MATH03-CO4-Lesson1-Sampling and Sampling Distribution

MATH03 | Statistics and Probability
MATHEMATICS and ABM CLUSTER

SCHOOL YEAR 2021 - 2022
Statistics and Probability

MATH03
Course Outcome 4
Quarter 04
Prepared by:
Engr. Diamante, Lenolan L.
Revised by:
Ipapo, Redwaynne Jester T.
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E-mail address: shs@mapua.edu.ph
Telephone number: (02) 8247 - 5000
NAME: ____________________________________ TEACHER: ________________________

YEAR AND SECTION: _______________________ SCHEDULE: _______________________
Lesson Sampling and Sampling

1
Distribution
COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN
Objective: Discuss and apply comprehensively the concepts of sampling and sampling distribution.
Subject Matters:
Lesson 1. Sampling and Sampling Distribution
Lesson 1.1. Random Sample
Lesson 1.2. Sampling Distribution
Lesson 1.3. Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors
Lesson 1.4. Central Limit Theorem
Learning Competencies:
I. Apply the concepts of sampling and sampling distribution to real world problems.
Evaluation:
Performance Task: PT4 to be deployed on Blackboard (Week 13)
Written Work: WW4 to be deployed on ALEKS (Week 12)
What do I know? (Pre-test)

Choose the letter of the correct answer for each item.
1. Which of the following refers to the standard error of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
a. Mean c. Standard Deviation
b. Sample d. Variance
2. Which of the following represents the mean of the sampling distribution?
a. 𝜇𝑋̅ c. 𝜎
b. 𝑋̅ d. 𝜎𝑋̅
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3. What is the equivalent of the variance of the sampling distribution of sample mean?
𝜎2
a. 𝜎 2 c. 𝑛
𝜇2
b. 𝜇2 d.
𝑛
4. Which of the following is the formula for sampling error?
a. 𝜇 + 𝑥̅ c. 𝑥̅ − 𝜇
b. 𝜇 d. 𝑥̅
5. Given the scores of five students in Biology Exam (35, 40, 28, 32, 42), if a sample of three students is
taken, which set of scores will lead to the smallest sampling error?
a. {35, 40, 42} c. {35, 32, 28}
b. {35, 28, 42} d. {40, 28, 32}
6. Given the scores of five students in Biology Exam (35, 40, 28, 32, 42), a sample of three students
were taken (35, 40, 28). Unfortunately, 28 is mistakenly written as 38. What is the nonsampling error?
a. 3.34 c. 3.67
b. 2.34 d. 2.67
7. Dogs in a dog show weigh an average of 12 pounds, with a standard deviation of 8 pounds. If 16 dogs
are chosen at random, what is the standard error of the sample mean?
a. 𝜎𝑋̅ = 2 c. 𝜎𝑋̅ = 1
b. 𝜎𝑋̅ = 3 d. 𝜎𝑋̅ = 4
8. Dogs in a dog show weigh an average of 12 pounds, with a standard deviation of 8 pounds. If 16 dogs
are chosen at random, what is the probability that they weigh an average of more than 10 pounds?
a. 0.3413 c. 0.1587
b. 0.8413 d. 0.3174
9. The mean number of minutes of app engagement of tablet users is 10.3 minutes with a standard
deviation of 1.2 minutes. Given a sample of 36 tablet users, what is the standard error of the sampling
distribution?
a. 0.3 c. 0.4
b. 0.1 d. 0.2
deviation of 1.2 minutes. Given a sample of 36 tablet users, what is the probability that the average
app engagement is less than 10 minutes?
a. 0.0655 c. 0.0548
b. 0.0668 d. 0.0577
MATH03 |Core | CO4

What is it?
I. Sampling and Sampling Distribution
Sampling Theory is a study of relationships existing between a population and samples drawn
from the population. This theory is useful in (1) Estimating unknown population parameters
(such as mean, variance or proportion) from a knowledge of a certain sample quantities
(sample statistics) and in (2) determining whether the observed differences between two
samples are due to chance variation or whether they are really significant. (Is a certain
production process better than the other?)
Take note that,

Population – totality of the observations with we are concerned.
Sample – a subset of the population.
Parameter – a numerical quantity describing a population.
Statistic – numerical quantity describing the sample.
Our population mean is 𝝁 and population variance is 𝝈^𝟐.
Our sample mean is 𝒙 ̅ and the sample variance is 𝒔^𝟐
1.1 Random Sample

A random sample is a sample that is chosen randomly. It could be more accurately called a
randomly chosen sample. Random samples are used to avoid bias and other unwanted effects.
Of course, it isn’t quite as simple as it seems: choosing a random sample isn’t as simple as just
picking 100 people from 10,000 people. You have to be sure that your random sample is truly
random!
What is a Simple Random Sample?

