Season (sports)

In an organized sports league, a typical season is the portion of one year in which regulated games of the sport are in session: for example, in Major League
Baseball the season lasts approximately from the last week of March to the last week of September.[1] In other team sports, like association football or basketball, it
is generally from August or September to May although in some countries - such as Northern Europe or East Asia - the season starts in the spring and finishes in
autumn, mainly due to weather conditions encountered during the winter.

A year can often be broken up into several distinct sections (sometimes themselves called seasons). These are: a preseason, a series of exhibition games played for
training purposes; a regular season, the main period of the league's competition; the postseason, a playoff tournament played against the league's top teams to
determine the league's champion; and the offseason, the time when there is no official competition.

Contents
Preseason
Regular season
Postseason
Off-season
Seasons by league
Summary
Notes and references
See also

Preseason
In association football, many clubs tour and then they have a series of exhibition games for training purposes.

In baseball, many clubs go to spring camp and then they have spring training.
The National Football League preseason is a highly structured three-game series of
games in which teams are afforded a larger roster limit and play games that do not count toward the record. It is used to evaluate and prepare talent for the
upcoming regular season.

In the highest levels of professional tennis, the preseason (November–December) consists of extensive period of training on and off the court (gym/fitness work as
well as working on tennis-specific skills like for example improving the accuracy of serve).

Regular season
In sport, the term "regular season" or "home and away season"[2] refers to the sport's league competition. The regular season is usually similar to a group
tournament format: teams are divided into groups, conferences and/or divisions, and each club plays a set number of games against a set number of opponents. In
most countries the league is played in a double round-robin format, where every team plays every other team twice, once at their home venue, and once away at
the opposition's venue as visitors. The results over all games are accumulated and when every team has completed its full schedule of games, a winner is declared.

In North America, the scheduling is different. Rather than every team playing all others twice, teams usually play more games against local rivals than teams in
other parts of the country. For example, the NBA's Los Angeles Lakers will play the Los Angeles Clippers (a team within their division, a subdivision of the
conference) four times in a regular season, while both will only play the Toronto Raptors, who are in the opposite Eastern Conference, twice. Part of this is due to
the vast geographic distances between some teams in North America — measured in a straight line, Los Angeles is 3,494 kilometres from Toronto, for instance —
and a desire to limit travel expenses. In the scheduling system used in the NFL, it is possible for two teams to only meet every four years, and to only have 2
common opponents in a season. Major League Baseball has the most uneven schedules of all the four major North American sports. In MLB, the conferences are
called leagues instead, but have exactly the same effect as conferences (as with all North American major leagues, leagues, conferences, and division are not based
on skill, but instead geography, history, and rivalries). Teams play 19 games against each of the teams in their own division each year but will only play 20 games
total against all of the teams in the other league. Because each of the inter-league match-ups is part of a 3-game series or a 2-game series, teams will play no games
at all against most teams from the other league. They play 6 of the 15 teams in the other league, a historically high number (until 1997, interleague play was limited
to exhibition matches and the postseason World Series, and thus MLB teams did not play the other league's teams at all).

In Australia, the two largest football leagues, the AFL (Australian rules football) and NRL (rugby league), both grew out of competitions held within a single city
(respectively Melbourne and Sydney) and only began expanding to the rest of the country when inexpensive air travel made a national league possible. These
leagues use a single table instead of being split into divisions. The term "home and away season" is sometimes used instead of regular season.

Many football leagues in Latin America have a very different system. Because most Latin American countries never had a football cup competition, they instead
split their season into two parts, typically known as the Apertura and Clausura (Spanish for "opening" and "closing"). Most countries that use this system,
Argentina being one notable example, crown separate league champions for each part of the season, using only league play. A few others, such as Uruguay, crown
one champion at the end of a playoff involving top teams from each half of the season. Mexico operates its Apertura and Clausura as separate competitions that
both end in playoffs. Brazil has a different system, the season starts with the state championships in January (every Brazilian state have his own championship),
these state championships ends in April. The Campeonato Brasileiro Série A itself starts in May and ends in early December, and is played in a double round-robin
format in the same way as the European championships.

