CONCEPT OF PROBLEM:
-articulates that the individuals build a sense of self identity
a) Problem as manifest need
b) Problem as person-centered
c) Problem as universal and yet singular
d) Problem as cause and consequences
e) Problem as an institutional lack or dysfunction in
society’s institutions for meeting needs.
f) Problem as challenge and opportunity
g) Problem as requiring a solution in the form of
social welfare services
h) Problem as requiring social work help
SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATIONS
-the awareness of the relationship between personal experience
and wider society.
-the relation between self and society can be understood.
-the ability to see things socially and how they interact and
influence each other.
-through the sociological imagination, we can see not only what
is real, but also what could become real should we desire to
make it that way.
-sociological imagination is important in which they are able to
relate the situations in which they live their daily lives to the
local, national, and global societal issues that affect them.
-WRIGHT MILLS’S goal in writing this book was to try to
reconcile two different and abstract concepts of social reality—
the “individual” and “society.”
-If you take MILLS’ stance, you’ll start to believe that every
problem faced by an individual has roots in society as a whole
and is faced by many others. It’s unlikely that every struggle
you face is unique to you alone.
“You can never really understand the society, historical time
period in which they live, personal troubles, and social
issues.”
“Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society
can be understood without understanding both.”
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY
-is a sociological theory that develops from practical
considerations and alludes to people’s particular utilization of
dialect to make images and normal implications for deduction
and correspondence with others.
-explains social behaviour in terms of how people interact with
each other via symbols, in this view, social structures are best
understood in terms of such individual interactions. Mead
believed that one ’s self develops through these interactions with
the society.
through these interactions with the society.
-it says that people study and interpret the things that they are
taught during socialization. They interact with what they are
taught and create their own social self that comes about through
their own social self that comes about through their
interpretation of what society teaches them.
THREE TENETS OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
1. We act based on the meaning we have given
something;
2. We give meaning to things based on our social
interactions. The same thing can have or different
meaning for different people.
3. The meaning we give something is not permanent. It
can change due to everyday life.
They are that action depends on meaning that different
people assign different meanings of things and that the meaning
of something can change.
FUNCTIONALISM THEORY/FUNCTIONALIST
PERSPECTIVE
-is a framework for building theory that sees society as a
complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity
and stability.
-society is a system of interconnected parts that work together
in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social
equilibrium for the whole.
-focuses on the structures that create the society and on how the
society is able to remain stable.
-it can’t adequately explain social change.
-uses a macro-level orientation and sees society as a complex
and interconnected machine.
COMPLEX THEORY
-claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of
competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is
maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and
conformity.
-observes how the unrest in a society will cause it to change and
evolve to relieve the tension.
-sees social life as a competition, and focus on the distribution of
resources, power, and inequality. Unlike functionalism theory,
conflict theory is better at explaining social change, and
explaining social stability.
-look at society as a competition for limited resources. In
addition to economic inequalities of political power and social
structure cause conflict.
-sees society as divided along lines of economic class between
the proletarian working class and the bourgeoisie ruling class.
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
-is a sociological and psychological theory that studies the
social behaviour in the interaction of two parties that implement
a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits.
-proposes that social behaviour is the result of an exchange
process. The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits
and minimize cost. According to this theory, developed by
sociologist GEORGE HOMANS, people weigh the potential
benefits and risks of social relationships.
POVERTY
-is not having enough material possessions or income for a
person’s needs. Poverty is a malfaceted concept, which may
include social, economic and political elements.
-poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises
many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to
acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with
dignity.
ABSOLUTE POVERTY
-is the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic
personal needs, such as food, clothing and shelter.
-condition where household incomes is insufficient to afford
basic necessities of life.
-criteria not change by economic growth.
-a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human
needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities,
health , shelter, education and information. It depends not only
on income but also on access to services.
-lives on less than a dollar a day.
RELATIVE POVERTY
-occurs when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living
standards, compared to others in the same time and place.
-when households receive 50% less income than average median
incomes.
-criteria will change with economic growth.
-is the condition in which people lack the minimum amount of
income needed in order to maintain the average standard of
living in the society in which they live.
-is considered the easiest way to measure the level of poverty in
an individual country.
GENERATIONAL POVERTY
-involves the birth of two generation into poverty.
-as a family having lived in poverty for at least two generations.
-when family’s income level remains low for two or more
generations.
-people exhibiting ingrained patterns of behaviour.
-even though these individuals tend to have much lower level of
educational attainment, they do tend to have better coping and
life skills than those in situational poverty.
SITUATIONAL POVERTY
-temporary, involves crisis or loss occurring.
- When a certain family/individual’s income and support is
decreased due to a specific change — job loss, divorce, death,
etc. While there can be a domino effect caused by this one
significant change, families experiencing Situational Poverty
tend to remain hopeful, knowing that this is a temporary
setback. This typically is not so with generational poverty.
-Having fewer resources (typically income) than one is
accustomed to due to life events, such as the loss of job, that
change a family’s living standard between five years.
-often have more resources and are better connected with
individuals who can provide assistance.
-they often have a higher level of education and therefore are
more employable than those in generational poverty.
URBAN POVERTY
-focus on surviving each day for metropolitan areas where it is
more difficult for people suffering in this poverty.
-is a multidimensional phenomenon. It exist everywhere,
although on different levels, from poor to rich countries. You
recognise it in substandard living conditions and incomes along
with deficient provisions of basic public services (running
water, electricity, etc.)
RURAL POVERTY
-non-metropolitan
-limited serves for people struggling.
-poverty is higher in rural areas.
-is fated to decline in importance as urbanization and
industrialization and industrialization occur. And in fact when
we see images of third-world poverty they are more often than
not drawn from the urban poor-the slums, the malnutrition, and
the childhood diseases of the millions of poor people crowded
into the major cities of the developing world.
THE POVERTY MEASURES:
1. Low-income cut off (LICO)
-incomes set where families are spending substantial
share.
-refer to the level at which families or persons not in
an economic family spend 20% or more than the
average family on food, shelter and clothing.
2. Low-income measures (LIM)
-median income (“adjusted” reflects the fact that a
 household’s needs increase as the number of
household members increases.)
-a relative measurement tool that categorizes
individuals (or households) whose adjusted family
income is below 50% of the median income.
3. Market basket measure
-based on the cost of a basket of goods and serves
sufficient.
-is a measure of low income based on the cost of a
specific basket of goods and services representing a
modest, basic standard of living. It includes the costs
of food, clothing, footwear, transportation, shelter
and other expenses for a reference family of two
adults aged 25 to 49 and two children (aged 9 and
13.)
4. Basic needs measure
-based on the cost of basket of goods needed to meet
base physical needs for long term.
-it attempts to define the absolute minimum
resources necessary for long-term physical well-
being, usually in terms of consumption goods.
POVERTY INCIDENCE
-share of population which consumption is below poverty line.
-is the proportion of the population with per capita poverty
threshold to the total number of families/individuals.
POVERTY GAP INDEX
-measures the degree to which the mean income of the poor
differs from the establishment line.
-is a measure of the intensity of poverty.
-estimates the depth of poverty by considering how far, on the
average, the poor are from that poverty line.
SQUARED POVERTY GAP INDEX
-distance separating the poor from poverty line, also inequality
among poor.
-measures the severity of poverty for each area.
-gives greater weigh to those that fall far below the poverty line
than those are closer to it.
FOSTER-GREER
-the thorbecke poverty line.
-decomposable poverty measures.
-puts higher weigh on the poverty of the poorest individuals,
making it a combined measure of poverty and income inequality
and a popular choice within development economics.
HUMAN POVERTY INDEX
-measures of poverty that is increasingly used by UNDP in its
human development reports.
-was an indication of the standard of living in a country,
develop by the United Nations to complement the HPI.
-is a thought that catches the numerous dimensions of poverty
that exist in both poor and rich nations – it is the refusal of
decisions and chances for carrying on with a life one has
motivation to esteem.
POVERTY THRESHOLD
-refers to the minimum income a family or individual must earn
in order to be considered “not poor.”
-is a specified dollar amount considered to be the minimum
level of resources necessary to meet the basic needs of a family
unit.
POVERTY LINE
-on level of personal or family income below which one is
classified as poor according to governmental standard called
also a family unit.
-the estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the
necessities of life.
-is the level of income to meet the minimum living conditions.
-is the amount of money needed for a person to meet his basic
needs. It is defined as the money value of the goods and services
needed to provide basic welfare for an individual.
POVERTY REDUCTION/POVERTY ALLEVIATION
-the programme promotes and enhances partnerships with the
government, civil society and private sector to reduce poverty.
-is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are
intended to permanently lift people out of poverty.
CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER (4Ps)
-transfer to poor families conditional on, among others, school
enrolment and immunization of children.
-programs aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs
conditional upon the receiver’s actions. The government (or a
charity) only transfer the money to persons who meet certain
criteria.
ACCELERATED HUNGER MITIGATION PROGRAM
-interventions in both the supply side (of foods) and the demand
side (means of obtaining.)
FOURmula ONE for Healthy
-implement critical health interventions as a single package,
backed by effective management and finally management.
-is aimed achieving critical reforms with speed, precision and
effective coordination directed at improving the quality,
efficiency, effectiveness and equity of the Philippine health
system in a manner that is felt and appreciated by Filipinos,
especially the poor.
RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND NATURAL
FAMILY PLANNING
-promotion of family planning breast feeding and birth spacing.
-aims to help couples, parents and individuals to achieve their
desired timing, spacing and number of children and to Environmental
contribute to the improvement of their maternal, neonatal and *Improper human waste disposal
child health and… *Pressure on fragile land to meet their needs
*Over exploitation of natural resources
KALAHI (kapit bisig laban sa kahirapan, comprehensive
*Unemployment
and integrated delivery of social services)
*Child Labor
-community driver development project that seeks to improve
local governance, empower communities and improve access to Gender
services and basic infrastructure. *Gender inequality
-is a poverty alleviation program of the National Government *Feminization of poverty
implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and *Sexual division Labor
Development (DSWD). *Deprivation in various social sphere
*Domestic violence
DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY:
*Capabilities deprivation

Social *Social exclusion

*Inequality
DIMENSIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:
*Lack of Education
*Crab mentality Social
*OFW thinking *
*
Political
*
*Lack of agency to make decisions
*
*Lack of human rights
*Lack of ability to group together Political
*Lack of knowledge *
*
Economic
*
*Low household income
*
*Limited education
*Lack of insurance Economic
*Concentrated spacial *
*Unemployment *
*Economic insufficiency *
*Instability of economic growth *

Cultural Cultural
*Family size and demography *
*Superstitious belief *
*Lack of discipline *
* Annulment *

Spiritual Spiritual
*Different spiritual belief *
*Fear to become rich because it is associated with greedy *
*Sin *
*Laziness competes with ambition *
*Death

Environmental
*
*
* *
* *
*
Gender
* DIMENSIONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT
*
Social
*
*
*
*
DIMENSIONS OF MARTIAL LAW *
*
Social
* Political
* *
* *
* *
*
Political
* Economic
* *
* *
* *
*
Economic
* Cultural
* *
* *
* *
*
Cultural
* Spiritual
* *
* *
* *
*
Spiritual
* Environmental
* *
* *
* *
*

Gender
*
*
*
Environmental *
*
* DIMENSIONS OF CHILD LABOR

*
Social
*
*

Gender *

* *
*
Political *
* *
*
Cultural
*
*
*
*
Economic *
* *
*
Spiritual
*
*
*
*
Cultural *
* *
*
Environmental
*
*
*
*
Spiritual *
* *
*
Gender
*
*
*
*
Environmental *
* *
*
*
*

Gender
*
*
*
*

DIMENSIONS OF INFORMAL SETTLERS

Social
*
*
*
*

Political
*
*
*
*

Economic
*
*