In Elementary Statistics, a simple random sample is one of the least used techniques. In theory,
it’s easy to understand while in reality it’s tough to perform.
Technically, a simple random sample is a set of n objects in a population of N objects where all
possible samples are equally likely to happen. Here’s a basic example of how to get a simple
random sample: put 100 numbered bingo balls into a bowl (this is the population N). Select 10
balls from the bowl without looking (this is your sample n). Note that it’s important not to look
as you could (unknowingly) bias the sample. While the “lottery bowl” method can work fine for
MATH03 |Core | CO4
smaller populations, in reality you’ll be dealing with much larger populations.
Simple random sampling of a sample “n” of 3 from a population “N” of 12. Image: Dan Kernler
|Wikimedia Commons
Imagine that the people illustrated in the image above are game pieces. Place the 12 game pieces
in a bowl and choose 3. This is simple random sampling. A simple random sample is chosen in
such a way that every set of individuals has an equal chance to be in the selected sample.
For our random sample of 𝑛 observations, we have:
∑𝑥𝑖
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠2 =
𝑛−1
Alternatively, the sample variance can be computed as follows:
𝑛∑𝑥𝑖2 − (∑𝑥𝑖 )2
𝑠2 =
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
1.2 Sampling Distribution

Consider a population of size 𝑁 and suppose we want to determine a certain population
characteristic which can be described by the parameter 𝜇 and variance 𝜎2
A random sample of size 𝑛 can be selected and the computed 𝑥̅ and 𝑠2 can be used to estimate
the abovementioned parameters. If the same experiment is done by choosing another sample, it
is likely possible that the new computed mean and standard deviation will be different from the
previous one.
The probability distribution of 𝑥̅ is called its sampling distribution. It lists the various values that
𝑥̅ can assume and the probability of each value of 𝑥̅.
In general, the probability distribution of a sample statistic is called its sampling distribution.
Randomness does not play any role in the calculation of a population parameter, but randomness
MATH03 |Core | CO4

plays a significant role in obtaining the values of a sample statistic. For example, if we calculate
the mean 𝜇 of a population of a data set, there will be no randomness involved, as all the data
values in the population are included in the calculation of mean 𝜇. However, if we select a sample
from this population and calculate the sample mean 𝑥̅, it will assume one of the numerous
possible values. Assuming we select this sample randomly, the value of 𝑥̅ depends on which
values from the population are included in the sample.
Consider all possible samples of three scores each that can be selected, without replacement,
from that population. The total number of possible samples, given by the combination’s formula
discussed in Chapter 4, is 10; that is,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 =5 𝐶3 = 10

Suppose we assign the letters A, B, C, D, and E to the scores of the five students so that
𝐴 = 70, 𝐵 = 78, 𝐶 = 80, 𝐷 = 80, 𝐸 = 95

Then, the 10 possible samples of three scores each are
𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵𝐷, 𝐴𝐵𝐸, 𝐴𝑉𝐷, 𝐴𝐶𝐸, 𝐴𝐷𝐸, 𝐵𝐶𝐷, 𝐵𝐶𝐸, 𝐶𝐷𝐸
These 10 samples and their respective means are listed in the table below (7.3). Note that the
first two samples have the same three scores. The reason for this is that two of the students (C
and D) have the same score of 80, and, hence, the samples ABC and ABD contain the same
values. The mean of each sample is obtained by dividing the sum of the three scores included in
70+78+80
that sample by 3. For instance, the mean of the first sample is = 76. Note that he values
3
of the means of the samples in the table are rounded to two decimal places.
By using the values of 𝑥̅ given in the table, we record the frequency distribution of 𝑥̅ by dividing the
frequencies of the various values of 𝑥̅ by the sum of all frequencies, we obtain the relative
MATH03 |Core | CO4
frequencies of the classes, which are listed in the third column of the table below(7.4). These
relative frequencies are used as probabilities and listed in the next table (7.5)
If we select just one sample of three scores from the population of five scores, we may draw any
of the 10 possible samples. Hence, the sample mean, 𝑥̅, can assume any of the values listed in
table 7.5 with the corresponding probability. For instance, the probability that the mean of a
randomly selected sample of three scores is 81.67 is 0.20. This probability can be written as
𝑃 (𝑥̅ = 81.67) = 0.20
1.3 Sampling and Nonsampling Errors

