CONSULTANT COMPANY

DRAINAGE REPORT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Name

PROPOSED COMMERCIAL CENTRE AT JALAN TAWAU-KALABAKAN,
TAWAU

1.2 Project Description

The project is a residential development that comprises of 12 units of shoplots, road
reserve and easement reserve.

1.3 Project Location

Jalan Tawau-Kalabakan

1.4 Project Developer

1.5 Consultant Engineer

1.6 Design Guideline

2.0 EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM

2.1 Existing Land Use

The existing land consists of 1 unit of chicken coop and 1 unit of warehouse. It is
naturally grown with prairie grass.

2.2 Topography
As shown in the Pre-Development Flow Diagram, most of the land is considered gently
slope. However, when comes to the west boundary, the earth level is steeper. The height
difference between the high ground and low ground at western boundary is approximately
1.84m.

2.3 Receiving Water Outlet

Referring to the enclosed catchment flow path at Appendix, for pre-development
Catchment, part of the surface runoff is discharged from the site to the nearby southern lot
with lower earth level.

2.4 Pre-Development Catchment Discretion

Pre-development catchment can be defined as the area between the peaks of the higher
ground, in which the runoff water is discharged down to the valley and then to the
existing outlets by flowing through its natural flow paths.

2.5 Impact of Proposed Development on Existing System

After development, the storm water will be discharged to the existing earth drain along
the road side of Jalan Sin On Utara. Detention facility in the form of detention drain will
control all the storm water discharge.

3.0 PROPOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

3.1 General
The proposed drainage system in this development is by discharging the runoff water into
the nearby earth drain via detention drain.

3.1.1 Proposed Landscape and Land Use

The land will be developed into a project that comprises of 12 units of double-storey
terrace house, road reserve and easement reserve.

3.1.2 Proposed Conceptual Drainage Plan and Mitigation Measures

The proposed development area is approximately 0.2959ha. The pre-development consist
of 1 catchment and post-development are 2 respective catchments for computer modeling
and drainage system design purposes.

All internal perimeter drains are designed to cater post-development water runoff of 5
years ARI. Gradients of drains will be aligned as such that the water discharge velocities
are controlled within the range of 0.6m/s and 4m/s, as specified in the Urban Storm water
Management Manual (Malaysia).

For major drainage system, drain functions as detention facility (Detention drain). The
detention drain is along internal road reserve, i.e. in front of residential lots. The drain
will be designed with 50-ARI. Discharge Control Pit (DCP) with orifice will control the
outflow and overflowing weir will serve as emergency spillway.

Final water discharge will be channeled to the road side drain along Jalan Sin On Utara.

3.2 Design Calculation & Computer Simulation / Modeling

3.2.1 Parameters for Drainage System Design

Pre-Development

The pre-development catchment is designed by using Linear Reservoir Routing Method. Pervious
and impervious area flow lengths are assumed to be equal. Horton equation is used as infiltration
method.

Pervious Area design assumptions:-

 Manning’s coefficient ‘n’
 Initial infiltration
 Final infiltration
 Lag constant
 Depression storage
= 0.25 (short grass prairie)
= 125 mm/h (loam soil)
= 5 mm/h (loam soil)
= 0.25 hours
= 7 mm

Impervious Area design assumptions:-

 Manning’s coefficient
 Initial infiltration
 Final infiltration
 Lag constant
 Depression storage
= 0.015 (normal concrete)
= 0 mm/h
= 0 mm/h
= 0.05 hours
= 0.7 mm

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

Table 6 - Pre-Development Properties

Catchment ID Area % Overland Flow Overland

(Ha) Impervious Length (m) Slope
(%)
A 1 0.2959 1.16 15.97 1.80

Catchment A
Flow length = 92.67m

Overland flow length = 2959 / (2 x 92.67)

= 15.97m
Overland slope = (6.62-5.99) x 100
34.96m
= 1.80%
Warehouse = 34.19m²
Therefore, % Impervious = (34.19) x 100
2959
= 1.16%

Post-Development
The post-development catchment is designed by using Linear Reservoir Routing Method. Pervious
and impervious area flow lengths are assumed to be equal. Horton equation is used as infiltration
method.

Pervious Area design assumptions:-

 Manning’s coefficient ‘n’
 Initial infiltration
 Final infiltration
 Lag constant
 Depression storage
= 0.25 (short grass prairie)
= 75 mm/h (loam soil)
= 3 mm/h (loam soil)
= 0.25 hours
= 5 mm

Impervious Area design assumptions:-

 Manning’s coefficient
 Initial infiltration
 Final infiltration
 Lag constant
 Depression storage
= 0.015 (normal concrete)
= 0 mm/h
= 0 mm/h
= 0.05 hours
= 0.7 mm

Table 7 - Post-Development Properties

Catchment % Area Flow Length Overland Flow Overland Slope (%)

Impervious (m2) (m) Length (m) Pervious Impervious
1 86.77 1921.65 156.73 8.54 2.0 5.87
2 36.37 1037.66 175.37 3.66 2.0 5.87

Catchment 1
Overland flow length = Flow length from building roof to house drain leading to detention
drain
= 8.54m
Road Reserve = 346.15m2
Pervious area on Road Reserve = 10% = 34.62 m2
Pervious area of Lot A1 – A12 = 219.57 m2
Total Pervious area = 34.62 + 219.57
= 254.19 m2

DRAINAGE REPORT 3
CONSULTANT COMPANY

Therefore, % Impervious = (1921.65 – 254.19) x 100

1921.65
= 86.77%
Impervious slope = Average between building apron (rainwater downpipe outlet) and
road
= Average (tan(5°) + 3%)
= 5.87%
Pervious slope = 2% (Pervious slope of grass area)

Catchment 2
Overland flow length = Flow length from building roof to house drain leading to detention
drain
= 3.66m
Easement Reserve = 317.65m²
Pervious area on Easement Reserve = 10% = 31.77m²
Pervious area of Lot A1 – A12 = 628.54 m2
Total Pervious area = 31.77 + 628.54
= 660.31 m2

Therefore, % Impervious = (1037.66 – 660.31) x 100

1037.66
= 36.37%
Impervious slope = Average between building apron (rainwater downpipe outlet) and
road
= Average (tan(5°) + 3%)
= 5.87%
Pervious slope = 2% (Pervious slope of grass area)

3.2.2 Design Storm / Rainfall

 Pre-Development: 5 years ARI, 50 years ARI

 Post-Development: 5 years ARI, 50 years ARI
 5 years ARI – Tawau; 50 years ARI – Kuamut
 @ 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min

3.3 Pre-Development Catchment Simulation / Modeling

Catchment A

ARI 5 ARI 50
Time Qpre Time Qpre
(min) (m3/s) (min) (m3/s)
15 0.044 15 0.139
30 0.049 30 0.152
45 0.070 45 0.155
60 0.069 60 0.146
120 0.040 120 0.098
180 0.022 180 0.045

DRAINAGE REPORT 4
CONSULTANT COMPANY

3.4 Post-Development Catchment Simulation / Modeling

Catchment 1 & 2 Detention Drain (Please refer to Appendix for Catchment Flow)

ARI 5 ARI 50
Time Qpost Time Qpost
(min) (m3/s) (min) (m3/s)
15 0.123 15 0.222
30 0.122 30 0.211
45 0.118 45 0.198
60 0.109 60 0.184
120 0.075 120 0.129
180 0.032 180 0.054

3.5 Pre- & Post-Development Catchment Outflow Summary

The water discharged from the post-development catchments will be compared with the pre-
development water discharge to design appropriate detention facilities. Detention facilities will be
designed to cater for post-development 50 years ARI inflow and pre-development 50 years ARI
outflow rate.

Table 8 - Pre-Development Catchment Runoff

Pre-Development (5 years ARI)

Catchment Time (min) Max Outflow (m3/s)
A 45 0.070

Pre-Development (50 years ARI)

Catchment Time (min) Max Outflow (m3/s)
A 45 0.155

Table 9 - Post-Development Catchment Runoff

Post-Development (5 years ARI)

Catchment Time (min) Max Outflow (m3/s)
1  Detention Drain 15 0.123

Post-Development (50 years ARI)

Catchment Time (min) Max Outflow (m3/s)
1  Detention Drain 15 0.222

4.0 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

Comparison is made between Pre-Development Catchment A and Post-Development Catchment

1.

The outflows in 5 years ARI and 50 years ARI for post-development are 0.123m3/s and 0.222m3/s
respectively. In this case, pre-development catchment discharge is compared with all post-
development catchment (5-year ARI : 0.070m3/s vs 0.123m3/s; 50-year ARI : 0.155m3/s vs
0.222m3/s).

