr saxelmwifoSi firmebma ver danerges JIT sistema imis gamo, rom
maTTan miwodebis saimedoobis arasakmarisi done iyo. aqedan gamomdinare JIT
sistemis firmebi kontaqtebs amyareben da aformeben kontraqtebs, saimedo
partniorebTan da amav droulad, amcireban mimwodebelTa raodenobas,
riTac Sesabamisad mcirdeba miwodebaSi Seferxebebis albaToba.
JIT – ze dafuZnebuli yvelaze gavrcelebuli koncefciaa KANBAN – i,
warmoSobiT iaponuri koncefcia (iaponurad niSnavs rukas), pirvelad
dainerga kompania TOYOTA - s mier. zemoaRniSnuli sistema gulisxmobs:
 warmoebis racionalur organizacias da dabalansebas;
 xarisxis kontrols sawarmoo procesis yvela etapze;
 kontrolis Catarebas sawyis materialur resursebze;
 partniorobas mxolod saimedo mimwodeblebTan da
gadamzidvelebTan;
 mTeli personalis maRal SromiT disciplinas da profesionalur
pasuxismgeblobas.
TOYOTA – s erT-erTi mowinave takahamis (q. nagoi) qarxanaSi, danergili
KANBAN–i, iTvaliswinebda sawarmoo da samwyobo procesebis metad maRal
mobilurobas, momaragebis sistemis drosa da sivrceSi zustad
organizaciasTan erTad. aman saSualeba misca qarxanas praqtikulad
nulamde daeyvana aucilebeli maragebis sidide. amasTan SesaZlebli iyo
warmoeba swrafad gadawyobiliyo erTi saxeobis Seqmnidan, sxva produqciis
warmoebaze, momaragebis saxeobisagan damokidebulebiT. amdenad koncefcia
KANBAN–i saSualebas iZleva JIT – is sistemis realizacias saukeTeso
SedegebiT.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. M. Sobel, Masters of Business Administration, 2005;
2. Gitman Mc Daniel, The Future of Business, 2003;
3. Transport and Logistics, Alan C. Shapiro, Eight Edition, USA, January 9, 2007;
4. Transport and Logistics, Financial Times, Special report, Tuesday March 25, 2008;
5. Rahild Neuerburger, E-Business Entwicklung fur Kleine und Mittelschtandische
Unternehmen, 2004.