Usually, different samples selected from the same population will give different results because
they contain different elements. This is obvious from Table 7.3, which shows that the mean of a
sample of three scores depends on which three of the five scores are included in the sample. The
result obtained from any one sample will generally be different from the result obtained from
the corresponding population. The difference between the value of a sample statistic obtained
from a sample and the value of the corresponding population parameter obtained from the
population is called the sampling error. Note that this difference represents the sampling error
only if the sample is random and no nonsampling error has been made. Otherwise, only a part of
this difference will be due to the sampling error.
MATH03 |Core | CO4

Sampling error is the difference between the value of a sample statistic and the value of the
corresponding population parameter. In the case of t mean,
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥̅ − 𝜇
Assuming that the sample is random and no sampling error has been made. The sampling
error occurs only in a sample survey, and not in a census.
Note:
in the real world, it is not possible to find the sampling error because 𝜇 is not known. If 𝜇 is known
then we do not need to find 𝑥̅. But the concept of sampling error is very important in making
inferences in later chapters.
It is important to remember that a sampling error occurs because of chance. The errors that occur
for other reasons, such as errors made during collection, recording, and tabulation of data, are
called nonsampling errors. These errors occur because of human mistakes, and not chance. Note
that there is only one kind of sampling error—the error that occurs due to chance. However,
there is not just one nonsampling error, but there are many nonsampling errors that may occur
for different reasons.
Nonsampling errors are the errors that occur in the collection, recording and tabulation of the
data. The nonsampling errors can occur both in a sample survey and in a census.
Examples
Problem 1. There are only five students in an advanced statistics class and the midterm scores of
these five students are:
70 78 80 80 95
a. Suppose one sample of three scores is selected from the population, and this sample includes
the scores 70, 80 and 95. Find the sampling error.
b. If it is mistakenly recorded the second score of the sample as 82 instead of 80, what is the
value of non-sampling error?
Solutions:
a.
∑𝑥𝑖 70 + 78 + 80 + 80 + 95
𝜇= = = 80.6
𝑛 5
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∑𝑥𝑖 70 + 80 + 95
𝑥̅ = = = 81.67
𝑛 3
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥̅ − 𝜇 = 81.67 − 80.6 = 1.07
b.
∑𝑥𝑖 70 + 82 + 95
𝑥̅ ′ = = = 82.33
𝑛 3
𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥̅ ′ − 𝑥̅ = 82.33 − 81.67 = 0.66
1.4 Central Limit Theorem

Consider determining the sampling distribution of the sample mean 𝑥̅ . The sample mean
(𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛 )
𝑋̅ =
𝑛
has a normal distribution with mean
𝜇 + 𝜇 + ⋯+ 𝜇
𝜇𝑥̅ = =𝑛
𝑛
and variance
2
𝜎2 + 𝜎2 + ⋯ + 𝜎2 𝜎2
𝜎𝑥̅ = =
𝑛 𝑛
Central Limit Theorem, if 𝑋1, 𝑋2, 𝑋3, … , 𝑋𝑁 is a random sample of size n taken from a
population (either finite or infinite) with mean μ and variance 𝜎2, and if 𝑋̅ is the sample mean,
the limiting form of the distribution of
𝑋̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
ξ𝑛
as 𝑛 → ∞, is the standard normal distribution.
Examples
1. An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is approximately
normally distributed, with mean equal to 800 hours and a standard deviation of 40 hours.
Find the probability that a random sample of 16 bulbs will have an average life of less than
775 hours.
Solution:
According to the problem, 𝜇 = 800 ℎ𝑟𝑠, 𝜎 = 40 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 16 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠
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𝑃(𝑋̅ < 775 ℎ𝑟𝑠) =?