A system similar to the Apertura and Clausura developed independently in Philippine professional basketball, with formerly two, now three tournaments (called
"conferences") in one season, with each conference divided into an "elimination round" (the single round-robin group stage) and the playoffs in the North
American sense. Winning the playoffs is the ultimate goal of every team for every conference; while there is no season championship, winning all conferences
within a single season is rare and has only happened five times since 1975, with the two most recent examples occurring in 1996 and 2013–14. The qualifying
round and playoffs setup has permeated down to the local level and in most team sports, although seasons are not divided into conferences.
Postseason
Many sports leagues have playoffs or "finals" that occur after the regular season is complete. A subset of the teams enter into a playoff tournament, usually a
knockout tournament, generally a pre-determined number with better overall records (more wins, fewer losses) during the regular season. There are many
variations used to determine the champion, the league's top prize. In many of these leagues, winning the league's top prize at the conclusion of the postseason is
more important than winning the regular season. This includes the five major U.S. and Canada sports leagues (Super Bowl, Stanley Cup Finals, NBA Finals,
World Series and MLS Cup), the major Australian sports (BBL Grand Final, NBL Grand Final, A-League Grand Final, AFL Grand Final and NRL Grand Final)
and the CFL's Grey Cup.

European leagues have also started holding playoffs after a double round-robin "regular season". The Football League started its promotion playoffs in 1987, with
the third up to the sixth-ranked teams participating for the final promotion berth (the two top teams are automatically promoted). Elsewhere, relegation playoffs are
also held to determine which teams would be relegated to the lower leagues. One prominent top-level football league, the Eredivisie of the Netherlands, uses two
different playoffs—one for relegation purposes, and the other to determine one of the league's entrants in the following season's UEFA Europa League. In
Superleague Greece, which currently has two places in the UEFA Champions League and three in the Europa League, the teams that finish second through fifth in
the regular season enter a home-and-away "playoff" mini-league. Since one Europa League place is reserved for the country's cup winner, only three of the four
teams are guaranteed a place in the next season's European competitions (unless both the cup winner and runner-up are already qualified for Europe by other
means). The playoff determines the country's second Champions League participant, and the points at which the two or three Europa League entrants join that
competition. Conversely, some leagues like the Premier League do not hold a postseason, and therefore these leagues' champions and relegation are instead based
on the regular season records.

Although rugby union did not become professional until 1995, that sport has a long history of playoffs, primarily in France and the Southern Hemisphere. The
French national championship, now known as Top 14, staged a championship final in its first season of 1892, first used more than one round of playoffs in 1893,
and has continuously operated a playoff system (except during the two World Wars) since 1899. South Africa's Currie Cup has determined its champions by
playoffs since 1968, and New Zealand's National Provincial Championship, the top level of which is now known as the Mitre 10 Cup, has used playoffs since its
creation in 1976. Argentina's Nacional de Clubes has determined its champion by playoffs since its inception in 1993. Currently, two separate competitions feed
into the Nacional, the Torneo de la URBA (for Buenos Aires clubs, held since 1899) and Torneo del Interior (for the rest of the country); both use playoffs to
determine their champions. Super Rugby, involving regional franchises from Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa and national franchises in Argentina and
Japan, has used playoffs to determine its champions since its creation as Super 12 in 1996.

By contrast, other European countries were slow to adopt playoffs in rugby union. The English Premiership only began playoffs in 1999–2000, and did not use
them to determine the league champion until 2002-03. The Celtic League, now known as Pro14, resisted a playoff system even longer; its champions were
determined solely by league play from its inception in 2001–02 until playoffs began in 2009–10.

When the UEFA Champions League reformatted in 1993, it added a "knockout stage" involving four teams that finished at the top two places in their respective
groups. Like North American sports leagues, this setup prevented some participants from facing each other, necessitating a two-round knockout stage to determine
the champions. It has since been expanded to the 4-round knockout stage today. The Copa Libertadores has applied a knockout stage since the 1988 tournament,
expanding to the current four-round format next season. All intercontinental club football competitions now feature a knockout stage.

Off-season
The off-season, vacation time, or close season is the time of year when there is no official competition. Although upper management continues to work, the
athletes will take much vacation time off. Also, various events such as drafts, transfers and important off-season free agent signings occur. Generally, most athletes
stay in shape during the off-season in preparation for the next season. Certain new rules in the league may be made during this time, and will become enforced
during the next regular season.

As most countries which have a league in a particular sport will operate their regular season at roughly the same time as the others, international tournaments may
be arranged during the off season.

For example, most European football league club competitions run from July or August to May, subsequently major international competitions such as the FIFA
World Cup and UEFA European Football Championship are organised to occur in June and July.

Seasons by league
The table represents typical seasons for some leagues by month. Blank or white denotes off-season and pre-season months and solid colors mark the rest of the
year. Leagues in the same sport use the same color.

"E" denotes exhibition/preseason games.

"Q" denotes pre-competition qualifiers.
"S" denotes the start of the regular-season.
"P" denotes playoff(s)/postseason/knockout stages.
"F" denotes Final(s).
 League Sport Countries/Regions Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
ABL Baseball P F               S  
Association
A-League       P F         S  
football
ACB Basketball [nb 1]         P P F     S    

AFC
Association
Champions Asia   Q S           P P F
football
League
Arena
AFL S       PF
Football
Australian
AFL rules     S           P F    
football
AIHL Ice hockey       S       P F      
ATP World
Tennis Worldwide S                   F
Tour
ANZ
Netball         S   P F        
Premiership
Ultimate
AUDL       S       P F      
Frisbee
Asia Series Baseball Asia                     P F
Bangladesh
Premier Cricket                     S
League
Basketbol
Basketball         P PF     S    
Süper Ligi
Big Bash
Cricket   P F                  
League
CAF
Association
Champions Africa   Q QS             P F
football
League
Association
Bundesliga               S      
football
Campeonato
Association
Brasileiro         S            
football
Série A
Canadian
CFL         E ES         P F
football
Caribbean
Premier Cricket           S P F        
League
Chinese Super Association
    S                
League football
CEV
Champions Volleyball Europe P P PF         Q QS
League
CONCACAF
Association
Champions North America   P P P F              
football
League
CONCACAF Association
North America               P P P F  
League football
Copa Association
South America S P P F          
Libertadores football
Copa Association
South America               S P P
Sudamericana football
County
Cricket         S    
Championship
CPBL Baseball     S             F  

DTM Motorsport       S              
Euro Beach
Beach
Soccer Europe           S PF    
soccer
League
European
Rugby Rugby
Europe       P F         S  
Champions union
Cup[nb 2]
European
Golf Europe[nb 4]                     F
Tour[nb 3]
Formula One Motorsport Worldwide     S                
GFL American S         P F
 football
Greek Basket
Basketball         P P F       S  
League
Handball-
Handball                 S    
Bundesliga
HSBC World Rugby
Rugby Sevens sevens Worldwide                   S  
Series (union)
Indian Premier
Cricket       S P F          
League
IndyCar Series Motorsport [nb 5]     S                
Association
J1 League     S                
football
KBL Basketball     P F           S  

KBO Baseball       S           PF  

KHL Ice hockey [nb 6]     P P F         S    

Association
La Liga               S      
football
LBPRC Baseball PF                 S  
Lega Basket
Basketball         P P F       S  
Serie A
LCS Esports S     PF   S     PF    

LIDOM Baseball PF                 S  
Association [nb 7] P 
Liga MX S           S     P P
football F
Association [nb 8]
Ligue 1               S      
football
LMB Baseball     E S       P F[nb 9]    
LMP Baseball PF                 S  

LPGA Tour Golf [nb 10] S                    

LVBP Baseball PF                 S  
MLB Baseball   E E S         P P F F[nb 11]
MLL Lacrosse         S     PF      
Rugby
MLR S PF
union
Association
MLS     S             P PF
football
Grand Prix
motorcycle Motorsport Worldwide     S                
racing

NASCAR Motorsport [nb 12]   ES             P[nb 13] P PF

NBA Basketball       P P F     E E S  

NBL Basketball   P P F           S  
American [nb 14]
NFL P F           E S    
football
NHL Ice hockey       P P F F     E S  
Drag
NHRA   S             P[nb 15] P PF
racing
NLL Lacrosse         PF            
Rugby [nb 16]
NRC               S   P F
union
Rugby
NRL     S           P F  
league
NCAA
Basketball     P PF             S
basketball
American
NCAA football PF               S   P[nb 17] P F
football
NPB Baseball     S             P F
Association
NWSL     S           P F[nb 18]    
football
Overwatch
Esports Worldwide S             P PF
League
 PGA Tour Golf [nb 19]               P P F S  

