CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• FOOD PROCESSING PLANT AND LARGE WAREHOUSES
• STATE OF THE ART: AMMONIA SYSTEMS CASCADED WITH CO2
• SAFETY DRAWBACKS FOR AMMONIA
• TOXIC AND FLAMMABLE (T1 DOORS FOR MACHINERY ROOMS)
• COMPLEX AUTHORIZATION FOR COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE
• NEEDS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FOR CONDENSER WATER TREATMENTS
• ACCURATE NEIGHBORHOOD CONTINGENCY PLAN

• TOTAL AMMONIA SYSTEM CHARGE IS HEAVILY

INFLUENCING NEIGHBORHOOD SAFETY PLAN

• AMMONIA TOXICITY IMPACTS SYSTEM

DESIGN

• ALLOWABLE CHARGE FOR 15 m2 OF HIGH

DENSITY OCCUPANCY
WIND • CO2: 3.8 kg
• NH3: 0.01 kg

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• US SCENARIO

• OSHA: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ammoniarefrigeration/
IMPOSING SEVERE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIANS, SITE
ENGINEERS, …) WORKING ON AMMONIA SYSTEMS

• EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris_drafts/recordisplay.cfm?deid=254524
IMPOSING SEVERE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THOSE AMMONIA INSTALLATION THAT CAN
BE AT THE REACH OF PUBLIC

• DHS: DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

https://www.dhs.gov/appendix-a-chemicals-interest-list
IMPOSING SEVERE REQUIREMENTS FOR THOSE END USERS WHO STOCK AMMONIA ON SITE:
SPECIFIC COUNTERMEASURES SHALL BE TAKEN TO PREVENT AMMONIA THEFTS AS IT CAN BE
USED TO PRODUCE TOXIC AND EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS TO BE USED IN TERRORISM
CRIMINAL ACTS

• CO2 GETS YOU FREE FROM ALL THIS …

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• FOOD PROCESSING PLANT AND LARGE WAREHOUSES
• STATE OF THE ART: AMMONIA SYSTEMS CASCADED WITH CO2
• TECHNICAL DRAWBACKS FOR AMMONIA:

• CALLS FOR SPECIAL AND MORE EXPENSIVE COMPONENTS

• STAINLESS STEEL BALL VALVES ARE 3 TIMES MORE EXPENSIVE THAN BRASS BALL
VALVES USED WITH CO2

• NO COPPER ALLOWED: BRAZING (K65) EASIER THAN WELDING

• NH3 COOLED CO2 CONDENSERS ARE VERY EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENTS

• CALLS FOR OPEN TYPE COMPRESSORS: LEAKAGES

• VACUUM @ -33°C: AIR TO BE PURGED FROM CONDENSER FOR LT SYST.

• NON MISCIBLE LUBRICANT - OIL MANAGEMENT IS AN ISSUE

• CANNOT FLOW IN HEAT RECOVERY COILS: POOR EFFICIENCY

• DAMAGE TO CONTROLS IN CASE OF LEAKAGE (PLANT SHUT DOWN !!)

• LIMIT LEAKAGE SOURCE: SMALL NUMBER OF JOINTS

• SINGLE COMPRESSOR UNITS: LOW EFFICIENCY AT PART LOAD

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• FULL CO2 SYSTEM: ONLY ADVANTAGES, NO DRAWBACKS, UNLIKE WITH NH3
• NON TOXIC - NO RESTRICTION IN MACHINERY ROOM
• MISCIBLE LUBRICANT: NO HEADACHES WITH OIL RETURN
• ALLOWED TO FLOW IN HEAT RECOVERY COILS
• LESS EXPENSIVE COMPONENTS
• MUCH SLIMMER RACKS
• QUICKER COMMISSIONING - (1 DAY)
• SEMI-HERMETIC COMPRESSORS: LESS MAINTENANCE, NO LEAKAGES
• SMALLER VESSELS: ALMOST HALF SIZE
• WATER USE AT GAS COOLER
• NO NEED FOR COOLING WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS
• LARGER SPECIFIC CAPACITY:
• 200 kW @ -40°C SUCTION LINES:
• NH3: DN125 - CO2: DN65
• LT SYSTEMS CHARGE PER REFRIGERATED SURFACE (kg/m2)
• NH3: 7,5
• CO2: 0,83
• IN CASE ADIABATIC COOLING IS USED, LESS WATER IS NEEDED
GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• IN CASE ADIABATIC COOLING IS USED, LESS WATER IS NEEDED WITH CO2

• GAS COOLER TO BE COOLED ONLY IN THE LAST SECTION
• SMALLER SURFACE THAN HFCs AND NH3 (COMPLETE CONDENSATION)
• LOWER WATER QUANTITY NEEDED: UP TO 70% REDUCTION

NH3 - HFCS CO2

WATER PADS FOR ENTIRE SURFACE WATER PADS FOR LIMITED SURFACE

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• FIELD EXPERIENCE: ADIABATIC COOLING

• EXAMPLE : CSF SUPERMARKET - BEIJING

• ADIABATIC COOLING: EXCELLENT COP IMPROVEMENT

• RELATIVELY SIMPLE SOLUTION FOR WARMER CLIMATES

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• FIELD EXPERIENCE: ADIABATIC COOLING

• EXAMPLE : CSF SUPERMARKET - BEIJING

COP = 1.23

COP = 2.32

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CO2 AND NH3
• CO2 ADVANTAGES: FABOLOUS 4
• NO TOXIC, NO FLAMMABLE, NO ODP, NO GWP
• CO2 FEATURES VOLUMETRIC CAPACITIES 4-12 TIMES HIGHER THAN NH3

• CO2 WILL FEATURES SIMILAR MAGNITUDE SMALLER SUCTION PIPINGS

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CO2 AND NH3
• CO2 PRESSURE DROPS INDUCES SMALLER SATURATED TEMPERATURE DROP

• HIGHER FLUID SPEED IS ALLOWED WITH CO2

• MUCH BETTER HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• HEAT RECOVERY WITH CO2

LT MT HT

• MANY TEMPERATURES LEVELS AVAILABLE

• HT: SANITARY HOT WATER (UP TO 90°C)

• MT: AMBIENT HEATING

• LT: FLOOR HEATING / DE-ICING

• CO2: SINGLE FLUID HEAT TRANSFER

• HIGHER EFFICIENCY THAN NH3 IS POSSIBLE

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP

• CAPEX (CAPITAL EXPENDITURES)
• BUILDING COSTS
• COMPRESSOR RACK + CONDENSER / GAS COOLER
• INSTALLATION
• NH3: INSTALLER DELIVERS SKIDS AND INSTALLATION
• CO2: INSTALLER REMAINS AN INSTALLER
• (MAIN) REASON FOR CONTRACTORS IN BEING AGAINST CO2
• SHOULD BE CLEAR TO END USERS
• OPEX (OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURES)
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• MAINTENANCE
• EXACT CALCULATION IS DIFFICULT - MANY VARIABLES INFLUENCE THE REAL FIGURES
• APPLICATION
• LOCATION
• NORMATIVES
• ESTIMATION IS ANYWAY POSSIBLE WITH SOME ASSUMPTIONS

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• CAPEX: COMPRESSORS RACK + CONDENSER / GAS COOLER

• NH3

• INSTALLED ON SITE BY COUPLING SEVERAL SKIDS - NO INDUSTRIALIZATION

• NEED WET CONDENSER OPERATION

• WATER CHEMICAL TREATMENT

• NEED PURGER FOR LT OPERATION

• CO2

• SAME ARCHITECTURE TO RETAIL RACKS - FULL INDUSTRIALIZATION

• WET OPERATION BENEFICIAL BUT NOT NECESSARY (EVENTUALLY LESS EXPENSIVE)

• DIFFICULT TO COMPARE BUT IT IS REASONABLE TO THINK A 30% ÷ 50% LOWER COSTS

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• CAPEX: INSTALLATION - PIPINGS

DN100 - CAPACITIES - kW CO2 NH3 R513A

-40°C 700 160 40

-30°C 1000 280 70

-10°C 1700 640 160

+5°C 2500 1000 250

• CO2 BRINGS LARGER COST SAVINGS FOR:

• DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

• LT APPLICATIONS

• 30% ÷ 50% LOWER COSTS ARE REASONABLE FIGURES

• COST SAVINGS WILL BE LESS RELEVANT FOR CHILLER APPLICATIONS

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• FOOD PROCESSING PLANT AND LARGE WAREHOUSES
AMMONIA MACHINERY ROOM CO2 MACHINERY ROOM

• AMMONIA PLANTS TYPICALLY FEATURE LARGER FOOTAGE & VOLUME

• CO2 CALLS FOR MUCH MORE COMPACT FOOTPRINT
GS
$
N
VI

$
• LESS SPACE REQUIRED FOR MACHINERY ROOMS SA

$
X
PE
• 1.5 MW TOTALY DUTY (MT + LT) %
CA

50)
• CO2: 100 m2 0÷

$
(3

$
MORE SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY

$
• NH3: 350 m2

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• FOOD PROCESSING PLANT AND LARGE WAREHOUSES

CO2 WAREHOUSE AMMONIA WAREHOUSE

• CO2 ALLOWS FOR MUCH MORE COMPACT INSTALLATIONS

• LESS MATERIAL IS NEEDED FOR THE SAME REFRIGERATION DUTY $

IN
GS

$
V
SA

$
• LESS SPACE REQUIRED FOR MACHINERY ROOMS CA
PE
X

%
0)
• 200 kW LT 0÷5

$
(3

$
$

• NH3 SL: DN 125 - 121 kg/m

MORE SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY
• CO2 SL: DN 65 - 25 kg/m

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

FREEZING TUNNEL
• LOWER EVAPORATOR DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURES (DELTA_T)
• LOWER FREEZING TIME TO PRODUCT CORE
• SMALLER ICE CRYSTALS - BETTER ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES
• DIRECT HEAT RECLAIM FOR EVENTUAL NEED OF FOOD WEIGHT LOSS

COLD ROOMS
• LOWER EVAPORATOR DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURES (DELTA_T)
• NON TOXIC REFRIGERANT IN PEOPLE PROXIMITY
• NON CONTAMINATING REFRIGERANT IN FOOD PROXIMITY
• MORE EFFICIENT HOT GAS DEFROST

FOOD PROCESSING
• LOWER EVAPORATOR DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURES (DELTA_T)
• NON TOXIC / CONTAMINATING REFRIGERANT IN FOOD / PEOPLE PROXIMITY
• NO NEED FOR SECONDARY LOOP SYSTEMS
• DIRECT HEAT RECLAIM FOR EVENTUAL NEED OF FOOD WEIGHT LOSS

DUAL TEMPERATURE COLD ROOM

• NO NEED FOR DOUBLE LT ARRANGEMENTS
• NO NEED FOR DOUBLE REFRIGERATING CAPACITY

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• PERFORMANCE COMPARISON: FROM COPENHAGEN TO ATHENS
• 2.5 MW MT DUTY + 500 kW LT DUTY
• MINIMUM CONDENSING TEMPERATURE:
• NH3: ACCORDING TO APPLICATION ENVELOPE FOR SCREW COMPRESSORS
• CO2: ACCORDING TO DORIN APPLICATION ENVELOPE

SYSTEMS LAYOUT
• A: NH3 two stage with evaporative condenser
• B: NH3 two stage with cooling tower
• C: CO2 / NH3 with evaporative condenser
• D: CO2 / NH3 with cooling tower
• E: CO2 booster with flash gas bypass (FGB)
• F: CO2 FGB + evaporative condenser
• G: CO2 booster parallel compression (PC)
• H: CO2 PC + evaporative condenser
• I: CO2 PC + ejectors (EJ)
• J: CO2 PC + EJ + evaporative gas cooler

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• 2.5 MW MT DUTY + 500 kW LT DUTY

• Monthly energy consumptions - by location - peaks reached in warmer seasons
• MONTHLY ENERGY CONSUMPTION [kWh] SORTED BY LOCATION

COPENHAGEN ATHENS

• ENERGY PEAKS DURING WARMER SEASONS

• WARMER REGIONS SHOW SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR ALL TECHNOLOGIES

• ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIES HOMOGENEOUSLY WITH THE VARIOUS LATITUDES

• ATHENS > BARCELONA > MILANO > PARIS > WARSAW > COPENHAGEN

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• 2.5 MW MT DUTY + 500 kW LT DUTY

• MONTHLY ENERGY CONSUMPTION [kWh] SORTED BY TECHNOLOGY

CO2 / NH3 WET CO2 FGB

EN

W
AG

IS
SA

O
H

AR

PA

A
AN
N

EN
N

S
W
PE

EN
O

W
IL

AG
EL

SA
CO

IS
M

H
RC

R
AT

O
AR

PA
N

A
AN
BA

PE

N
O
IL

S
CO

EN
EL
M

RC

H
AT
GIACOMO PISANO BA
PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• 2.5 MW MT DUTY + 500 kW LT DUTY

• MONTHLY ENERGY CONSUMPTION [kWh] SORTED BY TECHNOLOGY

CO2 / NH3 WET CO2 EJ WET

EN
EN

W
W

AG

IS
SA
AG

SA

IS

O
R
H
R

AR

PA
O

AN
AR
H

A
PA

N
A
AN
N

N
W
S
N

S
PE
W

IL
PE

O
EN

EN
O
IL

EL
CO
EL
CO

H
RC
AT
RC

AT
BA
BA

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• 2.5 MW MT DUTY + 500 kW LT DUTY

• TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS - [kWh]

ATHENS

BARCELONA

MILANO

PARIS

WARSAW

COPENHAGEN

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• 2.5 MW MT DUTY + 500 kW LT DUTY
• TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS - CO2 / NH3 CASCADE = BASELINE

• CO2 ALLOWS TO OVER-PERFORM OTHER SOLUTIONS DEPENDING ON SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• MAINTENANCE COSTS

• MAIN DIFFERENCES ON COMPRESSORS SAFE OPERATION

• CO2 / NH3 CASCADE: SERVICE IS NEEDED ON PREDICTIVE BASIS

• 5.000 hrs ÷ 10.000 hrs DEPENDING ON COMPRESSORS BRAND AND TECHNOLOGY

• 5.000 € ÷ 10.000 € PER COMPRESSORS ARE REASONABLE FIGURES

• 20 YEARS COMPRESSORS LIFETIME IS THEN EXPECTABLE

• CO2 TRANSCRITICAL:

• TOTALLY DIFFERENT APPROACH

• NO PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE IS NEEDED

• OIL AND FUNCTIONAL CHECKS WITH REGULAR INTERVALS

• END OF LIFE COMPRESSORS REPLACEMENT APPROACH: 10 ÷ 12 YEARS

• 30% - 50% LOWER MAINTENANCE COSTS ARE REASONABLE FIGURES

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• LARGEST ALDI WAREHOUSE IN EUROPE
• 4 MW OVERALL CAPACITY (MT + LT)

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
 CARBON DIOXIDE: APPLICATIONS IN REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

3. COLD CHAIN: INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION - CO2 vs NH3

• LARGEST ALDI WAREHOUSE IN EUROPE

• 4 MW OVERALL CAPACITY (MT + LT)
• 62.000 m2 TOTAL AREA
• >1.000.000 m3 TOTAL VOLUME
• TEMPERATURE CONTROL ON MORE THAN 29.000 m2
• 22 m INDOOR HEIGHT

GIACOMO PISANO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: (PARTIAL) REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISSEMINATION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED