Stage 7

Unit - 1

States of Matter

Daw Aye Myat Thu

M.E ( Chemical Engineering)

1.1
 The Particle Theory of Matter
Objective

❏ Use ideas about particles to explain the behavior of substances in

the solid, liquid, and gas states

Using the particle theory

❏ The particle theory explains the behavior of a substance in the three

states of matter.
In solid state, the particles

❏ touch each other and are in a regular pattern

❏ are strongly attracted to each other
❏ don’t move around, but vibrate on the spot
In liquid state, the particles

❏ move around, in and out of each other

❏ are strongly attracted to each other ❏
are not in a regular pattern

In gas state, the particles

❏ don’t touch each other

❏ the forces of attraction are very weak
❏ move fast in all directions
❏ no regular pattern
Compressing solids, liquids, and gasses

❏ can compress – all substances when they are in the gas state

❏ the particles get closer together

❏ cannot compress a substance in the solid or liquid state

❏ the particles are already touching
❏ so they cannot get closer together

Getting bigger and smaller

Expand
❏ substances in solid and liquid states expand as they get hotter
❏ their particles vibrate or move faster
❏ move slightly further apart
❏ the particles themselves do not get bigger

Contract
❏ substances in solid and liquid states contract as they cool
❏ their particles vibrate or move more slowly
❏ the particles get closer together
Conclusion

❏ The particle theory explains how substances behave in the solid,

liquid, and gas states.

❏ A substance when it is in the gas state can be compressed, but not

when it is a liquid or solid.

❏ Substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.

1.2
 Boiling, evaporating, and
condensing
Objectives

❏ Name the changes of state involving liquids and gasses

❏ Explain changes of state using ideas about particles

Changing state

❏ changes from one state to another, its particles don’t change ❏ the distance
between the particles, their speed, and the attraction between them are
changed

❏ Melting, boiling, evaporating, condensing, and freezing

 Liquid to gas

❏ the particles move faster and

spread out
❏ the attractive forces become
very weak
❏ the liquid state becomes a gas

by evaporation or by boiling Ref: 1

Reference 1. https://www.chemicals.co.uk/blog/what-is-the-definition-of-evaporation-in-chemistry
 Evaporation

❏ happens when particles leave

the surface of a liquid

❏ the particles spread out to form

a gas

❏ can happen at any temperature

Boiling

❏ occurs throughout the whole of a liquid

❏ a beaker of liquid water is heated,
bubbles of water in the gas state form
throughout the liquid

❏ the bubbles rise to the surface and escape

❏ the water is boiling

❏ can only happen when a liquid is hot

enough

Boiling point

❏ Different substances boil at different temperatures. ❏ The

 temperature at which a substance boils is its boiling point.

Substance Boiling point (degC)

Nitrogen -196

Ethanol 78

Water 100

Mercury 357

Copper 2595

Diamond 5100

Gas to liquid

❏ the particles move more slowly

❏ they get closer until they touch each other
❏ the forces of attraction between the
particles are much stronger
❏ a gas becomes a liquid by condensation
❏ a substance is cooled to its boiling point or
Ref: 2
below Reference 2. https://www.twinkl.it/parenting-wiki/condensation

Conclusion

❏ A liquid evaporates or boils to form a gas.

❏ A gas condenses to form a liquid. ❏ Every
substance has its own boiling point.
 5.3
Melting, freezing, and subliming
Objectives

❏ Name and explain changes of state involving solids ❏

Describe how melting points help identify substances

 Solid to liquid

❏ The change of state from solid to liquid is

called melting.
❏ When a solid melts, its particles move out
of their regular pattern.
❏ The particles start to move around, in and
out of each other.
❏ The particle arrangement changes all the
time.
❏ The particles touch each other when a
substance is in both its solid and liquid states.
Melting point

❏ Different substances melt at different temperatures. ❏ The

temperature at which a substance melts is its melting point.

Substance Melting Point (deg C)

Nitrogen -210

Mercury -39

Water 0

Gold 1063

Copper 1083

Liquid to solid
❏ The change of state from liquid to solid is called freezing. ❏ When a
liquid freezes, its particles stop moving around from place to place.

❏ They arrange themselves in a regular pattern, and vibrate on the spot. ❏

The temperature at which a substance freezes is its freezing point. ❏ The
freezing point of a pure substance is the same as its melting point.

Freezing point of water = 0°C

Melting point of water = 0°C

Sublimation
❏ Most solids melt to form liquids
when you heat them.
❏ Sublimation is the transition of
a substance directly from the
solid to the gas state, without
passing through the liquid
state.

Reference 3. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-sublimation-phase-transition-604665

Conclusion
❏ A solid melts to become a liquid.
❏ A liquid freezes to become a solid.
❏ Some solids sublime to form gasses.
❏ Every substance has its own melting / freezing point.

5.4
Energy and changes of state
Objective

❏ Use ideas about energy to explain changes of state

Forces between particles

❏ In solid or liquid state, strong forces hold the particles together

❏ In gas state, the forces between particles are much weaker

Energy for boiling and evaporation

❏ Evaporation happens when some faster-moving particles have enough

energy to overcome the forces that hold the particles together. ❏ These
particles escape from the surface of the liquid. ❏ Boiling happens when,
the particles in a liquid move quickly enough to overcome the forces
holding them together.
❏ A liquid needs energy from heating to make its particles move quickly
enough.
❏ This is why a substance can only boil when it is at its boiling point.
Explaining boiling points

❏ The boiling point of a substance depends on the strength of the

forces between the particles in the liquid state.

❏ The stronger the forces, the more energy is needed to separate the
 particles, and the higher the boiling point.

Explaining melting

❏ The melting point of a substance depends on the strength of the

forces that hold the particles in a pattern.

❏ The stronger these forces, the more energy is needed to make the
solid melt, and the higher the melting point.

Explaining freezing

❏ At the freezing temperature, the particles transfer energy to the

surroundings.
❏ They stop moving around from place to place, and arrange themselves in a
pattern.

Conclusion

❏ Boiling and melting need energy. ❏

Energy leaves a substance when it freezes.