P 
[nb 20] P 
PBA Basketball P F    F S P F   S  
F
S
Premier Association [nb 21]
              S      
League football
Premier
Lacrosse Lacrosse S     PF
League
Premier
Association
Soccer               S      
football
League
Primera
Association [nb 22]
División               S      
football
(Argentina)
Premiership Rugby
        P F[nb 23]     S    
Rugby union
Primera Association
S P P P P
División football
Association
Serie A               S      
football
Serie del
Baseball Caribbean   PF                  
Caribe
Serie Nacional
Baseball PF                   S
de Béisbol
Sheffield
Cricket     F             S  
Shield
Suncorp
Netball   S       P F          
Super Netball
Rugby [nb 24]
Super League   S             P P F  
league
Supercars [nb 25]
Motorsport   S                  
Championship
Superleague Association
      P P F   S      
Greece football
Association
Süper Lig               S      
football

Rugby
Super Rugby
union [nb 26]   S       P[nb 27] P F[nb 28] P F[nb 29]      

Rugby
Top 14         P F[nb 23]   S      
union
Turkish
Airlines Basketball Europe       P P F       S    
EuroLeague
UEFA
Association
Champions Europe   P P P F   Q Q S    
football
League
UEFA
Women's Association
Europe P P P P F     QS P P P
Champions football
League
UEFA Europa Association
Europe   P P P F   Q Q S    
League football

Rugby
URC [nb 30]         P F       S    
union

WNBA Basketball         ES     P F[nb 31]  

WNBL Basketball   P P F             S  
WRC Motorsport Worldwide S                    
WTA Tour Tennis Worldwide                   F S
World
Tennis S PF
TeamTennis

