Name: Mac Leo Luis A.

Fernando
Date: October 29, 2020

1. Enumerate the layers of the eye and their functions?

● Outer coat (fibrous tunic) - The eye’s outer layer is made of dense connective
tissue, which protects the eyeball and maintains its shape. It is also known as the
fibrous tunic.
● Middle coat (vascular tunic) -The middle layer of tissue surrounding the eye,
also known as the vascular tunic or „uvea“, is formed – from behind forward – by
the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris.
● Inner coat - The third and inner coat of the eye is the retina, which is responsible
for the perception of images – vision.

2. What are the 6 muscles of the eye and give the functions?

● Superior rectus - It is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor

nerve (Cranial Nerve III). In the primary position (looking straight ahead), the
superior rectus muscle's primary function is elevation, although it also
contributes to intorsion and adduction.
● Superior oblique - Superior oblique is the longest muscle in this group,
spanning from the body of sphenoid bone to the superolateral aspect of the
eyeball. The function of the superior oblique muscle is to produce eye
movements that direct the gaze inferolaterally by abducting, depressing, and
internally rotating the eye.
● Optic nerve - The lens's primary purpose is to focus and direct that light onto
the retina at the back of the eye, where chemical and electrical impulses (sensory
information) are generated and passed on through the visual pathway to the
brain.
● Inferior rectus - The primary action of the inferior rectus is a depression of the
eyeball. It acts in a coordinated manner with other extraocular muscles to control
the movements of the eyeball and adjust the direction of the gaze.
● Lateral rectus - The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of six
extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye (abduction in this
case) and the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, cranial nerve VI.
Its function is to bring the pupil away from the midline of the body.
 ● Inferior oblique - Inferior oblique is a thin, narrow muscle of the eye. It is one of
the 6 extraocular muscles, also referred to as the extrinsic muscles of the orbit

3. What is accommodation in the eye and how do you check for eye
accommodation?
- The accommodation reflex of the eye is a response that automatically
occurs when you switch focus from an object that's far away to one that's
closer. This response enables you to switch between objects and still
maintain focus (meaning neither object appears blurry when you're looking
at it).
- Testing for the accommodation reflex follows nicely on from eye
movements. For example, you ask the patient to keep focusing on the tip
of your index finger and slowly move it towards them, aiming for the tip of
their nose. You need to be watching their pupils make sure you see them
constrict as your finger gets closer.

4. What are the 3 major parts of the ear and describe each?

● External ear - The outer ear acts as a funnel to conduct air vibrations through to
the eardrum. It also has the function of sound localization. Sound localization for
sounds approaching from the left or the right is determined in two ways.
● Middle ear - The ossicles are a tiny chain of three bones; the malleus, incus, and
stapes, which move in the middle ear in a vibrating fashion as they react to the
movement of the eardrum. Through these vibrations (imagine the skin on a
musical drum vibrating when you strike it), the ossicles, a tiny chain of bones
(malleus, incus, stapes) move in the middle ear. The middle ear is connected to
the back of the nose and throat by the Eustachian tube. This means that when
your loved one yawns or swallows, the Eustachian tube can open to equalize the
pressure on both sides of the eardrum and prevent the membrane from being
damaged.
● Inner ear - The inner ear is the deepest part of the whole ear, and is located in a
place known as the bony labyrinth, which is a maze of bone passageways lined
by a network of fleshy tubes known as the membranous labyrinth. A cushion of
fluid, called perilymph, lies between the bony and membranous labyrinth, while a
fluid called endolymph is found within the membranous labyrinth itself. Within the
inner ear is a chamber called the vestibule, which plays a major role in the sense
of balance. Balance is further discussed later in this article.

5. What are the parts of the tongue and their functions?

● Epiglottis - When a person swallows the epiglottis folds backward to cover the
entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and lungs.
After swallowing the epiglottis returns to its original upright position.
● Root of tongue - he tongue root is the part at the far back and bottom of the
tongue, forming the front wall of the pharynx. It can really only do a couple of
interesting things: push forwards, thereby expanding the pharynx. pull backward,
thereby constricting the pharynx.
● Palatine tonsil - is one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT),
located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to
protect the body from the entry of exogenous material through mucosal sites.
● Papillae - papillae are the most numerous of the lingual papillae. They are fine,
small, cone-shaped papillae covering most of the dorsum of the tongue. They are
responsible for giving the tongue its texture and are responsible for the sensation
of touch.