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

Therefore, detention facility is required to control the outflow in post-development to prevent

overflowing of the drainage system. Table 10 below shows the summary of the detention drain
design, designed based on the concept that it serves as a detention pond. Discharge control pit
(DCP) controls the outlet of detention drain.

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

Table 10 - Detention Drain Design

Detention Drain 1 Design (50 ARI) - DCP 1

Drain Width (m) 0.90
900mm Drain Average Depth (m) 0.95
Total 900mm Drain Length (m) 99.29
Orifice Diameter of DCP (m) 0.15
No. of Orifice of DCP 1
Orifice Coefficient 0.63
Crest Width (m) 0.90
Crest Elevation (m) 1.05
Water Retained (m3) 76.60
Area Retained (Ha) 0.2959
Water Storage (m3/ha) 258.87
Water Level at 5-ARI (m) 0.553
Water Level at 50-ARI (m) 0.958
Volume Provided (m3) 84.89
*Volume Provided = 84.89m³

Refer to drawing LE/T1414/DR/2(B) & LE/T1414/DR/3(B)

Table 11 - Comparison of Pre- & Post-Development Catchment Outflow

5-ARI

Catchment Total Qpre Total Qpost Note Total Qpost After

(m3/s) (m3/s) Detention Drain
(m3/s)
Catchment A 0.070 Detention required since
Qpre < Qpost
All for Post-D 0.123 0.066 (*)

(*) Detention Drain

= 0.066 m3/s

50-ARI

Catchment Total Qpre Total Qpost Note Total Qpost After

(m3/s) (m3/s) Detention Drain
(m3/s)
Catchment A 0.155 Detention required since
Qpre < Qpost
All for Post-D 0.222 0.103 (*)

(*) Detention Drain

= 0.103m3/s

From Table 11, it can be observed that the total post development outflows are smaller than the
total pre-development outflows after the detention drain is introduced. This complies with the
requirement of Urban Stormwater Management Manual of Malaysia.

In conclusion, the new development will not create catastrophic effect to the drainage system in
the surrounding area as the reduction of the post development peak flow and volume have been
achieved by introducing the water detention facilities.

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

The mitigation measures, as required by the local authority, during the life span of the drainage
system, include:

(1) Continuing maintenance of the drainage system;

(2) Constant checking and inspection of the drainage network to ensure that both the inlet and
outlet function well in order to prevent accumulation of litter and debris;
(3) Maintenance of surface of detention drains to prevent sedimentation of mud and soil; and
(4) Repair of the drainage system structure when required.

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

5.0 CONCLUSION

In post-development, detention drain with dimension width of 900mm is provided to control the
outflow.

One number of 150mm diameter orifice is provided to discharge control pit (DCP) to limit the
outflow discharge. There will be additional overflow weir above the orifice, designed to discharge
the runoff, in case the orifice is blocked with trash. Meanwhile, trash screen is provided for inlet to
DCP to block of trash from the development entering public drainage system.

Major drainage system is designed for 50 years ARI rainfall events. Minor drainage system is
designed for 5 years ARI rainfall events.

Final discharge of the controlled outflow is channeled to existing earth drain along Jalan Sin On
Utara of the development site through 600mm covered drain.

The total outflow values after detention drain are shown in Table 11. They do not exceed the pre-
development outflows. In other words, there will be no increase in water discharge after this land
has been developed.

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

6.0 CAPACITY OF BY PASS DRAIN FOR UPPER CATCHMENT

The possibility of upper catchment discharge through the development site has been taking into
consideration. The proposed 450mm easement drain will be designed to cater the upper catchment
runoff and discharge from the development site. The final water will be discharge through the
proposed 600mm drain to the existing roadside earth drain at the eastern boundary.

The following table shows the rainfall intensity of several time intervals for 50 year ARI
(Kuamut), taken from Miduss98 estimate:-

Time (min) Rainfall Intensity

(mm/hr)
30 159.942
45 126.859
60 106.026

Estimate of catchment area:

a) Upper catchment (west boundary) – 4,784 sq.m

Total area of lands is estimated at 4,784 sq.m (1.182 Ac.). Rational Method is used to estimate the
runoff value. The formula is given as

Q = CiA / 3600

Where Q = Peak discharge (m3/s)

C = Runoff Coefficient (MSMA2, Taken as 0.40 for agriculture)
i = Rainfall intensity (= 0.16 m/hr)
A = Catchment area (approx. 4,784 sq.m = 1.182 Ac.)

Qpeak,a = 0.40 x 0.16 x 4,784/ 3600

= 0.09 m3/s

Qpeak,a + Q2,50 = 0.09 + 0.07 = 0.16 m3/s

The total discharge from the above catchments and part of development site are estimated to be
0.16m³/s. The developer will propose the construction of a 450mm wide RC drain. To calculate the
discharge capacity of the RC drain, Manning’s Formula is used. The formula is given as

Qc = AR2/3 √So
n

Where Qc = Discharge capacity of drain (m3/s)

A = Wetted area of drain (m2)
P = Wetted perimeter of drain (m)
R = A/P
So = Gradient of drain (approx. 1:500)
n = Manning’s Coefficient (= 0.013 for concrete surface)

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

The following shows the typical cross-sectional view of the 450mm wide RC drain:-

450m
Existing Ground Level

TWL
0.20m freeboard

0.80m design water height

DIL

450m

A = 0.45 m x 0.8m = 0.36m2

P = 0.45m + 0.8m x 2 = 2.05 m
R = 0.36/2.05 = 0.18
So = 1/500
n = 0.013

Qc = 0.36 x 0.18(2/3) x √(1/500)

0.013
= 0.39 m3/s

v = Velocity of flow
=Q/A
= 0.39 / 0.36
= 1.08 m/s

From the above calculations, it is showed that the 0.45m wide x 1.00m depth RC drain with flow
capacity of 0.39m³/s is sufficient to cater the water from the adjacent land (0.16 m³/s). Also the
velocity of drain flow is between 0.6m/s and 4.0 m/s which are within a safe range.

Qc > Qpeak
v < 4 m/s

Therefore, the proposed RC drain fulfills the capacity requirement of the existing site condition.

DRAINAGE REPORT 11
CONSULTANT COMPANY

7.0 CAPACITY OF 600MM DRAIN CONNECTING TO EXISTING ROADSIDE

DRAIN

The final water will be discharge through the proposed 600mm drain to the existing roadside earth
drain at the eastern boundary.

The following table shows the rainfall intensity of several time intervals for 50 year ARI
(Kuamut), taken from Miduss98 estimate:-

Time (min) Rainfall Intensity

(mm/hr)
30 159.942
45 126.859
60 106.026

Estimate of catchment area:

a) Upper catchment (west boundary) – 4,784 sq.m

Total area of lands is estimated at 4,784 sq.m (1.182 Ac.). Rational Method is used to estimate the
runoff value. The formula is given as

Q = CiA / 3600

Where Q = Peak discharge (m3/s)

C = Runoff Coefficient (MSMA2, Taken as 0.40 for agriculture)
i = Rainfall intensity (= 0.16 m/hr)
A = Catchment area (approx. 4,784 sq.m = 1.182 Ac.)

Qpeak,a = 0.40 x 0.16 x 4,784/ 3600

= 0.09 m3/s

Qpeak,a + Qtotal,50 = 0.09 + 0.10 = 0.19 m3/s

The total discharge from the above catchments and development site are estimated to be 0.19m³/s.
The developer will propose the construction of a 600mm wide RC drain. To calculate the
discharge capacity of the RC drain, Manning’s Formula is used. The formula is given as

Qc = AR2/3 √So
n

Where Qc = Discharge capacity of drain (m3/s)

A = Wetted area of drain (m2)
P = Wetted perimeter of drain (m)
R = A/P
So = Gradient of drain (approx. 1:100)
n = Manning’s Coefficient (= 0.013 for concrete surface)

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CONSULTANT COMPANY

The following shows the typical cross-sectional view of the 600mm wide RC drain:-

600m
Existing Ground Level

TWL
0.20m freeboard

1.00m design water height

DIL

600m

A = 0.6 m x 1.0 m = 0.60m2

P = 0.6m + 1.0m x 2 = 2.60 m
R = 0.60/2.60 = 0.23
So = 1/500
n = 0.013

Qc = 0.60 x 0.23(2/3) x √(1/500)

0.013
= 0.78 m3/s

v = Velocity of flow
=Q/A
= 0.78 / 0.60
= 1.30 m/s

From the above calculations, it is showed that the 0.60m wide x 1.20m depth RC drain with flow
capacity of 0.78m³/s is sufficient to cater the water from the adjacent land (0.19 m³/s). Also the
velocity of drain flow is between 0.6m/s and 4.0 m/s which are within a safe range.

Qc > Qpeak
v < 4 m/s

Therefore, the proposed RC drain fulfills the capacity requirement of the existing site condition.

DRAINAGE REPORT 13