1. A team from Andorra, BC Andorra, has competed in the league
since the 2014–15 season.
2. Replaced the former European club competition, the Heineken
Cup, effective in 2014–15.
3. The current scheduling, in which the season starts in January, took
effect in 2012. In 2010 and 2011, the schedule began late in the
previous calendar year.
4. The bulk of the tour's sole-sanctioned events are in Europe, with
some in the Persian Gulf countries. It co-sanctions many other
events with tours in Asia, Africa, and Australia. Along with the PGA
Tour, the European Tour co-sanctions the major championships and
the World Golf Championships; one of the majors is held in the UK,
one of the WGC events is held in China, and the rest of these
events are in the US.
 5. Since the 2015 season, the only series race held outside the U.S. is
hosted by Canada. Australia, Brazil, and Japan have hosted races
in the past.
6. As of the upcoming 2019–20 season, there are 19 teams in Russia
and one each in Belarus, China, Finland, Kazakhstan, and Latvia.
7. Like many football leagues in Latin America, Mexico divides its
season into two phases with separate champions in each phase.
Unlike most leagues in that sport, Liga MX uses a knockout playoff,
involving the top eight teams after league play, to determine its
champions.
8. The current 2019–20 season features one team from Monaco in AS
Monaco, which has been in the league on numerous occasions,
most recently since the 2013–14 season.
9. The Serie del Rey usually ends in September.
10. Most LPGA events are held in the US, but it also sole-sanctions
official money events in Thailand, Singapore, Mexico, China,
Canada, Malaysia, and Taiwan, as well as an unofficial event in
Brazil. Since 2013, two of its majors, one in the UK and the other in
France, have been co-sanctioned with the Ladies European Tour.
The LPGA also co-sanctions events with the Korean LPGA and
Japan LPGA in those countries and the ALPG Tour in Australia.
11. The World Series usually ends in late October, but can extend into
early November.
12. Since the 2013 season, the top two NASCAR touring series, the
Cup Series and Xfinity Series, race only in the US. The third-level
Truck Series has a race in Canada. The Xfinity Series has
previously held races in Canada and Mexico. NASCAR also
operates national series in Canada and Mexico and a European
series, plus many regional developmental series in the US.
13. NASCAR has used a playoff-style system to determine the
champion of the Cup Series since 2004; in 2016, it extended this
system to its other two U.S. national touring series. The playoffs in
the Xfinity and Truck Series are shorter than that of the Cup Series.
14. The NFL currently takes at least one regular-season game outside
the US (London since 2007). The Jacksonville Jaguars are nearing
the end of an eight-year period (2013–2020) in which one home
game is in London. The 2019 season is the fourth consecutive
season for a scheduled game in Mexico City, though the game
originally scheduled for Mexico City in 2018 was moved to Los
Angeles. For several years in the early 21st century, the Buffalo
Bills played one home game per season in Toronto.
15. The NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series uses a playoff system
known as the Countdown to the Championship to determine the
champion of each of the four drag racing classes.
16. The competition was established in 2014 as a solely Australian
affair; the Fijian Drua joined in 2017.
17. The NCAA has never recognized an official champion in the top-
level Division I FBS. Although the four-team College Football
Playoff began in 2014, it is not an official NCAA championship
event. All other NCAA divisions determine officially recognized
champions in playoff tournaments that start in November. The
playoffs in Divisions II and III end in December. Since the 2010
season, the Division I FCS playoffs end in January.
Summary
18. The schedule listed here is that for the most recently completed
2018 season. In some years, the playoffs are held in October. In
addition, the NWSL season is disrupted twice in a four-year cycle—
first by the FIFA Women's World Cup, and then the following year
by the Summer Olympics. In those years, fewer regular-season
games are played, and the league takes a break for the stated
event.
19. The vast majority of the PGA Tour's sole-sanctioned events are in
the US proper, but the tour also has events in Malaysia, Mexico,
Canada, and Puerto Rico. Along with the European Tour, the PGA
Tour co-sanctions the major championships and the World Golf
Championships; one of the majors is held in the UK, one of the
WGC events is held in China, and the rest of these events are in the
US.
20. Calendar shown was for the 2011–12 season. It has been
frequently adjusted since 2012–13 for multiple reasons, therefore
the start and end of each conference and season varies from month
to month.
21. While all teams in the current 2019–20 season are based in
England, two teams from Wales (Cardiff City and Swansea City)
have featured at different times in the 2010s.
22. The 2016–17 season marked the completion of Argentina's
transition from its former calendar-year Apertura and Clausura
season format to a single league season spanning two calendar
years.
23. Depending on the calendar, the final may fall on the last weekend of
May in some seasons.
24. Super League was founded in 1996 with teams in England and
France; France had no presence in the league from 1998–2005.
The next season in 2020 will be the first to feature a Canadian
team.
25. Currently, one race is held in New Zealand. Bahrain, China, the
United Arab Emirates, and the USA have staged races in the past.
Longer-term plans call for additional races in Hong Kong, India, the
Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, and South Korea.
26. Argentine and Japanese teams joined the competition in 2016,
though the Japanese team will be axed after the 2020 season. The
Japanese team divides its "home" matches between Tokyo and
Singapore.
27. The playoffs, or "finals" as they are officially called, begin in late
June in Rugby World Cup years.
28. During World Cup years, the final match is held in July; in other
years, the finals begin in July.
29. In non-World Cup years, the final match is held in August.
30. The league originally involved only the three Celtic nations; Italy
joined beginning in the 2010–11 season, and South Africa in 2017–
18.
31. During Summer Olympic years, the WNBA Finals run into late
October. During years in which the FIBA Women's Basketball World
Cup is held, the season is compressed, with the WNBA Finals
ending in September. In other years, the WNBA Finals end in early
October.
 Sport Duration
Originally football was played only in the fall, but for many years the season has extended from late summer through early to mid-winter.

The 16-game NFL regular season currently begins the first Thursday in September (after a month of exhibition games) and ends 17 weeks later around New
American Year's Day. The playoffs culminate with the Super Bowl on the first Sunday in February.
football The college season begins the last week in August. The regular season ends in late November, with playoff and bowl games throughout December and
early January.
Indoor football, past professional leagues such as the USFL and XFL, and some women's and amateur leagues play in the February to August season.

Usually August to May in the Northern Hemisphere, and February to November in the Southern Hemisphere. Exceptions are generally for one of two reasons:

In some northern countries with severe winter weather (such as the United States, Canada, Finland, and Sweden), the season is contested within a
calendar year (roughly March to November) to avoid the worst weather.

