Mixed convection flow of a hybrid nanofluid past a yawed circular cylinder

Abstract
In this study, mixed convective flow of a hybrid nanofluid past a yawed circular cylinder is
investigated. We formulate the model considering the influences of thermal radiation and
magnetic field. Use of nondimensional suitable variables reduces the governing equations
into a system of nonlinear partial differential equations. We solve the transformed equations
numerically utilizing finite difference scheme. When the yawed angle is increased, the
chordwise and spanwise velocities as well as chordwise local skin friction coefficient and
local Nusselt number are found to increase but the temperature and the spanwise local skin
friction coefficient decrease. Higher radiation parameter gives rise to a substantial increase in
the velocity, temperature, local skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt number. However,
for increasing the value of the magnetic field parameter the velocity, skin friction and heat
transfer are increased whereas the temperature diminishes. In addition, larger volume fraction
of nanoparticles leads to the increase in the temperature and the decrease in the velocity.

Keywords: Mixed convection; Yawed cylinder; Hybrid nanofluid; Magnetic field; Thermal
radiation.

1 Introduction
Mixed convective flow through a cylinder is one of the important topics of modern science
owing to its noticeable applications in industrial and engineering fields. Whenever forced
convective flow takes place in a comparable order of free convective flow, the flow is
regarded as a mixed convective flow. A numerical study of free-forced convective flow
around a circular cylinder immersed within a wake was carried out by Zafar and Alam [1].
The results are explained with positive buoyancy parameter to fathom system flow and heat
transfer rate. A computational study was performed by Aldoss et al. [2] to materialize the
magnetic field effects on mixed convection flow with the presence of thermal radiation across
a horizontal cylinder. By increasing the hydromagnetic magnitude, it was observed that the
velocity of fluid was incessantly retarded while the reverse characteristic was found in
temperature profile. In addition, Adeniyan et al. [3] examined the free-forced convection flow

