Signals Sampling Theorem

Thursday, September 23, 2021 12:05 AM

Sampling
From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)>

In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal.

A sample is a value or set of values at a point in time and/or space. A sampler is a subsystem or
operation that extracts samples from a continuous signal.

Let s(t) be a continuous function (or "signal") to be sampled, and let sampling be performed by
measuring the value of the continuous function every T seconds, which is called the sampling
interval or the sampling period. Then the sampled function is given by the sequence:
s(nT), for integer values of n.
The sampling frequency or sampling rate, fs, is the average number of samples obtained in
one second (samples per second), thus

Nyquist Shannon Sampling Theorem

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/signals_and_systems/signals_sampling_theorem.htm

A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered back when
sampling frequency is greater than or equal to the twice the highest frequency component
( of message signal. i. e.

Time domain

Frequency domain

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 From <https://www.elprocus.com/sampling-theorem-statement-and-its-applications/>
- If the sampling frequency ( ) equals twice the input signal frequency (fm), then such a
condition is called the Nyquist Criteria for sampling. When sampling frequency equals
twice the input signal frequency is known as “Nyquist rate”.

- If the sampling frequency ( ) is less than twice the input signal frequency, such criteria
called an Aliasing effect.

• The spectrum of an input analog signal is,

• Fourier series representation of the sample pulse train is

• When these pulse train sequences are multiples with the analog signal we will get the
sampled output signal which is indicated by here as g(t).

• The spectrum of the sample output signal is,

Nyquist Shannon Sampling Theorem

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 Nyquist Criteria Aliasing

Dspguide.com

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PAM Introduction
Wednesday, September 22, 2021 7:31 PM

PAM in communication systems

• Converts an anlalog signal into a pulse

type signal.

• The circuit to create waveform like this is

based upon a simple relay that is driven
by a clock signal.

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• PAM is also the first step in creating pulse
code modulated digital signal.

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Circuit diagram for PAM signal generation
Thursday, September 23, 2021 11:11 PM

Definition: A modulation technique in which the amplitude of the pulsed carrier signal is
changed according to the amplitude of the message signal is known as Pulse Amplitude
Modulation (PAM).
From <https://electronicscoach.com/pulse-amplitude-modulation.html>

Natural PAM Flat-top PAM

Circuit diagram for PAM signal generation

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https://tinyurl.com/yzzfxbkw

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Natural Sampling
Thursday, September 23, 2021 11:17 PM

In fact, the pulses in a PAM signal may be of flat top type or natural type.
Out of all the two pulse amplitude modulation methods, the flat top PAM is most popular
and is widely used.
The reason for using flat top PAM is that during the transmission, the noise interferes
with the top of the transmitted pulses and this noise can be easily removed if the PAM
pulse has flat top.
However, in case of natural samples PAM signal, the pulse has varying top in
accordance with the signal variation.
Now, when such type of pulse is received at the receiver, it is always contaminated by
noise.
Then it becomes quite difficult to determine the shape of the top of the pulse and thus
amplitude detection of the pulse is not exact.Due to this, errors are introduced in the
received signal.
Therefore, flat top sampled PAM is widely used.
From <https://electronicspost.com/pulse-amplitude-modulation-pam/>

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12685009/

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Flat-top Sampling
Thursday, September 23, 2021 11:18 PM

(a) Sample and hold circuit generating

flat top sampled PAM,
(b) Waveforms of flat top sampled PAM

From <https://electronicspost.com/pulse-amplitude-
modulation-pam/>
H
S
Charged Discharged
R1C
H R2C

S
Principle of Working
• A sample and hold circuit shown in fig.1 is used to produce Flat top sampled PAM.
The working principle of this circuit is quite easy.
• The Sample and Hold (S/H) circuit consists of two field effect transistors (FET)
switches and a capacitor.
• The sampling switch is closed for a short duration by a short pulse applied to the
gate G1 of the transistor.
• During this period, the capacitor ‘C’ is quickly charged upto a voltage equal to the
instantaneous sample value of the incoming signal x(t).
• Now, the sampling switch is opened and the capacitor ‘C’ holds the charge.
• The discharge switch is then closed by a pulse applied to gate G2 of the other
transistor.
• Due to this, the capacitor ‘C’ is discharged to zero volts. The discharges switch is
then opened and thus capacitor has no voltage.

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PAM Spectrum
Thursday, September 23, 2021 11:40 PM

https://slideplayer.com/slide/8521076/

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PAM Demodulation
Thursday, September 23, 2021 11:45 PM

Block diagram of PAM demodulator

simple holding circuit

Here the switch ‘S’ is closed after the arrival of the pulse and it is opened at the end of
the pulse. In this way, the capacitor C is charged to the pulse amplitude value and it
holds this value during the interval between the two pulses.
From <https://electronicspost.com/demodulation-of-pam-signals/>

Envelope Detector Is Used To Demodulate Conventional AM Signals

From <https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/envelope-detector-used-
demodulate-conventional-signals-example-type-circuit-shown-y-t-re-w-q42600565>

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Experiment Results
Friday, September 24, 2021 12:06 AM

tín hiệu thứ nhất là tín hiệu tương tự lối vào. Tín hiệu thứ 2 là
qua bộ lọc 3.4 kHz, đọc tại chốt 4 (Test point - TP). Tín hiệu thứ
3 được kéo rộng được đọc tại chốt 5 là các xung lấy mẫu. Tín
hiệu là đầu ra của bộ trích và giữ mẫu (S&H). Cuối cùng là tín
hiệu mầu xanh, chính là tín hiệu PAM.

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PAM Simulation
Friday, September 24, 2021 12:07 AM

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