However, other leagues use winter breaks to avoid most of the coldest days to prevent players suffering from hypothermia.
Some countries, primarily in Latin America, use a split season, known as Apertura and Clausura. The traditional association football season from August to
May is divided in two sections per season, each with its own champion. Apertura and Clausura are the Spanish words for "opening" and "closing". In
Association French-speaking Haiti, these are known as the Ouverture and the Fermeture, while in English-speaking Belize, they are respectively the Opening and
football Closing seasons. The now-defunct second version of the North American Soccer League (NASL) adopted a split season in 2013; the season was divided
into a Spring Championship and Fall Championship.
In some countries where soccer competes with locally more popular football codes (i.e. Major League Soccer in the U.S., A-League in Australia), the
season is arranged so as to minimize the time that it is in conflict with the more popular code(s). This arrangement also eases scheduling concerns
regarding venues used for multiple football codes. However, in the case of the United States' MLS, their regular seasons can conflict with major
tournaments such as the Gold Cup and FIFA World Cup due to the demand of the league's best national players to participate in the national squad.

(See Domestic association football season for details.)

Australian
rules March to late August, with finals series extending up to late September or early October.
football
March or April to early October, with playoffs extending up to early November. The Australian Baseball League runs from November to early February, with
Baseball
playoffs extending up to late February.
In most countries, late October to mid-April, with playoffs extending up to mid-June. The three major exceptions to this rule are:

The U.S. college basketball season begins in mid-November. The regular season ends in the first days of March, followed by conference tournaments and
then national championship tournaments that run into early April.
The Philippine Basketball Association has a unique calendar. Its season runs from varying periods since the 2012–13 season, and is divided into
"conferences"—not the North American concept of subgroupings within a larger competition, but rather separate competitions involving the same set of
teams, similar to football's Apertura and Clausura in Latin America. Due to frequent adjustments to the calendar beginning in 2012, the months when each
Basketball season begins and ends differ; it last ran from early October to August in 2011–12. The season was divided into three conferences from 1975 to 2003. It
then transitioned to a two-conference season in 2004, and also changed to a season spanning two calendar years, with the transition completed in the
2004–05 season. The PBA returned to a three-conference season effective in 2010–11. The season starts with the Philippine Cup, restricted to Filipino
players, followed by two other tournaments in which teams can field one non-Filipino, the Commissioner's and Governors' Cups.
The WNBA season is scheduled during the offseason of its parent league, the NBA. When the league was launched, all of its teams were owned by NBA
teams and generally played in the same arenas as their NBA counterparts; however, this has changed over time. The scheduling also allows many WNBA
players to participate in overseas leagues, primarily in Europe, Australia, and China, during the traditional basketball season.

Canadian
July to late October, with playoffs extending into November.
football
Cricket Year-round. Domestic seasons typically held in the driest period of the year—summer in temperate climates, dry season in tropical climates.
Golf Year-round
Early October to mid-April, with playoffs extending up to early June. The three major exceptions to this rule are:

The U.S. men's college hockey season begins in early October. The regular season ends in late February or early March, followed by conference
Ice hockey tournaments and then a national championship tournament that runs into mid-April. The women's season typically begins and ends two or three weeks
earlier than the men's.
The KHL regular season begins in early September and ends in late February. The playoffs run from March to mid-April.
The Australian Ice Hockey League's season runs from April to mid-August, with playoffs extending up to late August.

Motor Year-round, but generally concentrated from March to October. NASCAR runs from mid-February to late September, with playoffs extending up to late
racing November.
Rugby
Late February to October in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
league
September to late May, sometimes the first weekend in June, in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, Super Rugby starts in February and
Rugby ends in early July in World Cup years and mid-August in other years. Domestic competitions in New Zealand and South Africa overlap slightly with the Super
union Rugby season, starting in July and ending in October or November. In Australia, the domestic competition does not overlap at all with Super Rugby, instead
beginning in August and ending in early November.
Swimming Year-round
Tennis Year-round

Notes and references

1. Michael Shapiro (August 12, 2019). "MLB 2020 schedule release: Cubs host Red Sox, Trout to Philly" (https://www.si.com/mlb/2019/08/12/ml
b-schedule-release-2020-cubs-red-sox-mike-trout-philadelphia).
2. Rodney D. Fort; John Fizel (2004). International Sports Economics Comparisons (https://books.google.com/books?id=6mQHaZaDTzAC&pg=
PA316). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 316–. ISBN 978-0-275-98032-0.

See also
Domestic association football season

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