1
of a second-grade fluid along a vertical slender cylinder in respect of several pertinent
parameters.
As the flow across a yawed cylinder is more complex, a few studies have been published till
now to provide sufficient knowledge about it. However, the fluid flow past a yawed cylinder
has massive importance in offshore, aeronautical and coastal engineering, aero-acoustic field
[4, 5, 6], sub-sea barrels, designing of redintegrated heat exchangers, tagged vault bridges [7,
8]. In these regards, Patil et al. [9] numerically investigated the free-forced convective flow
across a yawed cylinder. Results revealed that the higher yaw angle influences the fluid
friction as well as the heat transfer rate along all directions. Moreover, the impacts of non-
similarity variable on fluid velocity and temperature have been also figured out for higher
buoyancy flow. Sparrow and Moreno [10] examined the yaw impacts on forced convective
flow past a circular cylinder. Taking several yaw angles with Reynolds number ranging from
9000 to 70000, Nusselt number changes have been inspected. Lam et al. [11] numerically
analyzed turbulent flow around two winding yawed and non-yawed cylinders with respect to
yaw angles at 00 and 300. Besides, several types of drag coefficients for a fixed Reynolds
number with a set of varying yaw angles past a shrewd yawed cylinder have been
investigated by Shao et al. [12]. Mityakov et al. [8] analyzed thermal performance and
velocity profile of a yawed cylinder under the wall temperature constraints, whereas flow
topology along the spanwise direction about an inclined circular cylinder has been studied by
Liang et al. [13]. The experiment of oscillation in compressible and incompressible flow
across a yawed cylinder has been consecutively conducted in [5, 14]. Meanwhile, Najafi et al.
[15] worked on time-averaged streamline and vorticity profile thoroughly in the imminent-
wake of a yawed cylinder. Furthermore, Revathi et al. [16] assessed time dependent flow past
a yawed cylinder for irregular mass transfer through a slot. In addition, several investigations
[17- 21] have been done to scrutinize boundary layer flow past a yawed cylinder.
It is evident that the aforementioned literature only concerns with traditional base fluids, viz.,
water, oil, ethylene and propylene glycol. As these stereotype fluids have lower thermal
conductivity, numerous authors came forward to furnish them with the augmented heat
transfer capability. Consequently, in order to obtain better thermal performance,
nanoparticles are dispersed in the working fluid and the mixture is regarded as a nanofluid. In
1995 Choi and Eastman [22] first expressed the notion of nanofluid. Considering thermal
radiation effect, Waqas et al. [23] analyzed nanofluid flow through a permeable cylinder
whereas Li et al. [24] studied unsteady characteristics of a nanofluid flow through a
stretching cylinder taking into account slip conditions. Using CuO-H2O nanofluid,
2
Mohammadein et al. [25] numerically investigated radiative hydromagnetic flow over a
stretching sheet. Recently, Alsabery et al. [26] addressed unsteady hydromagnetic nanofluid
flow from a wavy surface along with two rotating cylinders. Due to the accelerated rotational
speed of cylinders, the rate of heat transfer was found to increase about 315%. Furthermore,
Mkhatshwa et al. [27] examined mixed convective flow of Ag-H 2O nanofluid past a vertical
slender cylinder with the effect of magnetic field.
A new type of nanofluid called hybrid nanofluid has attained a great attention during the last
few years because of having significant thermophysical characteristics and remarkable
thermal conductivity. This new-aged novel fluid is used as a promising technique of heat
transfer in many thermal engineering applications, namely, in nuclear system cooling,
electronic cooling, generator cooling, engine cooling, coolant in manufacturing, refrigeration,
synthesizing, welding, lubrication, heating pipe, solar water heating, thermal repository, drug
diminution, grinding, micro-channel, defense, space and ships [28, 29, 30]. Sarkar et al. [28]
discussed formulations, thermophysical characteristics, accessible approaches and challenges
of hybrid nanofluid and later an intensive review has been done by Siddik et al. [29] on the
progress of preceding findings. Abbas et al. [31] focused on magneto-hydrodynamic hybrid
nanofluid flow past a stretching cylinder and mentioned that inclination angle in magnetic
field affects boundary layer characteristics of hybrid nanofluid. Patil et al. [32] scrutinized
magnetic effect on mixed convective hybrid nanofluid flow along a moving cylinder.
Additionally, a bunch of pertinent parameters has taken to fathom their effects on the flow
profiles thoroughly. Waqas et al. [33] studied hydromagnetic hybrid nanofluid flow past a
vertical cylinder including thermal radiation effect and concluded that enhanced porosity
variable causes a decrease in fluid velocity while enhances the temperature. Most recently,
the radiation induced 3-D hydromagnetic flow with viscous dissipation effects has been
investigated by Shoaib et al. [34]. Dispersing copper and alumina nanoparticles in the
operating fluid, they found that the heat transfer maintains a proportional relation with
nanocomponents concentration. Khan et al. [35] studied mixed convective hybrid nanofluid
flow through a yawed cylinder with thermal radiation effect. They solved the problem using
local non-similarity method. The main limitation of this method is that it is valid only for
small chordwise distance. Moreover, the radiation term is simplified using Taylor series
expansion neglecting higher-order terms of ambient temperature. As a result, the radiation
effect will play the role just like the variation of Prandtl number. In this sense, more
investigation is required on such a topic.

3
Above literature survey, it is a quite clear that the non-similar characteristics of mixed
convective hybrid nanofluid flow across a yawed cylinder in the presence of thermal
radiation and magnetic field has not been completely revealed yet. Thus the present study
takes an attempt to expose mixed convective complex flow of Cu-Al 2O3/water hybrid
nanofluid past an isothermal yawed cylinder. Taking consideration of dimensionless
variables, the governing equations are reduced to a non-linear set of partial differential
equations which have been solved employing the finite difference technique. In order to
figure out the yaw angle effects on the momentum and thermal boundary layers for relevant
parameters, velocities (chordwise and spanwise direction) and temperature profile are studied
comprehensively. Moreover, remarkable discussion has been done on the local skin friction
coefficients (chordwise and spanwise direction) and local Nusselt number.

2 Framework of the Model

We consider steady mixed convective flow of a hybrid nanofluid through a yawed circular
cylinder. The physical diagram along with proper coordinate system is shown in Fig. 1 where
x* is chordwise distance of the cylinder surface, y* is the distance perpendicular to cylinder
which measures the growth of the boundary layer over the cylinder surface and z* is the
spanwise distance along the cylinder. In this study, the cylinder is considered to incline with
the vertical axis and the yaw angle is denoted by γ. When γ = 00 the cylinder is in vertical
direction and when γ = 900 the cylinder is in horizontal direction. It is noted that the yaw
angle is assumed to vary between 00 to 600. The reason is that when the yaw angle is more
than 600 the phenomena seem to be stagnation point flow. The mainstream velocity is
expressed as Ue(x*) = 2U∞cos(x*/R̅), so that U∞=W∞sinγ, where U∞ and W∞ are the constant
free-stream velocities along x*-axis (chordwise direction) and z*-axis (spanwise direction).
Moreover, W∞ is related to the ambient velocity We= W∞cos γ of the fluid along z*-axis. The
thermal and physical quantities of the fluid assumed to be constant. However, the density
variations caused by temperature gradients are taken into consideration. As a result, the flow
system is under mixed convection phenomena based upon the relative magnitudes of the
buoyancy force and forced flow. Under the above assumptions combined with Boussinesq
approximation, the set of governing equations of considered flow is rendered as follows [36-
39],

(1)

4
 (2)

(3)

(4)

subject to the boundary conditions

(5)

where u*, v* and w* are the velocity components in x*, y* and z* directions respectively; R is
the radius of the yawed cylinder; T and T∞ are the temperature and ambient temperature of the
hybrid nanofluid; Tw stands for the cylindrical surface temperature; g is the acceleration due
to gravity and B0 represents the magnetic field.

Fig. 1 Configuration of hybrid nanofluid flow

The relations among the quantities of the base fluid, nanoparticles and hybrid nanofluid are

5
where ρbf, µbf, κbf, αbf, βbf, Cbf and σbf are respectively the density, dynamic viscosity, thermal
conductivity, thermal diffusivity, coefficient of volumetric expansion, specific heat capacity
and electrical conductivity of the base fluid. However, the subscripts hp and hnf are the
similar quantities of the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid. Additionally, ϕ nc and ϕ nc refers
1 2

respectively to the Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles. The thermophysical quantities of base fluid
and nanoparticles are considered as Table 1.
The term qrn in Eq. (4) is recognized as radiative heat flux theorized from Rosseland
approximation [40] and hence the demonstration can be written as

(6)

where σ̃ and ã stand for Stefan-Boltzman constant and mean absorption coefficient
respectively.

Table 1. Thermal and physical properties of hybrid nanofluid components [41]

Cbf (Jkg-1K- ρbf (kgm- κbf (Wm-1 K- βbf ×10-5 (K-1) σbf (Ω/m)-
1
) 3
) 1
) 1

Water 4179 997.1 0.613 21 5.0×10-2

Copper 385 8933 400 1.67 5.96×107

Alumina 765 3970 40 0.85 3.69×107

3 Procedure of the solution method

3.1 Stream function formulation
In this sub-section, we derive the governing equations using stream function formulation. At
first, we define the following set of functions and variables

(7)

6
 (8)

Here νbf refers to the kinematic viscosity of the base fluid.

The velocity components u* and v* are defined in terms of ψ as

(9)
which identically satisfy the continuity Eq. (1).
Also, the velocity components u* and v* are found as

(10)

where primes denote the differentiation with respect to y.

