一、架構

文章的起始
說到 When it comes to /Speaking of /As far as…is concerned

一般而言 Generally speaking /In general /At large /On average

不證自明、不 It goes without saying that /It is needless to say that /There is
可言喻 no denying that /Needless to say

列舉的順序
首先 To begin with /In the first place /First of all /In the beginning

次之 Second /Secondly /Next /In the second place /Then /Next

最後 Lastly /Last but not least /Finally

最重要 Most importantly /Most important of all /Above all

文章的結論
總而 In short /In brief /In conclusion /To conclude /To sum up /As a whole /To
言之 make a long story short /To summarize /In summary /To sum up /In a
word /In sum

二、內文
交代時間順序
之後 Later on /Afterwards

同時 Meanwhile /In the meantime /At the same time /Simultaneously

最近 Recently /Lately

目前 Now /Nowadays /At present /For the time being

最後 Finally /In the end /Eventually /At last /In the long run

過去/未來 In the past /In the future

自…時起 From then on /From now on

到目前為止 So far /Up to now /Until today /Until now

 
表因果關係
因 Because /Since /Now that /Due to /Owing to /Because of /On account of
為

因 Thus /Therefore /So/As a result /Consequently /In consequence

此 /Accordingly /For the reason /Hence

比較相同點
像… Similarly /Also /In the same way /Likewise /Similar to /Like /Just as
 

對照相異之處
比起 Compare with /In comparison with

然而 However /Nevertheless /Nonetheless /Yet /Still /But

/While /Whereas

相反地 Instead /On the contrary /Conversely /Unlike /In contrast +

to/with

一方面…另一方 On the one hand，...On the other hand，... /For one

面… thing，...For another，...
 

補充說明
例如 For example /For instance /Take …for example /Take …for instance
/such as /including

換句話說 In other words /To put it another way /To put it simply /That is (to
say )/Namely

此外、而 Additionally /Besides /In addition /Moreover /What's more /Also

且 /Furthermore

更…的是 What's + better/worse/more

事實上 Actually /In fact /As a matter of fact /In actuality /In effect /In reality

表轉折
雖然、儘 Although /Though /Even though /Even if /In spite of /Despite
管、即使 /Regardless of /Notwithstanding /Despite the fact (that) /While
 /Whereas
 
  表意見

In this aspect /In my opinion /In my viewpoint /In my perspective /Personally /In this
regard /According to
 
一、起
英文 中文
A proverb says,"…"
有句諺語說…

As the saying goes,"…"

常言道…

Generally speaking ,…
一般來說，…

It is clear that …because …

很明顯地…因為…

It is often said that …

常常有人說…

Everybody knows that …

大家都知道…

It is true that …
…是真實的

No one can deny that…

誰都不能否認…

There is no doubt that …

無疑地…

I am of the opinion that… 我贊同

Many people often ask this question:"…?"
許多人常常問這個問題…

It can be easily provided that…

…那是很容易證明的

We must recognized that…

我們必須承認…

二、承
 英文 中文
One thing which is equally important to the 跟上述同樣重要的
above mentioned is…
一項是…

The main reason why…is that…

…的主要原因是…

This can be expressed as follows: 可以下列幾點表

示：
Take…for example.
以…為例

Therefore we should realized that… 因此我們應該了解

…
We have reason to believe that…
我們有理由相信…

Now that we know that…

既然我們知道…

What is more serious is that…

更嚴重的是…

三、轉
英文 中文
However,…
但是…
But it is a pity that… 但是很可惜
But the problem is not so simple.Therefore, 然而問題並非如此簡單。
…
因此…

Another special consideration in this case is 對這個問題的另一點考慮

that…
是…

Besides,we should not neglect that … 除此之外，我們更不能忽

視…

On the other hand,…

另一方面…

Other may find this to be truth in this,but I 在別人看來可能是對的，

do not.I believe… 但我個人並不認為如此。
我認為…

Perhaps you will question why…

也許你會問為什麼…

There is certain amount of truth in this,but 大體上是對的，不過對於

we still have a problem with regard to…
…我們還有一點問題。

Though we basically agree that…

雖然我們基本上同意…

What seems to be the trouble is…

困難似乎是…

Yet differences will be found,that is why I 但其中仍有不同的地方，

feel that…
這也是我為什麼認為…

As long as you regard this as 只要你認為合理，你可以

reasonable,you may… …
  四、合

英文 中文
In conclusion,…
結論就是…

In a word,…
總而言之…

To sum up,…
總結來說…

The result depends on…

結果視…而定

From this point of view,…

從這個觀點來看…

On account of this we can find that…

由此我們可以知道…

Therefore,these findings reveal the following 因此這些發現顯示下

information…
列訊息…

Thus,this is the reason why we must… 因此我們為什麼必須

…
Additive Transitions

這一類的轉折皆表示在句子和段落之間有新資訊加入，功能包含介紹或強調資訊、參照先前提到的
資訊、加上新的狀況或指名某一部分的資訊是相當重要的。

目
常用用法 常用句 範例
的

“Furthermore, the data shows

新 Also;
In addition to; As well as; that X is a significant
增 Additionally;
In fact; Not only…but factor.”“In addition to the
資 Furthermore;
also; As a matter of fact above-mentioned study,
訊 Moreover
Rogers also presents…”

介 “Notably, only two species of

Particularly; For example/instance; To
紹/ this fish survive.”“One
Notably; illustrate; In particular;
強 example of this phenomenon is
Especially One example (of this is)
調 X.”

“Considering the amount of
Considering As for (this); The fact
research in this area, little
(this); that; With regards to
參 evidence has been
Concerning (this); On the subject of
照 found.”“With regards to the
(this); Regarding (this); Looking at (this
Blue Whale, its teeth are also
(this) information)
the largest of any mammal.”

展
“Likewise, the algorithm was
現 Similarly; By the same token; In the
applied to Y.”“By the same
相 Likewise; same way; In a similar
token, this principle can be
似 Equally way
applied to Z.”
性

澄 Specifically; That is (to say); In other “There are two

清/ Namely words; (To) put (it) factors: namely, X and Y.”“In
辨 another way; What this other words, the fall of the
識 means is; This means Empire was caused by over-
重 (that) expansion.”
 要
資
訊

Adversative Transitions

這些用法用來區分事實、論點和其他資訊，可利用比對以展現相異處或提供反對論點、質疑某個事
實或論點的重要性或替換並提供其他替換。

目
常用用法 常用句 範例
的

比
對/ But; Still; In contrast; On the
“However, there is still more
展 However; While; contrary; On the
research needed.”“On the other
現 Whereas; other hand; …when
hand, the 1997 study does not
相 Conversely; (and) in fact; By way of
recognize these outcomes.”
異 yet contrast
點

辨 “Indeed, a placebo is essential to

Indeed; Besides; Even more; Above
別/ any pharmaceutical study.”“Most
Significantly; all; More/Most
強 importantly, the X enzyme
Primarily importantly
調 increased.”

“Nevertheless, X is still an
承 Nevertheless; Even so; Even
important factor.”“In spite of this
認 Nonetheless; though; In spite of
fact, New York still has a high
一 Although; Despite (this);
standard of
個 (this); However; Notwithstanding
living.”“Although this may be
論 Regardless (of (this); Be that as it
true, there are still other factors
點 this); Admittedly may
to consider.”

弱 Regardless (of) Either way; In any “Regardless of the result, this

化 case; In any event; fact is true.”“Either way, the
論 Whatever happens; effect is the same.”“In any
點 All the same; At any event, this will not change the
 或
假 rate public’s view.”
說

替
換/
指
出
“Instead of using X, the scientists
一 Instead (of); (or)
(or) at least used Z.”“Or rather,  why not
個 rather;
implement a brand new policy?”
替
換
方
法

Causal Transitions

以下這些轉折指出原因、條件、目的、前提和因果關係，通常出現於論文中的一個重要觀點被建立
之後或為了討論假設性的關係或情況。

目
常用用法 常用句 範例
的

表
示
“Since the original sample
一
Due to (the fact that); group was too small,
個 Since; For; As;
For the reason that; researchers called for more
起 Because (of the
Owing to (the fact); participants.”“Due to budgetary
因 fact that)
Inasmuch as demands, funding will be cut in
或
half.”
原
因

解 If…then; Unless; In the event that; “Unless  these conditions

釋 Granting (that); As/So long as; Only if change, more will need to be
條 Granted (that); done.”“As long as  there is
件 Provided (that) oxygen, there will be
 oxygenation.”

展 “Therefore, we can conclude

現 Consequently; As a result (of this); that this was an asymmetric
效 Therefore; Thus; For this reason; As a catalysis.”“As a
果/ Accordingly; consequence; So consequence, many consumers
結 Because (of this) much (so) that began to demand safer
果 products.”

For the purpose(s) of; “For the purpose of  following

展
With (this fact) in standards, X rule was
現
  mind; In the hope observed.”“With the current
目
that; In order that/to; state of pandas in mind,  this
的
So as to study focused on preservation.”

強
調
Under those “Otherwise, this effect will
前
circumstances; That continue into the future.”“All
提
Otherwise being the case; In that else being equal, the economic
的
case; If so; All else impact of this law seems
重
being equal positive.”
要
性
Sequential Transitions

這些轉折將論文按照連續性或動作順序組織架構，像是以參照先前提到的資訊、以標示出額外插入
的信息和以總結論文的方式。一連串的轉折是建構架構的必經過程，幫助讀者理解整個過程。

目
常用用法 常用句 範例
的

以
順 Initially; Secondly; First of all; To start “Initially, subjects were asked
序 Thirdly; with; In the to write their names.”“First
做 (First/Second/Third); (first/second/third) of all, dolphins are the
組 Last place smartest creatures in the sea.”
織

展 Subsequently; “Subsequently, subjects were

現 Previously; taken to their
延 Afterwards;   rooms.”“Afterwards, they
續 Eventually; Next; After were asked about their
性 (this) experiences.”

總
“Summarizing this data, it
結/ To repeat; As (was)
becomes evident that there is
重 (Once) again; stated before; As
a pattern.”“As mentioned
複 Summarizing (this) (was) mentioned
earlier, pollution has become
資 earlier/above
an increasing problem.”
訊

暫
時
切 “Coincidentally, the methods
By the way; to
換/ Incidentally; used in the two studies were
resume; Returning to
再 Coincidentally; similar.”“Returning to the
the subject; At any
回 Anyway subject, this section will
rate
歸 analyze the results.”
主
題
歸 To conclude; As a “Ultimately, these results will
Thus; Hence;
結 final point; In be valuable to the study of
Ultimately; Finally;
/ conclusion; Given X.”“In conclusion, there are
Therefore; Altogether;
總 these points; In three things to keep in mind
Overall; Consequently
結 summary; To sum up —A, B, and C.”
CHARACTERISTICS OF EDITORIAL WRITING

An editorial is an article that presents the newspaper's opinion on an issue. It reflects the
majority vote of the editorial board, the governing body of the newspaper made up of editors
and business managers. It is usually unsigned. Much in the same manner of a lawyer, editorial
writers build on an argument and try to persuade readers to think the same way they do.
Editorials are meant to influence public opinion, promote critical thinking, and sometimes cause
people to take action on an issue. In essence, an editorial is an opinionated news story.

Editorials have:

1. Introduction, body and conclusion like other news stories

2. An objective explanation of the issue, especially complex issues
3. A timely news angle
4. Opinions from the opposing viewpoint that refute directly the same issues the writer addresses
5. The opinions of the writer delivered in a professional manner. Good editorials engage issues,
not personalities and refrain from name-calling or other petty tactics of persuasion.
6. Alternative solutions to the problem or issue being criticized. Anyone can gripe about a
problem, but a good editorial should take a pro-active approach to making the situation better by
using constructive criticism and giving solutions.
7. A solid and concise conclusion that powerfully summarizes the writer's opinion. Give it some
punch.

Four Types of Editorials Will:

1. Explain or interpret: Editors often use these editorials to explain the way the newspaper
covered a sensitive or controversial subject. School newspapers may explain new school rules or
a particular student-body effort like a food drive.
2. Criticize: These editorials constructively criticize actions, decisions or situations while
providing solutions to the problem identified. Immediate purpose is to get readers to see the
problem, not the solution.
3. Persuade: Editorials of persuasion aim to immediately see the solution, not the problem.
From the first paragraph, readers will be encouraged to take a specific, positive action. Political
endorsements are good examples of editorials of persuasion.
4. Praise: These editorials commend people and organizations for something done well. They
are not as common as the other three.

Writing an Editorial

1. Pick a significant topic that has a current news angle and would interest readers.
2. Collect information and facts; include objective reporting; do research
3. State your opinion briefly in the fashion of a thesis statement
4. Explain the issue objectively as a reporter would and tell why this situation is important
5. Give opposing viewpoint first with its quotations and facts
6. Refute (reject) the other side and develop your case using facts, details, figures, quotations.
Pick apart the other side's logic.
7. Concede a point of the opposition — they must have some good points you can acknowledge
that would make you look rational.
8. Repeat key phrases to reinforce an idea into the reader's minds.
9. Give a realistic solution(s) to the problem that goes beyond common knowledge. Encourage
critical thinking and pro-active reaction.
10. Wrap it up in a concluding punch that restates your opening remark (thesis statement).
11. Keep it to 500 words; make every work count; never use "I"

A Sample Structure

I. Lead with an Objective Explanation of the Issue/Controversy.

Include the five W's and the H. (Members of Congress, in effort to reduce the budget, are
looking to cut funding from public television. Hearings were held …)

 Pull in facts and quotations from the sources which are relevant.
 Additional research may be necessary.

II. Present Your Opposition First.

As the writer you disagree with these viewpoints. Identify the people (specifically who oppose
you. (Republicans feel that these cuts are necessary; other cable stations can pick them; only the
rich watch public television.)

 Use facts and quotations to state objectively their opinions.

 Give a strong position of the opposition. You gain nothing in refuting a weak position.

III. Directly Refute The Opposition's Beliefs.

You can begin your article with transition. (Republicans believe public televison is a "sandbox
for the rich." However, statistics show most people who watch public television make less than
$40,000 per year.)

 Pull in other facts and quotations from people who support your position.
 Concede a valid point of the opposition which will make you appear rational, one who has
considered all the options (fiscal times are tough, and we can cut some of the funding for the arts;
however, …).
IV. Give Other, Original Reasons/Analogies

In defense of your position, give reasons from strong to strongest order. (Taking money away
from public television is robbing children of their education …)

 Use a literary or cultural allusion that lends to your credibility and perceived intelligence (We should
render unto Caesar that which belongs to him …)

V. Conclude With Some Punch.

Give solutions to the problem or challenge the reader to be informed. (Congress should look to
where real wastes exist — perhaps in defense and entitlements — to find ways to save money.
Digging into public television's pocket hurts us all.)

 A quotation can be effective, especially if from a respected source

 A rhetorical question can be an effective concluder as well (If the government doesn't defend the
interests of children, who will?)
Go to the library or any computer lab and complete the “webquest” located at