Dna ptl r ]wf

]wf

Ijko fh tnl Clws

J k tnl ylars fh tu`ubt tnat hfbbfwlm tnl Wf`ak fddupatjfk fh 

 Cumla" as Wf`l glda`l lk`lsnlm jk a mlgjbjtatjko djvjb war gl-
twllk Uf`ply @aokus akm njs lrstwnjbl abby Cubjus Dalsar" lvlk
wnjbl rl`kakts fh tnl Nas`fkalak Mykasty dfktjkulm vyjko hfr 
tnl havfrs fh gftn `lk" tnl sjtuatjfk hfr tnl Clwjsn har`lrs akm
plasakts wnf narrfwlm akm sfwlm Ofm‚s bakm stlamjby wfrslklm+
]nl s`abb ha`jby har`shar `s tnat hfr dlkturjls nam slrvlm as tnl prj`ary
gasjs fh tnl rurab ldfkf`y wlrl oramuabby swabbfwlm up gy barol
lstatls am`jkjstlrlm gy bakmlm arjstfdradjls ﬇usn wjtn hrlsnby
`jktlm Wf`ak dfjks+ Wapjm urgakjzatjfk ukmlr Wf`ak rubl hu-
lblm `ass jktlrkab `joratjfk hrf` tnl dfuktrysjml tf tnl djtjls+
]nl aorjdubturl tnat nam fkdl sustajklm tnl `laolr vjbbaol pfpu-
batjfks was kfw ab`fst wnfbby hfduslm fk hllmjko tnl lkofrolm
urgak dlktlrs" blavjko tnl rurab plasakts nukorynuko ry akm mlstjtutl+ ]nl
plasaktry wlrl kft fkby fgbjoatlm tf dfktjkul payjko tnljr taxls
akm tnljr
tn ljr tjtnls
t jtnls tf tnl
tn l ]l`pbl pr
p r jlstnf
jlstnffm"
fm" tnly wlrl kfw hfrdlm tf
pay a nlavy trjgutl tf Wf`l+ Hfr har`lrs" tnl tftab dfubm a`fukt
tf klarby nabh tnljr akkuab yjlbm+
1> SLABF] 

was rlmudlm tf sbavlry+ ]nfsl wnf `akaolm tf rl`ajk fk tnljr 

wastlm filbms fhtlk nam kf dnfjdl gut tf gfrrfw nlavjby hrf` tnl
bakmlm arjstfdrady" at lxfrgjtakt jktlrlst ratls+ Klvlr `jkm tnat
 Clwjsn
 Clwjsn baw hfrgaml tnl dnarojko fh jktlrlst fk bfaks9 tnl `assjv `assjvll
fikls tnat wlrl blvjlm fk tnl pffr hfr batl pay`lkts nam gasjdabby
tnl sa`l lhhldt+ Jk aky dasl" tnl bakmlm arjstfdrady lxpldtlm tnl
plasakts tf mlhaubt fk tnljr bfaks9 tnly wlrl gakijko fk jt+ Hfr jh 
tnl bfak was kft prf`ptby akm hubby
hu bby rlpajm" tnl plasakt‚
plas akt‚ss bakm dfubm
dfu bm
gl dfkfisdatlm akm tnl plasakt ilpt fk tnl har` har ` as a tlkakt tfjbjko
fk glnabh fh jts klw fwklr+
_jtnjk a hlw ylars ahtlr tnl Wf`ak dfkqulst fh Clrusabl`" ak
lktjrl drfp fh bakmblss plasakts hfukm tnl`slbvls strjpplm fh tnljr 
prfplrty wjtn kf way tf hllm tnl`slbvls fr tnljr ha`jbjls+ @aky
fh tnlsl plasakts j``joratlm tf tnl djtjls tf fikm wfri+ Gut jk
Oabjbll"" a nakmhub fh mjspbadlm har`lrs
Oabjbll har `lrs akm bakmf
bakmfwklrs
wklrs lxdnakolm
tnljr pbfws hfr swfrms akm gloak fiontjko gadi aoajkst tnfsl tnly
mll`lm rlspfksjgbl hfr tnljr wfls+ Hrf` tnljr njmjko pbadls jk
tnl davls akm orfttfls fh tnl Oabjblak dfuktrysjml" tnlsl plasakt-
warrjfrs baukdnlm a wavl fh attadis aoajkst tnl Clwjsn arjstfdrady
akm tnl aolkts fh tnl Wf`ak Wlpugbjd+
Wlpugbjd+ ]nly rfa`lm tnrfuon tnl
prfvjkdls" oatnlrjko tf tnl`slbvls tnfsl jk mjstrlss" tnfsl wnf
wlrl mjspfsslsslm akm `jrlm jk mlgt+ Bjil Clwjsn Wfgjk Nffms"
tnly rfgglm tnl rjdn akm" fk fddasjfk" oavl tf tnl pffr+ ]f tnl
hajtnhub" tnlsl plasakt oakos wlrl kftnjko blss tnak tnl pnysjdab
l`gfmj`lkt fh tnl akolr akm suhhlrjko fh tnl pffr+ ]nly wlrl
nlrfls3 sy`gfbs fh rjontlfus zlab aoajkst Wf`ak aoorlssjfk" mjs-
plkslrs fh mjvjkl custjdl tf tnl trajtfrfus Clws+
Clws+ ]nl Wf`aks nam a
mjhhlrlkt wfrm
wfrm hfr tnl`+ ]nly dabblm tnl` blstaj + Gakmjts+
‒Gakmjt‐ was tnl olklrjd tlr` hfr aky rlglb fr jksurrldtjfkjst
wnf l`pbfylm ar`lm vjfblkdl aoajkst Wf`l fr tnl Clwjsn dfb-
bagfratfrs+ ]f tnl Wf`aks" tnl wfrm ‒gakmjt‐ was sykfky`fus
wjtn ‒tnjlh ‒raggbl-rfusl Gut tn
 IJKO FH ]NL CL_T 1:

dupatjfk+ ]njs `ay navl gllk a plasakt rlvfbt9 tnl gakmjt oakos
najblm hrf` j`pfvlrjsnlm vjbbaols bjil L``aus" Gltn-nfrfk" akm
Gltnblnl`+ Gut jt was sf`ltnjko lbsl" tff+ ]nl gakmjts dbaj`lm tf
gl aolkts fh Ofm‚s rltrjgutjfk+ ]nly dbfailm tnljr blamlrs jk tnl
l`gbl`s fh gjgbjdab ijkos akm nlrfls akm prlslktlm tnljr adtjfks as
a prlbuml hfr tnl rlstfratjfk fh Ofm‚s
Ofm‚s ijkomf` fk lartn+ lar tn+ ]nl gak-
mjts tapplm jktf tnl wjmlsprlam apfdabyptjd lxpldtatjfk tnat nam
orjpplm tnl Clws fh Uablstjkl jk tnl wail fh tnl Wf`ak jkvasjfk+
Fkl fh tnl `fst hlarsf`l fh abb tnl gakmjts" tnl dnarjs`atjd
dnar js`atjd gakmjt
dnjlh Nlzlijan" fplkby mldbarlm nj`slbh tf gl tnl `lssjan" tnl
prf`jslm fkl wnf wfubm rlstfrl tnl Clws tf obfry+
@lssjan `laks ‒akfjktlm fkl+‐ ]nl tjtbl abbumls tf tnl pradtjdl
fh pfurjko
pfur jko fr s`larjko fjb fk sf`lfkl dnarolm wjtn mjvjkl fhfidl3
a ijko"
ij ko" bjil Taub"
Taub " fr Mavjm" fr Tfbf`fk9
Tf bf`fk9 a prjlst"
pr jlst" bjil Aarfk akm njs
sfks" wnf wlrl dfksldratlm tf mf Ofm‚s wfri9 a prfpnlt" bjil Jsa-
jan fr Lbjsna" wnf gfrl a spldjab rlbatjfksnjp wjtn Ofm" ak jktj-
`ady tnat df`ls wjtn gljko mlsjokatlm Ofm‚s rlprlslktatjvl fk
lartn+ ]nl prjkdjpab tasi fh tnl `lssjan" wnf was pfpubarby gl-
bjlvlm tf gl tnl mlsdlkmakt fh Ijko Mavjm" was tf rlgujbm Mavjm‚s
ijkomf` akm rllstagbjsn tnl katjfk fh Jsralb+ ]nus" tf dabb fklslbh 
tnl `lssjan at tnl tj`l fh tnl Wf`ak fddupatjfk was takta`fukt
tf mldbarjko war fk Wf`l+ Jkmllm" tnl may wfubm df`l wnlk
tnlsl akory
akor y gakms fh plasakt oakos wfubm
wfubm hfr` tnl gadigfkl fh ak
apfdabyptjd ar`y fh zlabfus rlvfbutjfkarjls tnat wfubm hfrdl tnl
Wf`aks tf ﬇ll Clrusabl` jk nu`jbjatjfk+ Jk tnfsl larby ylars fh 
tnl fddupatjfk" nfwlvlr" tnl gakmjts wlrl bjttbl `frl tnak a kuj-
sakdl+ Ttjbb" tnly kllmlm tf gl stfpplm9 sf`lfkl nam tf rlstfrl
frmlr jk tnl dfuktrysjml+
]nat sf`lfkl turklm fut tf gl a dblvlr yfuko Clwjsn kfgbl-
`ak hrf` Jmu`la
Jm u`la ka`lm
ka` lm Nlrfm+ Nlrfm‚
Nlrfm‚ss hatnlr"
h atnlr" Aktjpatl
A ktjpatlr"r" nam tnl
offm hfrtukl fh gljko fk tnl rjont sjml jk tnl djvjb war gltwllk
Uf`ply @aokus akm Cubjus Dalsar+ Dalsar rlwarmlm Aktjpatlr hfr 
75 SLABF] 

 Cumla+ Glhfrl njs mlatn a hlw yla ylars

rs batlr" Aktjpatlr
A ktjpatlr dl`lktlm njs
pfsjtjfk a`fko tnl Cl Clws
ws gy appfjktjko njs sfks Unasalb akm Nlrfm
as ofvlrkfrs fvlr Clrusabl` akm Oabjbll" rlspldtjvlby+ Nlrfm was
prfgagby fkby fihtllk ylars fbm at tnl tj`l" gut nl j``lmjatlby
mjstjkoujsnlm nj`slbh as ak lhhldtjv
lhhldtjvll blamlr akm lklroltjd suppfrtlr 
suppfr tlr 
fh Wf`l gy baukdnjko a gbffmy drusaml aoajkst tnl gakmjt oakos+
Nl lvlk dapturlm tnl gakmjt dnjlh Nlzlijan akm dut fhh njs nlam"
puttjko ak lkm .tl`pfrarjby* tf tnl gakmjt `lkadl+
_njbl Nlrfm waswas dblarjko Oabjbll fh tnl gakmjt oakos" Aktjof-
A ktjof-
kus" tnl sfk fh Arjstfgubus" wnf nam bfst tnl tnrfkl akm tnl
njon prjlstnffm
pr jlstnffm tf njs grftnlr Nyrdakus
Nyrdakus ahtlr tnl Wf`ak jkvasjfk"
was stjrrjko up trfugbl jk Clrusabl`+ _jtn tnl nlbp fh Wf`l‚s
avfwlm lkl`jls" tnl Uartnjaks" Aktjofkus glsjlolm tnl nfby djty
jk =5 g+d+l+" taijko gftn tnl njon prjlst Nyrdakus akm Nlrfm‚s
grftnlr Unasalb prjsfklr+ Nyrdakus was `utjbatlm" rlkmlrjko nj`
jklbjojgbl" addfrmjko tf Clwjsn baw" tf slrvl aky bfkolr as njon
prjlst9 Nlrfm‚s grftnlr Unasalb df``jttlm sujdjml wnjbl jk daptjv-
jty+
]nl Wf`ak Tlkatl mltlr`jklm tnat tnl `fst lhhldtjvl way tf
rltail Clrusabl` hrf` Uartnjak dfktrfb was tf `ail Nlrfm jts
dbjlkt-ijko akm blt nj` addf`pbjsn tnl tasi fk Wf`l‚Wf`l‚ss glnabh+
glnabh + ]nl
ka`jko fh dbjlkt-ijkos was stakmarm pradtjdl murjko tnl larby ylars
fh tnl Wf`ak
Wf`a k L`pjrl" abbfwjko Wf`l tf lxpakmlxpa km jts gfrmlrs
gfrmlr s wjtn-
fut lxplkmjko vabuagbl rlsfurdls am`jkjstlrjko dfkqulrlm prfv-
jkdls mjrldtby+
Jk 4? g+d+l+" Nlrfm `ardnlm tf Clrusabl`
Clr usabl` wjtn
wjt n a `assjvl Wf`ak
ar`y ukmlr njs df``akm+ Nl lxplbblm tnl Uartnjak hfrdls hrf`
tnl djty akm wjplm fut tnl rl`kakts fh tnl Nas`fkalak mykasty+
Jk rldfokjtjfk fh njs slrvjdls" Wf`l ka`lm Nlrfm ‒Ijko fh tnl
 Clws"
 Cl ws"‐‐ oraktjko nj` a ijkomf` tnat wfubm ubtj`atlby orf o rfw
w barolr 
tnak tnat fh Ijko Tfbf`fk+
Nlrfm‚s was a prf﬇joatl akm tyrakkjdab rubl `arilm gy hardjdab
 IJKO FH ]NL CL_T 71

asdlkmjko tnl tnrfkl" nl `assadrlm klarby lvlry `l`glr fh tnl

Taknlmrjk akm rlpbadlm tnl ]l`pbl prjlsts
pr jlsts wjtn a dbaqul fh hawk-
h awk-
jko am`jrlrs wnf purdnaslm tnljr pfsjtjfks mjrldtby hrf` nj`+
]njs adt lhhldtjvlby klutlrlm tnl pfbjtjdab jk﬇ulkdl fh tnl ]l`pbl
akm rlmjstrjgutlm pfwlr tf a klw dbass fh Clws wnfsl rlbjakdl fk
tnl havfrs fh tnl ijko trakshfr`lm tnl` jktf a sfrt fh kfuvlau
rjdnl arjstfdrady+ Nlrfm‚s plkdnakt hfr vjfblkdl akm njs njonby
pugbjdjzlm
pugbjdjzl m mf`lstjd
mf`lstj d mjsputls"
mjsputl s" wnjdn gfrmlrlm fk tnl gurblsqul"
gurbls qul" blm
nj` tf lxldutl sf `aky `l`glrs fh njs fwk ha`jby tnat Dalsar 
Auoustus fkdl ha`fusby qujpplm" ‒J wfubm ratnlr gl Nlrfm‚s pjo
tnak njs sfk+‐
Jk trutn" gljko Ijko fh tnl Clws jk Nlrfm‚s tj`l was kf lkvj-
agbl tasi+ ]nlrl
] nlrl wlrl"
wlrl" addfrmjko tf
t f Cfslpnus" twlkty-hfur hradtjfu
h radtjfuss
 Clwjsn
 Clwjsn sldts jk akm arfukm
arfukm Clrusabl`+ Abtnfuon kfkl lkcfylmlkcfylm uk-
ratnlr  sdnffbs"
hlttlrlm mf`jkakdl fvlr tnl ftnlrs" tnrll sldts" fr ratnlr sdnffbs"
wlrl partjdubarby jk﬇ulktjab jk snapjko Clwjsn tnfuont at tnl tj`l3
tnl Unarjslls" wnf wlrl prj`arjby bfwlr- akm `jmmbl-dbass raggjs
akm sdnfbars wnf jktlrprltlm tnl baws hfr tnl `assls9 tnl Tammu-
dlls" `frl dfkslrvatjvl akm" wjtn rloarm tf Wf`l" `frl addf`-
`fmatjko prjlsts hrf` wlabtnjlr bakmfwkjko ha`jbjls9 akm tnl
Lsslkls" a prlmf`jkaktby prjlstby `fvl`lkt tnat slparatlm jtslbh 
hrf` tnl autnfrjty fh tnl ]l`pbl akm `aml jts gasl fk a garrlk
njbbtfp jk tnl Mlam Tla vabbly
vabbly dabblm Qu`rak+
Dnarolm wjtn padjhyjko akm am`jkjstratjko ak ukruby akm nlt-
lrfolklfus pfpubatjfk fh Clws" Orllis" Ta`arjtaks" Tyrjaks" akm
Arags”abb fh wnf` natlm nj` `frl tnak tnly natlm ladn ftnlr” 
Nlrfm mjm a `astlrhub cfg fh `ajktajkjko frmlr fk glnabh fh Wf`l+
Njs rljok usnlrlm jk ak lra fh pfbjtjdab stagjbjty a`fko tnl Clws
tnat nam kft gllk sllk hfr dlkturjls+ Nl jkjtjatlm a `fku`lktab
gujbmjko akm pugbjd wfris prfcldt tnat l`pbfylm tlks fh tnfusakms
fh plasakts akm may bagfrlrs" plr`aklktby dnakojko tnl pnysjdab
bakmsdapl fh Clrusabl`+ Nl gujbt `arilts akm tnlatlrs" pabadls akm
77 SLABF] 

fwk lxtravaoakdl" Nlrfm j`pfslm a drusnjko tax ratl upfk njs

sugcldts" hrf` wnjdn nl dfktjkulm tf mjspatdn a nlhty trjgutl tf
Wf`l" akm wjtn pblasurl" as ak lxprlssjfk fh njs lstll` hfr njs
Wf`ak `astlrs+ Nlrfm was kft cust tnl l`plrfr‚s dbjlkt-ijko+ Nl
was a dbfsl akm plrsfkab
plrsf kab hrjlkm"
hr jlkm" a bfyab
bfyab djtjzlk fh
f h tnl Wlpugbjd wnf
waktlm `frl tnak tf l`ubatl Wf`l9 nl waktlm tf rl`ail jt jk
tnl sakms fh Cumla+ Nl jkstjtutlm a hfrdlm Nlbblkjzatjfk prfora`
upfk tnl Clws" grjkojko oy`kasja" Orlli a`pnjtnlatlrs" akm
Wf`ak gatns tf Clrusabl`+ Nl `aml Orlli tnl bakouaol fh njs
dfurt akm `jktlm dfjks glarjko Orlli blttlrs akm paoak jksjokja+
 Zlt
 Z lt Nlrfm
Nlrfm was absf a ClClww" akm as sudn nl ukmlrstffm
ukmlrstffm tnl j`pfr-
takdl fh applabjko tf tnl rlbjojfus slksjgjbjtjls fh njs sugcldts+ ]nat
js wny nl l`garilm fk njs `fst a`gjtjfus prfcldt3 tnl rlgujbmjko
akm lxpaksjfk fh tnl ]l`pbl fh Clrusabl`+ Jt was Nlrfm wnf nam
tnl ]l`pbl rajslm fk a pbathfr` atfp @fukt @frjan”tnl njonlst
pfjkt jk tnl djty”akm l`glbbjsnlm wjtn wjml Wf`ak dfbfkkamls
akm tfwlrjko `argbl dfbu`ks tnat obla`lm jk tnl suk+ Nlrfm‚s
]l`pbl was `lakt tf j`prlss njs patrfks jk Wf`l" gut nl absf
waktlm tf pblasl njs hlbbfw Clws" `aky fh wnf` mjm kft dfksjmlr 
tnl Ijko
Ij ko fh tnl Clws tf gl nj`slbh
nj` slbh a Clw+
Clw+ Nlrfm was a dfkv df kvlrt
lrt"" ahtlr 
abb+ Njs `ftnlr was ak Arag+ Njs plfpbl" tnl Jmu`laks" nam df`l
tf Cumajs` fkby a olklratjfk fr twf larbjlr+larbjlr+ ]nl rlgujb
rlgujbmjko
mjko fh tnl
]l`pbl was" hfr Nlrfm" kft fkby fk by a `laks
`lak s fh sfbjmjhy
s fbjmjhyjko
jko njs pfbjtjd
pfbjtjdab
ab
mf`jkakdl9 jt was a mlsplratl pbla hfr addlptakdl gy njs Clwjsn
sugcldts+
Jt mjm kft wfri+
Mlspjtl tnl rlgujbmjko fh tnl ]l`pbl" Nlrfm‚s ukagasnlm Nlb-
blkjs` akm njs aoorlssjvl attl`pts tf ‒Wf`akjzl‐ Clrusabl` lk-
raolm pjfus Clws wnf sll` klvlr tf navl dlaslm vjlwjko tnljr 
ijko as a sbavl tf hfrljok `astlrs akm a mlvftll fh hfrljok ofms+
Kft lvlk tnl
t nl ]l`pb
l`pbl"
l" tnl sup
suprl`l
rl`l sy`gf
s y`gfbb fh Clwjsn
Clwj sn jmlkt
j mlktjty
jty"" dfu
dfubm
bm
`asi Nlrfm‚s jkhatuatjfk wjtn Wf`l+ Tnfrtby glhfrl jts df`pbl-
 IJKO FH ]NL CL_T 74

twf sadrjfidls a may fk glnabh fh Dalsar Auoustus as ‒tnl Tfk fh 

Ofm+‐
Ofm+ ‐ Klv
Klvlrt
lrtnlblss
nlblss"" jt js a sjok fh nfw fir`by
fir`b y Nlrfm nlbm njs n js ijko-
ijko -
mf` jk njs or orjpjp tnat tnl olklrab fmju` fh tnl Clws tfwarm tfwarm njs rljok
klvlr rfsl tf tnl blvlb fh jksurrldtjfk" at blast kft jk njs bjhltj`l+
_nlk Nlrfm tnl Orlat mjlm jk = g+d+l+" Auoustus spbjt njs rlab`
a`fko njs tnrll
tn rll sfks3
sfk s3 Ardnlbaus was ojvlk Cumla" Ta`ar Ta`arja"ja" akm Jmu-
Jm u-
`la9 Nlrfm Aktjpas”ikfwk as ‒tnl Hfx‐”rljoklm fvlr Oabjbll
akm Ulrala .a rlojfk jk tnl ]rakscfrmak kfrtnlast fh tnl Mlam
Tla*9 akm Unjbjp was nakmlm dfktrfb fvlr Oaubakjtjs .`fmlrk may
Ofbak* akm tnl bakms kfrtnlast fh tnl Tla fh Oabjbll+ Kfkl fh 
Nlrfm‚s tnrll sfks wlrl ojvlk tnl tjtbl fh ijko3 Aktjpas akm Unjbjp
wlrl ladn ka`lm tltrardn" `lakjko ‒rublr fh a quartl qu artlr"
r"‐
‐ akm Ardnl-
baus was ka`lm ltnkardn" fr ‒rublr fh a plfpbl‐9 gftn tjtbls wlrl
mlbjglratlby `lakt tf sjokab tnl lkm fh ukjfilm ijkosnjp fvlr tnl
 Clws+
 Clws+
]nl mjvjsjfk fh Nlrfm‚s ijkomf` prfvlm a mjsastlr hfr Wf`l"
as tnl ma` fh akolr akm rlslkt`lkt tnat nam gllk gujbt murjko njs
bfko akm fpprlssjvl rljok gurst jktf a ﬇ffm fh rjfts akm vjfblkt
prftlsts tnat njs klggjsn sfks" mubblm gy a bjhl fh jmblklss akm bak-
oufr" dfubm narmby dfktajk+ ]nl rjftlrs gurklm mfwk fkl fh 
Nlrfm‚s pabadls fk tnl Cfrmak Wjvlr+ ]wjdl" tnl ]l`pbl jtslbh was
fvlr
fv lrruk
ruk33 first mur
murjko
jko Uassfvlr"
Uassfvlr" tnlk aoajk
ao ajk at Tnavuft
Tn avuft fr tnl
tn l Hlstjvab
fh _llis+ Jk tnl dfuktrysjml" tnl gakmjt oakos tnat Nlrfm nam
glatlk jktf sug`jssjfk fkdl aoajk gloak tlarjko tnrfuon Oabjbll"
sbauontlr
sbauon tlrjko
jko tnl hfr
h fr`lr
`lr ijko‚s
ijko‚s assfdjatls+
assfdj atls+ Jk Jmu`la"
Jmu`la " Nlrfm‚
Nlrfm‚ss nf`l
rlojfk" twf tnfusakm fh njs sfbmjlrs `utjkjlm+ Lvlk Nlrfm‚s abbjls"
jkdbumjko njs fwk dfusjk Adnjag" cfjklm tnl rlglbbjfk+
]nlsl uprjsjkos wlrl kf mfugt hulblm gy tnl `lssjakjd lxpld-
tatjfkss fh tnl Clws+ Jk Ulrala" a hfr`lr
tatjfk hfr `lr sbav
sb avll fh Nlrfm‚
Nlrfm‚s”ak
s”ak j`pfs-
j `pfs-
jko ojakt fh a `ak ka`lm Tj`fk”drfwklm nj`slbh `lssjan akm
rabbjlm tfoltnlr a orfup fh gakmjts tf pbukmlr tnl rfyab pabadls at
 Clrjdnf+ ]nl rlglbbjfk lkmlm wnlk was dapturlm akm gl-
7= SLABF] 

baukdnlm a hffbnarmy attadi aoajkst Wf`ak hfrdls+ Nl" tff" was

dauont akm lxldutlm+
]nl dnafs akm gbffmsnlm dfktjkulm ukagatlm uktjb Dalsar Au-
oustus fikabby frmlrlm njs fwk trffps jktf Cumla tf put ak lkm tf
tnl uprjsjko+
upr jsjko+ Abtnfuon
A btnfuon tnl l`plrfr abbfwlm
abbfwlm Unjbjp akm Aktjpas
Aktjpas tf
rl`ajk jk tnljr
tnl jr pfsts"
pfsts " nl slkt Ardnlbaus
Ardnlbaus jktf
j ktf lxjbl" pbadlm Clrusabl`
Clru sabl`
ukmlr a Wf`ak
Wf`a k ofvlrkfr" akm" jk tnl ylar 8 d+l+" trakshfr`lm abb fh 
 Cumla jktf a prfvjkdl
prfvjkdl rublm mjrldtby gy Wf`l+
Wf`l+ ]nlrl
]nlrl wfubm
wfubm gl kf
`frl sl`j-jkmlplkml
sl`j-j kmlplkmlkdl+ kdl+ Kf `frl dbjlkt-ijkos
dbjlk t-ijkos++ Kf `frl Ijko fh  f h 
tnl Clws+ Clrusabl` kfw glbfkolm wnfbby tf Wf`l+
Addfrmjko tf tramjtjfk" Nlrfm tnl Orlat mjlm fk tnl lvl fh 
Uassfvlr jk = g+d+l+" at tnl rjpl aol fh slvlkty" navjko rljoklm fvlr 
tnl Clws hfr tnjrty-slvlk ylars+ Cfslpnus wrjtls tnat fk tnl may fh 
Nlrfm‚s mlatn" tnlrl was ak ldbjpsl fh tnl `ffk" ak jkauspjdjfus
sjok" plrnaps prlsaojko tnl tu`ubt tnat wfubm hfbbfw+ ]nlrl js" fh 
dfursl" akftnlr tramjtjfk tfbm agfut tnl ml`jsl fh Nlrfm tnl Orlat3
tnat sf`ltj`l gltwllk njs mlatn jk = g+d+l+ akm tnl Wf`ak tail-
fvlr fh Clrusabl` jk 8 d+l+" jk ak fgsdurl njbbsjml vjbbaol jk Oabjbll"
a dnjbm was gfrk wnf wfubm fkl may dbaj` hfr nj`slbh Nlrfm‚s
`aktbl as Ijko fh tnl Clws+
 Dnaptlr ]nrll 

Zfu Ikfw _nlrl J A` Hrf`

A kdjlkt Kazarltn rlsts fk tnl caoolm grfw fh a wjkmy njbbtfp

jk bfwlr
bfwlr Oabjbll+
Oabjbl l+ Kf `frl tnak
tna k a nukmrlm
nuk mrlm Clwjsn ha`jbjls
ha `jbjls bjvl
jk tnjs tjky vjbbaol+ ]nlrl arl kf rfams" kf pugbjd gujbmjkos+ ]nlrl
js kf sykaofoul+ ]nl vjbbaolrs snarl a sjkobl wlbb hrf` wnjdn tf
mraw hrlsn watlr+ A sjkobl gatn" hlm gy a trjdibl fh rajkhabb dapturlm
akm stfrlm jk ukmlrorfukm djstlrks" slrvls tnl lktjrl pfpubatjfk+ Jt
js a vjbbaol fh `fstby jbbjtlratl plasakts" har`lrs" akm may bagfrlrs9 a
pbadl tnat mfls kft lxjst fk aky `ap+
]nl nf`ls jk Kazarltn arl sj`pbl ahhajrs3 a sjkobl wjkmfwblss
rff`" mjvjmlm jk twf”fkl rff` hfr tnl ha`jby" tnl ftnlr hfr tnl
bjvlstfdi”`aml fh wnjtlwasnlm `um akm stfkl akm drfwklm
wjtn a ﬇at-tfpplm rffh wnlrl tnl nfuslnfbmlrs oatnlr tf pray"
wnlrl tnly bay fut tnljr wasn tf mry" wnlrl tnly tail tnljr `labs
fk tl`plratl lvlkjkos" akm wnlrl" jk tnl nft su``lr `fktns"
tnly rfbb fut tnljr musty `ats akm sbllp+ ]nl budiy jknagjtakts nav navll
a dfurtyarm akm a tjky patdn fh sfjb tf orfw vloltagbls" hfr kf `at-
tlr tnljr fddupatjfk fr sijbb" lv
lvlry
lry Kazarlak js a har
har`lr+
`lr+ ]nl plas-
akts wnf dabb tnjs sldbumlm vjbbaol nf`l arl" wjtnfut lxdlptjfk"
78 SLABF] 

pbakts tnljr fwk drfps3 a gjt fh garbly" sf`l wnlat" a hlw stabis fh 
`jbblt akm fats+ ]nl `akurl dfbbldtlm hrf` tnl akj`abs hllms tnl
lartn" wnjdn jk turk hllms tnl vjbbaolrs" wnf tnlk hllm tnl bjvl-
stfdi+ Tlbh-suhfidjlkdy js tnl rubl+
]nl njbbsjml na`blt fh Kazarltn js sf s`abb" sf fgsdurl" tnat jts
ka`l mfls kft applar jk aky akdjlkt Clwjsn sfurdl glhfrl tnl tnjrm
dlktury d+l+ ”kft
 ”kft jk tnl Nlgrl
Nlgrlw w Gjgbl" kft jk tnl ]ab`um" kft jk
tnl @jmrasn" kft jk Cfslpnus+ Jt js" jk snfrt" ak jkdfkslqulktjab akm
uttlrby hfrolttagbl pbadl+ Jt js absf tnl djty jk wnjdn Clsus was bjilby
gfrk akm rajslm+ ]nat nl da`l hrf` tnjs tjontby lkdbfslm vjbbaol fh 
a hlw nukmrlm j`pfvlrjsnlm Clws `ay vlry wlbb gl tnl fkby hadt
dfkdlrkjko Clsus‚s dnjbmnffm agfut wnjdn wl dak gl hajrby dfkfi-
mlkt+ Tf jmlktjfilm was Clsus wjtn Kazarltn tnat nl was ikfwk
tnrfuonfut njs bjhl sj`pby as ‒tnl Kazarlak+‐ Dfksjmlrjko nfw
df``fk a first ka`l Clsus was" tnl djty fh njs gjrtn glda`l njs
prjkdjpab sfgrjqult+ Jt was tnl fkl tnjko agfut wnjdn lvlryfkl
wnf iklw nj`”njs hrjlkms akm njs lkl`jls abjil”sll`lm tf
aorll+
_ny" tnlk" mf @attnlw akm Buil”akm fkby @attnlw .731— :* :*
akm Buil .731— 71*”dbaj`
71*”dbaj` tnat Clsus was was gfrk
gfr k kft jk Kazarltn gut
jk Gltnblnl`" lvlk tnfuon tnl ka`l Gltnblnl` mfls kft applar 
akywnlrl lbsl jk tnl lktjrl Klw ]lsta`lkt .kft lvlk akywnlrl
lbsl jk @attnlw fr Buil" gftn fh wnjdn rlplatlmby rlhlr tf Clsus as
‒tnl Kazarlak‐*"
Kazarlak ‐*" sav
savll hfr a sjkobl vlrsl jk
j k tnl ofsplb fh Cfnk .?3=7*6
.?3 =7*6
]nl akswlr `ay gl hfukm jk tnat vlrsl hrf` Cfnk+
Jt was" tnl lvakolbjst wrjtls" larby jk Clsus‚s `jkjstry+ \p tf tnjs
pfjkt" Clsus nam" hfr tnl `fst part" rlstrjdtlm nj`slbh tf prladnjko
njs `lssaol tf tnl pffr har`lrs akm fisnlr`lk fh Oabjbll”njs
hrjlkms akm kljongfrs+ Gut kfw tnat tnl Hlast fh ]aglrkadbls nas
arrjvlm" Clsus‚s ha`jby urol nj` tf travlb wjtn tnl` tf Cumla tf
dlblgratl tnl cfyfus narvlst hlstjvab tfoltnlr" akm tf rlvlab nj`slbh 
tf tnl `assls+
 ZF\ IKF_ _NLWL J A@ HWF@ 7?

 Clsus rlhusls+ ‒Z ‒Zfu

fu of
of""‐ nl tlbbs tnl`+ ‒J a` kft ofjko tf tnjs
hlstjvab+ Jt js kft ylt `y tj`l+‐
 Clsus‚ss ha`jby
 Clsus‚ h a`jby blavl
blavl nj` glnjkm akm nlam fhh tf Cumla tfoltnlr+ tfoltnlr+
 Zlt"
 Z lt" ukglikfw
ukglikfwkst kst tf tnl`" Clsus mldjmls tf hfbbfw tnl` mfwk mfwk tf
 Cumla ahtlr
ahtlr abb" jh hfr kf ftnlr rlasfk
rlasfk tnak tf sldrltby
sldrltby rfa`
rfa` tnrfuon
tnrfuon
tnl assl`gblm drfwm akm nlar wnat plfpbl arl sayjko agfut nj`+
‒Nl js a offm `ak"‐ sf`lfkl wnjsplrs+
‒Kf+ Nl js blamjko tnl plfpbl astray"‐ says akftnlr+
Tf`ltj`l batlr" ahtlr Clsus nas rlvlablm nj`slbh tf tnl drfwm" a
hlw glojk tf `ail oulssls agfut njs jmlktjty+ ‒Turlby" nl js a
prfpnlt+‐
Akm tnlk sf`lfkl fikabby says jt+ Lvlryfkl js dblarby tnjkijko
jt9 nfw dfubm tnly kft gl" wnat wjtn Clsus stakmjko tabb a`jm tnl
drfwm
drf wm mldbarjko"
mldbar jko" ‒Blt nl wnf wn f tnjrsts
tnjr sts df`l tf `l akm mrm r jki6‐ Nfw
arl tnly tf ukmlrstakm sudn nlrltjdab wfrms6 _nf lbsl wfubm marl
say sudn a tnjko fplkby akm wjtnjk larsnft fh tnl sdrjgls akm tnl
tladnlr
tla dnlrss fh tnl
tn l baw"
baw" `aky fh wnf`"
w nf`" wl arl tfbm" wfubm bjil kftnjkf tnjko
ko
`frl tnak tf sjblkdl akm arrlst ar rlst tnjs jrisf`l prladnlr6
‒]njs `ak js tnl `lssjan!‐
]njs js kf sj`pbl mldbaratjfk+ Jt js" jk hadt" ak adt fh trlasfk+ Jk
first-dlktury Uablstjkl" sj`pby sayjko tnl wfrms ‒]njs js tnl `ls-
sjan"‐ abfum akm jk pugbjd" dak gl a drj`jkab fhhlksl" pukjsnagbl gy
drudjfixjfk+ ]rul" tnl Clws fh Clsus‚s tj`l nam sf`lwnat dfk﬇jdt-
jko vjlws agfut tnl rfbl akm hukdtjfk fh tnl `lssjan" hlm gy a sdfrl
fh `lssjakjd tramjtjfks akm pfpubar hfbitabls tnat wlrl ﬇fatjko
arfukm tnl Nfby Bakm+ Tf`l glbjlvlm tnl `lssjan wfubm gl a rl-
stfratjvll fiourl wnf wfubm rlturk tnl Clws tf tnljr prl
stfratjv prlvjfus
vjfus pfsj-
tjfk fh pfwlr akm obfry+ Ftnlrs vjlwlm tnl `lssjan jk `frl
apfdabyptjd akm utfpjak tlr`s" as sf`lfkl wnf wfubm akkjnjbatl
tnl prlslkt wfrbm akm gujbm a klw" `frl cust wfrbm upfk jts rujks+
]nlrl wlrl tnfsl wnf tnfuont tnl `lssjan wfubm gl a ijko" akm
tnfsl wnf tnfuont nl‚ nl‚m
m gl a ]nl Lsslkls apparlktby awajtlm
awajtlm
7> SLABF] 

`fst Clws tnfuont fh tnl `lssjan as pfsslssjko a df`gjkatjfk fh 

gftn trajts+
tr ajts+ Klv
Klvlrt
lrtnlblss
nlblss"" a`fko tnltn l drfwm fh Clws oatnlrlm hfr tnl t nl
Hlast fh ]aglrkadbls" tnlrl sll`s tf navl gllk a hajr dfkslksus
agfut wnf tnl `lssjan js suppfslm tf gl akm wnat tnl `lssjan js
suppfslm tf mf3 nl js tnl mlsdlkmakt fh Ijko Mavjm9 nl df`ls tf
rlstfrl Jsralb" tf hrll tnl Clws hrf` tnl yfil fh fddupatjfk" akm tf
lstagbjsn Ofm‚s rubl jk Clrusabl`+ ]f dabb Clsus tnl `lssjan" tnlrl-
hfrl" js tf pbadl nj` jklxfragby upfk a patn”abrlamy wlbb trfmmlk
gy a nfst fh hajblm `lssjans wnf da`l glhfrl nj`”tfwarm dfk-
﬇jdt" rlv
rlvfbutjf
fbutjfk"k" akm war aoajkst
aoaj kst tnl
t nl prlvajbjko pfwlrs+ _nlrl
_ nlrl tnat
patn wfubm ubtj`atlby blam" kf fkl at tnl hlstjvab dfubm ikfw hfr 
surl+ Gut tnlrl was sf`l slksl fh wnlrl tnl patn `ust glojk+
‒Mfls kft tnl sdr sdrjpturl
jpturl say tnat tnl `lssjan js fh Mavjm‚s
Mavjm‚s sllm6‐
sf`lfkll jk tnl drf
sf`lfk drfwm
wm asis+ ‒]nat nl df`ls hrf` tnl tn l vjbbaol
vjbbao l wnlrl
Mavjm bjvlm6 Hrf` Gltnblnl`6‐
‒Gut wl ikfw wnlrl tnjs `ak df`ls hrf`"‐ dbaj`s akftnlr+
Jkmllm" tnl drfwm sll`s tf t f ikfw Clsus wlbb+ ]nly
]n ly ikfw njs grftn-
lrs" wnf arl tnlrl wjtn nj`+ Njs lktjrl ha`jby js prlslkt+ ]nly
travlblm tf tnl hlstjvab tfoltnlr hrf` tnljr nf`l jk Oabjbll+ Hrf`
Kazarltn+
‒Bffi jktf jt"‐ says a Unarjsll wjtn tnl dfkfimlkdl tnat df`ls
hrf` a bjhltj`l fh sdrutjkjzjko tnl sdrjpturls+ ‒Zfu wjbb sll3 tnl
prfpnlt mfls kft df`l fut fh Oabjbll+‐
 Clsus mfls kft mjsputl tnljr dbaj`+ ‒Zls" yfu abb ikf ikfw w `l"
`l"‐‐
nl am`jts+ ‒Akm yfu ikfw wnlrl J a` hrf`+‐ Jkstlam" nl ml﬇ldts
tnl `attlr fh f h njs lartnby
lar tnby nf`l lktjrlby
lkt jrlby"" dnffsj
dnffsjko
ko jkstlam
jkstla m tf l`pna-
sjzl njs nlavlkby frjojks+ ‒J navl kft df`l nlrl fk `y fwk9 tnl
fkl wnf slkt `l js trul+ Akm nl" yfu mf kft ikfw+ Gut J ikfw
nj`+ J a` hrf` nj`+ Nl js tnl fkl fk l wnf slkt `l‐ `l ‐ . Cfnk ?31— 7:*+
7:*+
Tudn statl`lkts arl df``fkpbadl jk Cfnk" tnl bast fh tnl hfur 
dakfkjzlm ofsplbs" df`pfslm gltwllk 155 akm 175 d+l+ Cfnk
snfws kf jktlrlst at abb jk Clsus‚s pnysjdab gjrtn" tnfuon lvlk nl
 ZF\ IKF_ _NLWL J A@ HWF@ 7:

tnl glojkkjko
glo jkkjko fh tj`l" tnl prj`ab
pr j`ab hfrdl tnrfuon wnf` abb drlatjfk
sprako akm wjtnfut wnf` kftnjko da`l jktf gljko . Cfnk 134*+
A sj`jbar badi fh dfkdlrk agfut Clsus‚s lartnby frjojks dak gl
hfukm jk tnl first ofsplb" @ari" wrjttlk cust ahtlr ?5 d+l+ @ari‚s
hfdus js ilpt squarlby fk Clsus‚s `jkjstry9 nl js ukjktlrlstlm ljtnlr 
jk Clsus‚
Clsus ‚s gjrtn
gjr tn fr" plrnaps sursurpr
prjsjkob
jsjkobyy" jk Clsus‚
Clsus ‚s rlsurrldtjfk"
rlsur rldtjfk" as nl
wrjtls kftnjko at abb agfut ljtnlr lvlkt+
]nl larby Dnrjstjak df``ukjty applars kft tf navl gllk par-
tjdubarby dfkdlrklm agfut aky aspldt fh Clsus‚s Clsus‚s bjhl glhfrl tnl baukdn
fh njs `jkjstry
`jkjstr y+ Ttfrjls agfut njs gjrtn
gjr tn akm dnjbmnffm arl dfkspjdu-
fusby agslkt hrf` tnl larbjlst wrjttlk mfdu`lkts+ ]nl Q  Q `atlrjab"
`atlrjab"
wnjdn was df`pjblm arfukm <5 d+l+" `ails kf `lktjfk fh aky-
tnjko tnat napplklm glhfrl Clsus‚s gaptjs` gy Cfnk tnl Gaptjst+
]nl blttlr
b lttlrss fh Uaub" wnjdn `ail
`a il up tnl gubi fh tnl Klw ]lsta`lk lsta`lkt"t"
arl wnfbby mltadnlm hrf` aky lvlkt jk Clsus‚s bjhl savl njs drudjfix-
jfk akm rlsurrldtjfk .tnfuon Uaub mfls `lktjfk tnl Bast Tupplr*+
Gut as jktlrlst jk tnl plrsfk fh Clsus jkdrlaslm ahtlr njs mlatn" ak
urolkt kllm arfsl a`fko sf`l jk tnl larby Dnrjstjak df``ukjty
tf fibb jk tnl oaps fh Clsus‚s larby ylars akm" jk partjdubar" tf ammrlss
tnl `attlr fh njs gjrtngjr tn jk Kazarltn" wnjdn sll`s tf nav navll gllk uslm
gy njs Clwjsn mltradtfrs tf prfvl tnat Clsus dfubm kft pfssjgby navl
gllk tnl `lssjan" at blast kft addfrmjko tf tnl prfpnldjls+ Tf`l
ijkm fh drlatjvl sfbutjfk was rlqujrlm tf pusn gadi aoajkst tnjs
drjtjdjs
dr jtjdjs`"
`" sf`l `laks tf olt o lt Clsus‚s
Clsus‚s parlkts tf Gltnblnl`
Gltnb lnl` sf tnat nl nl
dfubm gl gfrk jk tnl sa`l djty as Mavjm+
Hfr Buil" tnl akswlr bjls jk a dlksus dlksus++ ‒Jk tnfsl
t nfsl mays"
mays"‐‐ nl wrjtls"
wr jtls"
‒tnlrl da`l a mldrll hrf` Dalsar Auoustus tnat tnl lktjrl Wf`ak
wfrbm snfubm gl rlojstlrlm+ ]njs was tnl first rlojstratjfk tf tail
pbadl wnjbl Qujrjkjus was ofvlrkfr fh Tyrja+ Lvlryfkl wlkt tf njs
fwk tfwk tf gl rlojstlrlm+ Cfslpn absf wlkt up hrf` tnl tfwk fh 
Kazarltn jk Oabjbll tf Cumla" tf Gltnblnl`" tnl djty fh Mavjm+‐
]nlk" jk dasl njs rlamlrs `ay navl `jsslm tnl pfjkt" Buil amms"
 45 S L A BF ] 

Buil js rjont agfut fkl tnjko akm fkl tnjko fkby+ ]lk ylars
ahtlr tnl mlatn fh Nlrfm tnl Orlat" jk tnl ylar 8 d+l+" wnlk Cumla
fhfidjabby glda`l a Wf`ak prfvjkdl" tnl Tyrjak ofvlrkfr" Qujrjk-
jus" mjm dabb hfr a dlksus tf gl tailk fh abb tnl plfpbl" prfplrty" akm
sbavls jk Cumla" Ta`arja" akm Jmu`la”kft ‒tnl lktjrl Wf`ak
wfrbm"‐ as Buil dbaj`s" akm mlfikjtlby kft Oabjbll" wnlrl Clsus‚s
ha`jby bjvlm .Buil js absf wrfko tf assfdjatl Qujrjkjus‚s dlksus jk
8 d+l+ wjtn tnl gjrtn fh Clsus" wnjdn `fst sdnfbars pbadl dbfslr tf
= g+d+l+" tnl ylar ojvlk jk tnl ofsplb fh @attnlw*+ Nfwlvlr" gl-
dausl tnl sfbl purpfsl fh a dlksus was taxatjfk" Wf`ak baw as-
slsslm ak jkmjvjmuab‚s prfplrty jk tnl pbadl fh rlsjmlkdl" kft jk tnl
pbadl fh fkl‚s
fkl‚s gjrtn+ ]nlrl js kftnjko wrjttlk
wr jttlk jk aky Wf`ak mfdu-
`lkt fh tnl tj`l .akm tnl Wf`aks wlrl wlrl qujtl amlpt at mfdu`lk-
tatjfk" partjdubarby wnlk jt da`l tf taxatjfk* tf jkmjdatl ftnlrwjsl+
Buil‚s suoolstjfk tnat tnl lktjrl Wf`ak ldfkf`y wfubm plrjfmj-
dabby gl pbadlm fk nfbm as lvlry Wf`ak sugcldt was hfrdlm tf
uprfft nj`slbh akm njs lktjrl ha`jby jk frmlr tf travlb orlat mjs-
takdls tf tnl pbadl fh njs hatnlr‚s gjrtn" akm tnlk wajt tnlrl pa-
tjlktby" plrnaps hfr `fktns" hfr ak fhfidjab tf tail stfdi fh njs
ha`jby akm njs pfsslssjfks" wnjdn" jk aky dasl" nl wfubm navl blht
glnjkm jk njs pbadl fh rlsjmlkdl" js" jk a wfrm" prlpfstlrfus+
_nat js j`pfrtakt tf ukmlrstakm agfut Buil‚s Buil‚s jkhakdy
jkh akdy karratjv
kar ratjvll
js tnat njs rlamlrs" stjbb bjvjko ukmlr Wf`ak mf`jkjfk" wfubm navl
ikfwk tnat Buil‚s addfukt fh Qujrjkjus‚s dlksus was hadtuabby jk-
adduratl+ Buil nj`slbh" wrjtjko a bjttbl `frl tnak a olklratjfk ahtlr 
tnl lvlkts nl mlsdrjgls"
mlsdr jgls" iklw tnat wnat nl was wrjtjko
wrjtj ko was tldnkj-
dabby habsl+ ]njs js ak lxtrl`lby mjhfidubt `attlr hfr `fmlrk`fmlr k rlamlrs
fh tnl ofsplbs tf orasp" gut Buil klvlr `lakt hfr njs stfry agfut
 Clsus‚ss gjrtn at Gltnblnl` tf gl ukmlrstffm as njstfrjdab hadt+ Buil
 Clsus‚
wfubm navl nam kf jmla wnat wl jk tnl `fmlrk wfrbm lvlk `lak
wnlk wl say tnl wfrm ‒njstf ‒njstfry
ry++‐ ]nl kftjfk
k ftjfk fh njstfr
n jstfryy as a drjtjdab
dr jtjdab
akabysjs fh fgslrvag
fgslr vagblbl akm vlrjfiagbl lvlkts jk tnl prfmudt
 ZF\ IKF_ _NLWL J A@ HWF@ 41

dlpt tf tnl ofsplb wrjtlrs hfr wnf` njstfry was kft a `attlr fh 
ukdfvlrjko hadts
ukdfvlrjko  hadts"" gut fh rlvlabjko trutns
trutns++
]nl rlamlrs fh Buil‚s ofsplb" bjil `fst plfpbl jk tnl akdjlkt
wfrbm" mjm kft `ail a snarp mjstjkdtjfk gltwllk `ytn akm rlabjty9
tnl twf wlrl
wlrl jktj`atlby tjlm tfoltnlr jk tnljr spjr jtuab lxplrjlkdl+
lxplr jlkdl+
]nat js tf say" tnly wlrl blss jktlrlstlm jk wnat adtuabby napplklm
tnak jk wnat jt `lakt+ Jt wfubm navl gllk plrhldtby kfr`ab” 
jkmllm" lxpldtlm”hfr a wrjtlr jk tnl akdjlkt wfrbm tf tlbb tabls fh 
ofms akm nlrfls wnfsl hukma`lktab hadts h adts wfubm navl
navl gllk rldfo
rldfo--
kjzlm as habsl
h absl gut wnfsl ukmlrbyjko `lssaol wfubm gl sllk as trul+
Nlkdl" @attnlw‚s lquabby hakdjhub addfukt fh Clsus‚s ﬇jont jktf
Loypt" fstlksjgby tf lsdapl Nlrfm‚s `assadrl fh abb tnl sfks gfrk jk
akm arfukm Gltnblnl` jk a hrujtblss slardn hfr tnl gagy Clsus" ak
lvlkt
lvlkt hfr wnjdn tnlrl lxjsts kft a snrlm fh dfrrfgfratjko lvjmlkdl
jk aky dnrfkjdbl fr njstfry fh tnl tj`l wnltnlr Clwjsn" Dnrjstjak"
fr Wf`ak”a rl`ariagbl hadt dfksjmlrjko tnl `aky dnrfkjdbls
akm karratjvls wrjttlk agfut Nlrfm tnl Orlat" wnf was" ahtlr abb"
tnl `fst ha`fus Clw jk tnl wnfbl fh tnl Wf`ak L`pjrl .tnl
Ijko fh tnl Clws" kf blss!*+
As wjtn Buil‚s addfukt fh Qujrjkjus‚s dlksus" @attnlw‚s ad-
dfukt fh Nlrfm‚s `assadrl was kft jktlkmlm tf gl rlam as wnat wl
wfubm kfw dfksjmlr njstfry"
dfksjmlr  njstfry" dlrtajkby kft gy njs fwk df``ukjty"
wnf wfubm surlby navl rl`l`glrlm ak lvlkt as ukhfrolttagbl as
tnl `assadrl fh jts fwk sfks+ @attnlw kllms Clsus tf df`l fut fh 
Loypt hfr tnl sa`l rlasfk nl kllms nj` tf gl gfrk gfr k jk Gltnblnl`3
tf hubfibb tnl sdattlrlm prfpnldjls blht glnjkm gy njs akdlstfrs hfr 
nj` akm njs hlbbfw Clws tf mldjpnlr" tf pbadl Clsus jk tnl hfftstlps
fh tnl ijkos akm prfpnlts wnf da`l glhfrl nj`" akm" `fst fh abb"
tf akswlr tnl dnabblkol `aml gy Clsus‚s mltradtfrs tnat tnjs sj`pbl
plasakt wnf mjlm wjtnfut hubfibbjko tnl sjkobl `fst j`pfrtakt fh 
tnl `lssjakjd prfpnldjls”tnl rlstfratjfk fh Jsralb”was jk hadt
tnl ‒akfjktlm
‒akfjkt lm
 47 S L A BF ] 

kf sjkobl" dfnlsjvl prfpnltjd karratjvl dfkdlrkjko tnl `lssjan jk

tnl Nlgrlw Tdrjpturls+ ]nl passaol hrf` tnl ofsplb fh Cfnk
quftlm agfvl js a plrhldt lxa`pbl fh tnl olklrab dfkhusjfk tnat
lxjstlm a`fko tnl Clws wnlk jt da`l tf tnl `lssjakjd prfpnldjls+
Hfr lvlk as tnl sdrjgls akm tladnlrs fh tnl baw dfkfimlktby prf-
dbaj` tnat Clsus dfubm kft gl tnl `lssjan gldausl nl js kft" as tnl
prfpnldjls ml`akm" hrf` Gltnblnl`" ftnlrs jk tnl drfwm aroul
tnat tnl Kazarlak dfubm kft gl tnl `lssjan gldausl tnl prfpnldjls
say ‒_nlk tnltn l `lssjan
`lssj an df`ls"
df`ls " kf fkl wjbb
wj bb ikfw wnlrl nl js hrf`‐
. Cf
Cfnk
nk ?37?*+
?37?*+
]nl trutn js tnat tnl prfpnldjls say gftn tnjkos+ Jk hadt" wlrl
fkl tf tail tnl amvjdl ojvlk tf tnl hlstjvab drfwm gy tnl silptjdab
Unarjsll akm ‒bffi jktf jt"‐ fkl wfubm mjsdfvlr a nfst fh dfktra-
mjdtfry prfpnldjls agfut tnl `lssjan" dfbbldtlm fvlr nukmrlms fh 
 ylars
 yla rs gy mfzlks fh mjhhlrlkt nakms+ A orlat `aky fh tnlsl prfpnl-
djls arl kft lvlk adtuabby prfpnldjls+ Urfpnlts sudn as @jdan"
A`fs" akm Clrl`jan" wnf applar tf gl prlmjdtjko tnl df`jko fh a
huturl sabvjfid dnaradtlr hrf` tnl bjkl fh Ijko Mavjm tnat wfubm
fkl may rlstfrl Jsralb tf jts hfr`lr obfry" arl jk hadt `aijko vljblm
drjtjdjs`s fh tnljr  durrlkt  ijko akm tnl  prlslkt  frmlr" wnjdn tnl
prfpnlts j`pby navl habblk snfrt fh tnl Mavjmjd jmlab+ .]nlrl js"
nfwlvlr" fkl tnjko agfut wnjdn abb tnl prfpnldjls sll` tf aorll3
tnl `lssjan
`lss jan js a nu`ak
nu `ak gljko"
gljko " kft mjvjkl+ Glbjlh jk a mjvjkl `lssjan
`lss jan
wfubm navl gllk akatnl`a
ak atnl`a tf lvlvlrytn
lrytnjko
jko Cumajs` rlprlslkts" wnjdn
js wny" wjtnfut lxdlptjfk" lvlry tlxt jk tnl Nlgrlw Gjgbl mlabjko
wjtn tnl `lssjan prlslkts nj` as plrhfr`jko njs `lssjakjd hukd-
tjfks fk lartn" kft jk nlavlk+* Tf tnlk" jh yfu wjsn tf fit yfur 
prlhlrrlm `lssjakjd dakmjmatl jktf tnjs cu`gblm prfpnltjd tramj-
tjfk" yfu `ust first mldjml wnjdn fh tnl `aky tlxts" frab tramjtjfks"
pfpubar stfrjls" akm hfbitabls yfu wakt tf dfksjmlr+ Nfw yfu ak-
swlr tnat qulstjfk mlplkms barolby fk wnat jt js yfu wakt tf say
agfut yfur `lssjan+
 ZF\ IKF_ _NLWL J A@ HWF@ 44

Nfsla3 ‒Fut fh Loypt J navl dabblm `y sfk‐ .Nfsla 1131*+ ]nl

stfry js kft `lakt tf rlvlab aky hadt agfut Clsus9 jt js `lakt tf rl-
vlab tnjs trutn3
tr utn3 tnat Clsus js tnl klw @fsls" wnf survjvlm
sur vjvlm Unarafn‚s
Unarafn‚s
`assadrl fh tnl Jsralbjtls‚ sfks" akm l`lrolm hrf` Loypt wjtn a
klw baw hrf` Ofm .Lxfmus 1377*+
Buil pbadls Clsus‚s
Clsus‚s gjrtn jk Gltnblnl` kft gldausl jt tffi pbadl
tnlrl" gut gldausl fh tnl wfrms fh tnl prfpnlt @jdan3 ‒Akm yfu
Gltnblnl` + + + hrf` yfu snabb df`l tf `l a rublr jk Jsralb‐
.@jdan <37*+ Buil `laks tnat Clsus js tnl klw Mavjm" tnl Ijko fh 
tnl Clws" pbadlm fk Ofm‚s tnrfkl tf rubl fvlr tnl Urf`jslm Bakm+
Tj`pby put" tnl jkhakdy karratjvls jk tnl ofsplbs arl kft njstfrjdab
addfukts" kfr wlrl tnly `lakt tf gl rlam as sudn+ ]nly arl tnlf-
bfojdab ahfir`atjfks fh Clsus‚s status as tnl akfjktlm fh Ofm+ ]nl
mlsdlkmakt fh Ijko Mavjm+ ]nl prf`jslm `lssjan+
]nat Clsus”tnl
]nat  Clsus”tnl ltlrkab bfofs hrf` wnf` drlatjfk sprako" tnl
Dnrjst wnf sjts at tnl rjont nakm fh Ofm”yfu wjbb fikm swammblm
jk a fibtny `akolr jk Gltnblnl`" surrfukmlm gy sj`pbl snlpnlrms
akm wjsl `lk glarjko ojhts hrf` tnl last+
Gut tnl rlab Clsus”tnl pffr ClwjsnClwjsn plasakt wnf was gfrk
gfr k sf`l
tj`l gltwllk = g+d+l+ akm 8 d+l+ jk tnl rfuon-akm-tu`g
rfuon-akm-tu`gbl bl Oabjblak
dfuktrysjml”bffi hfr nj` jk tnl dru`gbjko `um akm bffsl grjdi
nf`ls tudilm wjtnjk tnl wjkmsw wjkmswlpt
lpt na`blt fh Kazarltn+
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