Using the relations of Eqs. (7)-(10) into the Eqs. (2)-(4), we therefore obtain

(11)

(12)

(13)

The boundary conditions become

(14)

In Eqs. (11)-(14), x and y stand for transformed co-ordinates, F′ and S are the non-
dimensional velocities in chordwise and spanwise directions, respectively and θ is the non-
dimensional temperature. Moreover, the coefficients B(x), m(x) and n(x) are defined as

(15)

7
In addition, Rd=4 σ̃ T∞3/(3 ã κbf) is the radiation parameter, Δ=Tw/T∞ is the surface temperature
parameter, Pr=ρbfcbfμbf/κbf is the Prandtl number, Ri=ρbfβbf(Tw−T∞)R̅/U∞2 is the mixed
convection parameter and M=σbfB02/(ρbfU∞) is the magnetic field parameter.
Next, the relation between x and ξ for the flow around a cylinder is x=2sinξ/3. Therefore, the
coefficients B(x), m(x) and n(x) in terms of ξ are

(16)

Furthermore, the partial differential operator ∂/∂x is related as

(17
)
Substituting the relations of (16) and (17) into the equations (11)-(13), we find

(18)

(19)

(20)

The corresponding boundary conditions are

(21)

3.2 Local skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number

The local skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are of practical interest in fluid
dynamics which are defined as

(22)

Using (7)-(9) and (15), we have

8
skin friction along chordwise direction:

(23)

skin friction along spanwise direction:

(24)

local Nusselt number:

(25)

3.3 Numerical method

In order to reduce the equations into suitable form of finite difference method, we first
assume

. (26)
Using the Eq. (26) into the equations (18)-(20), we obtain

(27)

(28)

(29)

along with

(30)

9
Now the equations (27)-(29) are discretized using central difference approximation along the
y direction while backward difference approximation has been used along the ξ direction.
Hence, we get a system of tridiagonal algebraic expressions of the following form
(31)
The functions u, S and θ are represented by the subscript k (= 1, 2 and 3). Moreover, i and j
are respectively ranging from 1 to M and 1 to N correlating with the grid points along ξ and y
directions respectively.
In this way, the coefficients Ak, Bk, Ck, Dk of the Eq. (31) are

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

10
 (41)

(42)

(43)

where A1, B1, C1 and D1 represent the coefficients of ui , j ,u i , j−1 , ui , j+1 and is the right hand
side, A2, B2, C2 and D2 are the coefficients of Si , j , Si , j−1 , S i, j +1and is the right hand side
whereas the coefficients ofθi , j ,θ i , j−1 , θi , j+1 and the associated right hand side are rendered by
A3, B3, C3 and D3.
Using the Thomas algorithm [42] for the specified values of j, tridiagonal equation (31) is
simplified for i which is varying from 1 to M and finally the solution method is accomplished
in the j direction. To obtain the numerical solutions, we then select the convergence criterion
in such a way that the difference of the functions in two successive iterations is less than 10 -5.
The ξ direction is confined within the range 0.0 to π in respect of grid independent solutions
where the mesh sizes of Δξ and Δy are taken as π/360 and 0.02 respectively.

Obtaining the values of ( ∂∂ uy ) , ( ∂∂ Sy )

y=0 y=0
and ( ∂∂ θy ) y=0
from the previous computations, we

can easily obtain the local skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number from the
relations (23)-(25).

4 Results and discussion

In order to confirm the accuracy of the present method, a comparison with the results of Patil
et al. [9] for dimensionless velocity u and temperature θ has been performed in Figs. 2(a, b).
It is found that these figures provide an excellent accordance with the results of Patil et al. [9]
for γ = 600, Ri=‒2.0 and Pr=7.0.

11
Fig. 2 Comparison of (a) velocity and (b) temperature obtained by the present method and
Patil et al. [9] when Ri= ‒2.0, Rd=0.0, Δ=0.0, M=0.0, ϕ1=0.0, ϕ2=0.0 and ξ=0.5.

4.1 Effect of yaw angle and relevant parameters

This section has penned down to understand the pertinent parameters effects on hybrid
nanofluid velocity and skin friction profile along chordwise and spanwise direction. The
temperature profile is also discussed to explore the related parameters mechanism on it.
The impacts of Ri on u and S are presented in Figs. 3(a, b) for yaw angles γ =150, 300, 400 and
600. It is seen that at these angles, velocities along x- and z-directions both are increasing for
increasing buoyancy force. By taking higher Ri values, stimulated buoyancy force within
fluid results a great movement in flow and thus momentum boundary layer becomes widen in
Cu-Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid. On the other hand, Fig. 3(c) depicts that fluid temperature
θ reduces due to larger Ri with the increase in γ. As fluid flow moves faster through the
system due to significant Ri>0 effects, it circulates colder fluid particles adjacent to the
cylinder surface. This phenomenon leads the cooler fluid to come near the cylinder surface
repeatedly and hence thermal boundary layer shrinks for higher Ri.

12
Fig. 3 Effect of γ and Ri on (a) chordwise velocity, (b) spanwise velocity and (c) temperature
when Rd=2.0, Δ=1.0, M=1.2, ϕ1=0.1, ϕ2=0.05.

Figures 4 (a, b, c) are illustrated to understand the effect of magnetic field parameter M and
varying γ on fluid velocity and temperature. Taking magnetic field values as M = 2.0 and 5.0,
we find that fluid velocity is increasing both in x- and z-direction due to higher yaw angle γ. It
is noted that along z-direction, no massive difference is seen for γ > 300 with higher M values.
Since higher M retards the system flow velocity, hence momentum boundary layer does not
swell up significantly as observed in chordwise direction. Moreover, thermal boundary layer
corresponding to higher M reduces frequently for increasing γ values. This scenario happens
because maximum heated flow in the appearance of M spreads out instantly from cylindrical

13
surface to the system and brings cooler particle close to it. Since for γ=600, this incident
occurs mostly and so minimum temperature value is found.

Fig. 4 Effect of γ and M on (a) chordwise velocity, (b) spanwise velocity and (c) temperature
when Rd=1.0, Δ=1.0, Ri=5.0, ϕ1=0.1, ϕ2=0.05.

The effects of Rd on chordwise and spanwise velocities and temperature are illustrated in
Figs. 5(a, b, c) considering different yawed angle γ. It is observed that for increasing γ values
with augmented radiation effects, velocities along x- and z-direction display accelerated
behavior. such behavior happens due to the radiative heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid that
lessens the viscous force. Consequently, fluid particles move faster with larger Rd. In
addition, it leads to an increase in the momentum boundary layer. However, impact of Rd on

14
θ presents opposite nature. Enhanced radial flow for higher γ goes to downstream region and
therefore cylindrical surface becomes cool and thus the thermal boundary layer shrinks.

Fig. 5 Effect of γ and Rd on (a) chordwise velocity, (b) spanwise velocity and (c) temperature
when M=1.2, Δ=1.0, Ri=5.0, ϕ1=0.1, ϕ2=0.05.

To understand the mechanism of assorted surface temperature parameter Δ on fluid velocity

and temperature profiles, Figs. 6(a, b, c) are depicted for different values of γ. Figures 6(a, b)
signify the fact that an increase in Δ and γ accelerate the fluid velocity. It is also clear from
the Fig. 6(b) that the influence of Δ in spanwise direction is stronger than in chordwise
direction. On the other hand, impact of Δ on system temperature is very stronger and
temperature becomes higher with larger value of Δ. As γ rises from 150 to 600, the decrease in

15
temperature between every single level is very noticeable in nature and then lowest value is
found at γ=600.

Fig. 6 Effect of γ and Δ on (a) chordwise velocity, (b) spanwise velocity and (c) temperature
when M=1.2, Rd=1.0, Ri=5.0, ϕ1=0.1, ϕ2=0.05.

Figures 7(a, b, c) are presented to reveal the influence of volume fraction of nanoparticles ϕ1
on flow properties with the change of γ. Marking up the inclined position of γ of the cylinder,
velocity along both spanwise and chordwise directions increase promptly for every distinct
value of ϕ1 although overall subjective flow movement decreases for higher volume fraction
of nanoparticles ϕ1. This supreme behavior causes a great enhancement in the momentum
boundary layers along both x- and z-axis. Besides, nanoparticles carry more heat away from
the surface and thus thermal boundary layer increases for higher values of ϕ1. On the other

16
hand, when the yaw angle of the cylinder is increased, heat is quickly transferred to the
adjacent places. Consequently, the temperature profile is lower for larger γ and the thermal
boundary layer reduces for higher γ.

Fig. 7 Effect of γ and ϕ1 on (a) chordwise velocity, (b) spanwise velocity and (c) temperature
when M=1.2, Rd=1.0, Δ=1.0, Ri=5.0, ϕ2=0.1.

In Figs. 8(a, b, c), the variations of the velocity and temperature with the change of ϕ2 are
presented taking several yawed angles. Figures 8(a, b) indicate that higher ϕ2 enhances the
fluid velocity both in x- and z-directions. Initially near the origin, increase in u and S is not so
rapid but after getting more yawed position u and S move rapidly and hence momentum
boundary layer grows larger in its part. However, it is also mentionable that exaggeration in
the volume fraction of ϕ2 lessens the overall flow velocities. The cause is that more

17
nanoparticles make the hybrid fluid heavier. Contrary to this, nanoparticles can carry more
heat owing to their higher heat capacity and thermal conductivity. As a result, comparatively
larger temperature is observed for increasing values of ϕ2.

Fig. 8 Effect of γ and ϕ2 on (a) chordwise velocity, (b) spanwise velocity and (c) temperature
when M=1.2, Rd=1.0, Δ=1.0, Ri=5.0, ϕ1=0.1.

Figures 9 (a, b, c) exhibit the impact of Ri on Re1/2Cf, Re1/2Cfs and Re−1/2Nu. It is seen from
Fig. 9(a) that due to the increment of velocity u, friction between hybrid nanofluid and
cylinder surface is increased. As γ increases from 150 to 600, the increase in friction along the
chordwise direction is found prominently high for buoyancy-driven force Ri = 8.0. However,
when Al2O3-water nanofluid is considered, the resulting impact is low. This result suggests
the fact that the higher Ri affects Re1/2Cf more supremely in hybrid nanofluid compared to

18
nanofluid in ξ direction. However, the value of Re1/2Cfs decreases along ξ direction as fluid
confronts slip condition having yawed geometry. It thus reduces skin friction incessantly in
that position despite of having positive buoyancy force. The decrease in hybrid nanofluid and
only nanofluid is determined as 62.75% and 63.13% at ξ=0.5 consecutively which concludes
that effect of Ri on Re1/2Cfs is almost same in subjective fluid and regarded nanofluid in terms
of γ variations. Besides, the influence of Ri on Re−1/2Nu with the change of γ is presented in
Fig. 9(c). It is observed that as long as γ is increasing, the values of Re−1/2Nu are also
substantially increased. This increment is measured as 55.87% at ξ=0.5 in hybrid fluid. Thus
it is more significant to use than aforesaid nanofluid, because correlated value for nanofluid is
found as 48.38%.

Fig. 9 Effect of γ and Ri (a) Re1/2Cf, (b) Re1/2Cfs and (c) Re−1/2Nu when Rd=2.0, Δ=1.0, M=1.2,
ϕ1=0.1, ϕ2=0.05.

19
The effects of M on Re1/2Cf, Re1/2Cfs and Re−1/2Nu are elucidated in Figs. 10(a, b, c). It is seen
from Fig. 10 (a) that fluid friction is growing more due to the uplifted values of γ for varying
M. For M = 5.0, the value of Re1/2Cf rises about 44.27% from γ=10° to 60° whereas using
Al2O3-water nanofluid it is approximately 50.74%. The result reveals that local skin friction is
more pronounce for nanofluid than the hybrid nanofluid. Figure 10(b) demonstrates that
along spanwise direction fluid slips more and hence friction is found successively decreasing
for M = 2.0 to 5.0. Here it is also mentioned that due to higher inclined position, larger M
values affect Re1/2Cfs so intensively to cause obstruction in fluid flow. However, the decrease
is obtained as 54.38% for hybrid nanofluid whereas for nanofluid the decrease is 52.08%.
This outcome clearly implies that the magnetic field strongly impacts hybrid nanofluid flow
more than nanofluid flow. Moreover, Fig. 10(c) exhibits that for higher M, the values of
Re−1/2Nu increase for increasing yawed angle and therefore heat transfer takes place mostly at
γ=600. Due to changing γ from 100 to 600, the increase in Re−1/2Nu for hybrid nanofluid is
15.31%. Moreover, considering nanofluid it is seen as 16.99% which is little bit uplifting
from the relevant result of hybrid nanofluid.

20
Fig. 10 Effect of γ and M on (a) Re1/2Cf, (b) Re1/2Cfs and (c) Re−1/2Nu when Rd=1.0, Δ=1.0,
Ri=5.0, ϕ1=0.1, ϕ2=0.05.

Figures 11(a, b, c) depict the influences of Rd on Re1/2Cf, Re1/2Cfs and Re−1/2Nu for γ =150, 250,
400 and 600. Since it is observed from Fig. 11(a) that friction at cylindrical surface rises
rapidly between 150 to 600 for every single value of Rd. In case of different Rd values, the
increment in Re1/2Cf for increasing γ is so weak to note down. Moreover, the same incident
can be perceived along z-direction. As long as γ is increased, the values of Re1/2Cfs relating to
Rd = 2.0 approach to an overlapping manner with those of Rd = 5.0. However, for a fixed
value of Rd skin friction along chordwise direction is assessed supremely higher than the
value of Al2O3-water nanofluid flow. On the contrary, opposite scenario is observed for
Re1/2Cfs value. It is seen that the decrease of Re1/2Cfs is 60.97% at ξ=0.5 for hybrid nanofluid

21
and for mono nanofluid it is seen as 62.25%. This inspection highlights the point that the
influence of Rd on nanofluid is more irresistible than hybrid nanofluid in respect of changing
γ. Additionally, Fig. 11(c) indicates that the assembled radiation and conduction behavior
permits heated flow to move downstream. This process enhances Re−1/2Nu and the
enhancement rate is found about 54.87% along streamwise direction for Rd = 5.0. Moreover,
the augmentation in heat transfer for the nanofluid is 52.27% which is less noteworthy in
comparison to first consequence due to the yawed angles ranging from 150 to 600.

Fig. 11 Effect of γ and Rd on (a) Re1/2Cf, (b) Re1/2Cfs and (c) Re−1/2Nu when M=1.2, Δ=1.0,
Ri=5.0, ϕ1=0.1, ϕ2=0.05.

The influences of Δ on Re1/2Cf, Re1/2Cfs and Re−1/2Nu along with changing γ values are shown
in Figs. 12(a, b, c). By enhancing γ, friction between cylindrical surface to adjoining area gets

22
accelerated more in ξ-direction. Hence the increase in Re1/2Cf is found extensively high for
larger Δ as γ moves from 150 to 600. However, this value is excessively small for Al 2O3-water
nanofluid. Contrary to this, the friction along z-direction is lessening as cylinder leans down
more to near stagnation point which causes slip condition to fluid. Thus, the minimum value
is attained at 600. Dealing with hybrid nanofluid and above-mentioned nanofluid, decrease is
found to be 61.08% and 62.16% at ξ=0.5 which makes us conclusive to the point that
regarding these two fluids, Δ is almost equally responsive along spanwise direction in the
first case compared to the second one. In Fig. 12(c), the change of Re −1/2Nu is shown for
different yawed angles with Δ=2.0. Potential heat transfer occurs as Δ turns heated flow to
circulate rapidly for greater yaw angle and hence the rate is found to be 54.66% higher for
increasing γ=15° to 60° whereon using nanofluid the result is found to be 56.19%. In terms of
tilting cylinder accomplished results proceed to the point that Δ yields comparatively lower
thermal conductivity in hybrid nanofluid than utilizing nanofluid.

23
Fig. 12 Effect of γ and Δ on (a) Re1/2Cf, (b) Re1/2Cfs and (c) Re−1/2Nu when M=1.2, Rd=1.0,
Ri=5.0, ϕ1=0.1, ϕ2=0.05.

The changes of Re1/2Cf, Re1/2Cfs and Re−1/2Nu due to γ variation with ϕ1=0.05 and 0.1 are
elucidated in Fig. 13(a, b, c). From the Fig. 13(a), Re 1/2Cf values upturn rapidly along higher
yawed position of cylinder for every particular value of ϕ1 whereas opposite behavior is seen
for exaggerated values of them. The reason for such behavior is the increase in the volume
fraction ϕ1 that causes impediment in the fluid flow and consequently the largest friction
value is obtained at γ=600. Besides, higher yawed angle lessens Re1/2Cfs. It is observed that
Re1/2Cfs incessantly diminishes between 200 to 400 and after reaching 400, this behavior slows
down and displays more converging manner for higher ϕ1 values. However, the increase in
Re1/2Cf for ϕ1 = 0.05 and ϕ2 = 0.1 is measured extremely high for Cu-water nanofluid in

24
contrast to the hybrid nanofluid. Moreover, decrease in Re 1/2Cf is consecutively detected as
57.84% and 58.45% for hybrid nanofluid (ϕ1 = 0.05 and ϕ2 = 0.1) and for alumina-water
nanofluid (ϕ1 = 0.0 and ϕ2 = 0.1). This result conveys the decision that in preference to
regarded nanofluid, ϕ1 is quick responsive on Re1/2Cfs within hybrid nanofluid too. In addition,
Fig. 13(c) is drawn to examine the influence of ϕ1 on Re−1/2Nu. The inset curvatures of the
illustration express that because of losing more temperature for ϕ1 = 0.05, Re−1/2Nu values are
found more increasing than those for ϕ1 = 0.1. The increase in Re −1/2Nu for ϕ1 = 0.05 happens
about 95.60% and for Cu-water nanofluid respective value is found more vigorous.
Therefore, hybrid nanofluid augments the heat transfer rate in expeditious manner as
contemplated nanofluid.

Fig. 13 Effect of γ and ϕ1 on (a) Re1/2Cf, (b) Re1/2Cfs and (c) Re−1/2Nu when M=1.2, Rd=1.0,
Δ=1.0, Ri=5.0, ϕ2=0.1.

25
Effects of ϕ2 on Re1/2Cf, Re1/2Cfs and on Re−1/2Nu are shown in Figs. 14(a, b, c). It is seen that
when ϕ2 increases, the value of Re1/2Cf increases for larger yaw angle and therefore largest
value is found for γ = 600. On the other hand, friction is extensively high close to the origin.
Because fluid slid down more along y direction which causes reduction in Re1/2Cfs. In Fig.
14(b), the lowest frictional value is occurred for γ = 600. In addition, Fig. 14(c) shows the
variation of Re−1/2Nu against ξ for different ϕ2. Taking γ =200 to 600, it is observed that
Re−1/2Nu values are augmented at every single level of ϕ2. Moreover, it should be mentioned
that values of Re1/2Cf, Re1/2Cfs and Re−1/2Nu are decreased with larger ϕ2, but the reverse
phenomena is seen for higher ξ.

Fig. 14 Effect of γ and ϕ2 on (a) Re1/2Cf, (b) Re1/2Cfs and (c) Re−1/2Nu when M=1.2, Rd=1.0,
Δ=1.0, Ri=5.0, ϕ1=0.1.

26
5 Conclusion
The magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection flow and heat transfer of Cu-Al2O3/water
hybrid nanofluid through a yawed cylinder are investigated in the presence of thermal
radiation. The dimensionless governing equations are solved by the method of finite
difference. Regarding several pertinent parameters with yawed angle variations, the findings
of the current study can be highlighted as below:
1. Due to higher values of Ri, fluid velocity is increased in both chordwise and spanwise
directions and the local skin friction increases a great amount.
2. Imposed magnetic field reduces the fluid flow and temperature. Also, the local skin
friction coefficient and heat transfer diminish for higher magnetic field parameter.
3. The velocities and temperature as well as the local Nusselt number are found to
increase for higher values of Rd.
4. Increasing Δ causes a considerable decrease in temperature, but provides a great
increase in the skin friction and heat transfer.
5. With the increase of volume fraction of nanoparticles, the momentum boundary layer
decreases while opposite characteristic is observed for thermal boundary layer.

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