In solving this problem, Convert into standard random variable.
𝑋̅ − 𝜇 775 − 800
𝑧= 𝜎 = = −2.5
40
ξ𝑛 ξ16
Therefore, we can say that 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 775 ℎ𝑟𝑠 ) is the same as 𝑃(𝑧 < −2.5).
Using the Standard normal distribution table, the value equivalent to 𝑃(𝑧 < −2.5) is 0.0062.
Hence,
𝑃(𝑋̅ < 775) = 0.0062
2. The average life of a bread-making machine is 7 years, with a standard deviation of 1 year.
Assuming that the lives of these machines follow approximately a normal distribution,
find the probability that the mean life of a random sample of 9 such machines fall between
6.4 and 7.2 years
Solution:
According to the problem, 𝜇 = 7 𝑦𝑟𝑠, 𝜎 = 1 𝑦𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 9 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑃(6.4 < 𝑋̅ < 7.2) =?
𝑋̅ − 𝜇 6.4 − 7
𝑧1 = 𝜎 = = −1.8
1
ξ𝑛 ξ9
𝑋̅ − 𝜇 7.2 − 7
𝑧2 = 𝜎 = = 0.6
1
ξ𝑛 ξ9
Therefore, we can say that 𝑃(6.4 < 𝑋̅ < 7.2) is the same as 𝑃(−1.8 < 𝑧 < 0.6).
Using the Standard normal distribution table, the value equivalent to 𝑃(−1.8 < 𝑧 < 0.6) is
𝑃 (−1.8 < 𝑧 < 0.6)
= 𝑃(𝑧 < 0.6) − 𝑃(𝑧 < −1.8)
= 0.7257 − 0.0359
= 0.6898
Hence,
𝑃(−1.8 < 𝑧 < 0.6) = 0.6898
3. If a certain machine makes electrical resistors having a mean resistance of 40 ohms and
a standard deviation of 2 ohms, what is the probability that a random sample of 36
resistors will have a combined resistance of more than 1458 ohms?
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Solution:
According to the problem, 𝜇 = 40 ohms, 𝜎 = 2 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠,
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1458 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 36 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠
Since the given is combined resistance for 36 bulbs, solve first for the sample mean resistance of
those 36 bulbs.
∑𝑥 1458
𝑋̅ = = = 40.5
𝑛 36
̅ > 40.5 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠) =?
𝑃(𝑋
𝑋̅ − 𝜇 40.5 − 40
𝑧= 𝜎 = = 1.5
2
ξ𝑛 ξ36
̅ > 40.5 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠) is the same as 𝑃(𝑧 > 1.5).
Therefore, we can say that 𝑃(𝑋
Using the Standard normal distribution table, the value equivalent to 𝑃(𝑧 > 1.5)
𝑃(𝑧 > 1.5)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑧 < 1.5)
= 1 − 0.9332
= 0.0668
Hence,
̅ > 40.5 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 ) . = 0.0668
𝑃 (𝑋
MATH03 |Core | CO4

What’s more?
Solve the following problems.
1. An environmentalist is conducting a study of the polar bear. The population mean
weight of polar bears is 920 kg with a standard deviation of 15.6 kg. Using a sample of
16 polar bears, what is the probability that the sample mean weight is:
a. More than 925 kg?

b. Between 910 kg and 930 kg?
c. Less than 915 kg?
2. When a production machine is properly calibrated, it requires an average of 26 seconds
per unit produced, with a standard deviation of 3 seconds. For a simple random sample
of n = 36 units, what is the probability that the mean for a simple random sample of this
size will be
a. at least 26.2 seconds?
b. Between 24 seconds and 30 seconds
What I have learned

In five sentences, write down the challenges you have experienced in learning about sampling
and sampling distribution, and what did you do to overcome these challenges?
What I can do
Solve the following problems
1. The population average milk production of cows per day is 16 L with a standard
deviation of 3.4 L. For a sample of 36 cows, what is the probability that the sample
average milk production of cows is:
a. Less than 15 L?
b. Between 14.5 L to 16.5 L?
2. When a production machine is properly calibrated, it requires an average of 28

seconds per unit produced, with a standard deviation of 3.5 seconds. For a simple
random sample of n = 25 units, what is the probability that the mean for a simple
random sample of this size will be
a. at least 29 seconds?
b. Between 27 seconds and 30 seconds
Assessment (Post-test)
Choose the letter of the correct answer for each item.
1. Which of the following refers to the standard error of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean?
a. Mean c. Standard Deviation
b. Sample d. Variance
2. Which of the following represents the mean of the sampling distribution?
a. 𝜇𝑋̅ c. 𝜎
̅
b. 𝑋 d. 𝜎𝑋̅
3. What is the equivalent of the variance of the sampling distribution of sample mean?
𝜎2
a. 𝜎 2 c. 𝑛
𝜇2
b. 𝜇2 d.
𝑛
4. Which of the following is the formula for sampling error?
a. 𝜇 + 𝑥̅ c. 𝑥̅ − 𝜇
b. 𝜇 d. 𝑥̅
5. Given the scores of five students in Biology Exam (35, 40, 28, 32, 42), if a sample of three students
is taken, which set of scores will lead to the smallest sampling error?
a. {35, 40, 42} c. {35, 32, 28}
b. {35, 28, 42} d. {40, 28, 32}
6. Given the scores of five students in Biology Exam (35, 40, 28, 32, 42), a sample of three students
were taken (35, 40, 28). Unfortunately, 28 is mistakenly written as 38. What is the nonsampling
error?
a. 3.34 c. 3.67
b. 2.34 d. 2.67
7. Dogs in a dog show weigh an average of 12 pounds, with a standard deviation of 8 pounds. If 16
dogs are chosen at random, what is the standard error of the sample mean?
a. 𝜎𝑋̅ = 2 c. 𝜎𝑋̅ = 1
b. 𝜎𝑋̅ = 3 d. 𝜎𝑋̅ = 4
8. Dogs in a dog show weigh an average of 12 pounds, with a standard deviation of 8 pounds. If 16
dogs are chosen at random, what is the probability that they weigh an average of more than 10
pounds?
a. 0.3413 c. 0.1587
b. 0.8413 d. 0.3174
MATH03 |Core | CO4

deviation of 1.2 minutes. Given a sample of 36 tablet users, what is the standard error of the
sampling distribution?
a. 0.3 c. 0.4
b. 0.1 d. 0.2
deviation of 1.2 minutes. Given a sample of 36 tablet users, what is the probability that the
average app engagement is less than 10 minutes?
a. 0.0655 c. 0.0548
b. 0.0668 d. 0.0577
Answer Key
10. b 10. b
9. d 9. d
8. c 8. c
7. a 7. a
6. a b. approx. 1 6. a
5. c 2. a. 0.3446 b. 0.9215 5. c
4. c 2. a. 0.0764 4. c
3. c c. 0.1003 3. c
2. a b. 0.9896 b. 0.8066 2. a
1. c 1. a. 0.1003 1. a. 0.0392 1. c
What do I know? What’s more? What I can do Assessment
References
Elementary Statistics: A Step By Step Approach 10th Edition by Allan Bluman. McGraw-Hill
Education.
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MATH03 | Statistics and Probability

MATHEMATICS and ABM CLUSTER

Statistics and Probability

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NAME: ____________________________________ TEACHER: ________________________

Lesson Sampling and Sampling

Written Work: WW4 to be deployed on ALEKS (Week 12)

What do I know? (Pre-test)

MATH03 |Core | CO4

MATH03 |Core | CO4

Take note that,

1.1 Random Sample

What is a Simple Random Sample?

smaller populations, in reality you’ll be dealing with much larger populations.

1.2 Sampling Distribution

MATH03 |Core | CO4

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 =5 𝐶3 = 10

𝐴 = 70, 𝐵 = 78, 𝐶 = 80, 𝐷 = 80, 𝐸 = 95

𝑃 (𝑥̅ = 81.67) = 0.20

1.3 Sampling and Nonsampling Errors

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1.4 Central Limit Theorem

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𝑃(𝑋̅ < 775 ℎ𝑟𝑠) =?

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a. More than 925 kg?

What I have learned

2. When a production machine is properly calibrated, it requires an average of 28

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NAME: ____________ TEACHER: