ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

ASWIN

To

The APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT PUNNAPRA

DEC 2018
 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,
PUNNAPRA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled “ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENGINE” submitted by ASWIN to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological
University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical engineering is a bonafide
record of the seminar work carried out by him under my guidance and
supervision. This report in any form has not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for any purpose.

INTERNAL SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

Mr.SREEKANTH M P Dr.DILEEPLAL.J
Assistant professor Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering
Department Department

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CONTENTS
Contents Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF FIGURES iii

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 8

Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 11

Chapter 3. COMPONENTS OF ENGINE 15

Chapter 4. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 23

Chapter 5. CALCULATIONS 26

Chapter 6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 29

Chapter 7. CONCLUSION 31

REFERENCES 32

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I wish to place on records, my ardent and earnest gratitude
to Dr.DILEEPLAL J, Head of the department of Mechanical Engineering
for providing me with all facilities for the completion of this work.

I am extremely honoured to mention great words of gratitude to my seminar

guide Mr.SREEKANTH M P., Associate professor, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering. His tutelage and guidance was the leading factor in translating
my efforts to fruition. His prudent and perspective vision has shown light on
my trail triumph.

I would also extend my gratefulness to all the staff members in the

department. I also thank all my friends and well-wishers who had greatly
helped me in my Endeavour.

ASWIN

i.

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ABSTRACT

Electromagnetic engine which runs on the magnetic principle and do not

need any fuel. Increasing fuel prices and pollution are the major demerits of

Internal Combustion (IC) engines. Also presently the demand for fuel has

increased and in the nearby future, shortage of fossil fuels is being expected due

to the ever growing consumption. So a need of alternative energy has become

necessary. The main aim of the project is the zero-point fuel consumption. The

working principle of the engine is the magnetic force principle, i.e. magnetic

repulsion between the same poles of two different magnets. When similar poles

of two different magnets come in contact with each other they repel each other.

This phenomenon of repulsion is used in this engine to create motion. Using this

principle, the power is transmitted to the flywheel that is in turn delivered to the

wheels of the vehicle.

ii.

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LIST OF FIGURES

No. Title Page No.

3.1 Electromagnet coil 15

3.2 Cylinder 16

3.3 Piston head 17

3.4 Mild Steel cylindrical block 17

3.5 Connecting rod 18

3.6 Flywheel 19

3.7 Relay 20

3.8 Timer 555IC 20

3.9 Battery 21

3.10 Block diagram 22

4.1 Variation of Force with Current (experimental) 23

4.2 Variation of Speed with Current (experimental) 24

4.3 Variation of Efficiency with Current (experimental) 25

iii.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Engine is the main power source of automobiles, other many areas where combustion takes
place inside a cylinder & produces heat which is responsible for producing reciprocating
motion of the piston in turn rotates the crankshaft. Global warming and pollution related
problem are posing threat to our environment. The dependency on I.C engines has led to
increase in air pollution due to harmful emissions in the environment. So today there is need of
alternate fuel for day today life. Fuel prices are increasing rapidly and environment get
polluted from the emission of hazardous gases from fuel sources. Shortage of the fuel is
expected from consumption. Hence there is need of reduce the emission of gases like CO, SO2,
NO2, which are hazardous to nature. The main objective is to develop pollution free engine
which fulfill the fuel requirement. The working principle of electromagnetic engine is based on
magnetic attraction and repulsion phenomenon i.e. magnetic repulsion between same pole and
attraction between different poles. This principle moves piston TDC to BDC and vice versa.

1.1 OBJECTIVES

• To study, how an Electromagnetic Engine works.

• To reduce the use of fossil fuels.
• To reduce emission of harmful exhaust gases.

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1.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

This engine works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between same poles of the two
different magnets. When similar poles of two magnets come in contact with each other
they will repel each other with equal and opposite force. This phenomenon of repulsion is
used in this engine to create motion. The Electromagnet which is placed at the top of the
cylinder of the engine repels the permanent magnet placed at the place of piston in IC
Engine such a way that the magnetic force produced by the electromagnet repels
permanent magnet. Piston i.e. Permanent magnet is connected to the crank shaft through
connecting rod.. This arrangement converts the reciprocating motion of piston into the
rotary motion of the crank shaft. This is our useful work. The electromagnetic piston
engine according to the present invention in one aspect comprises a cylinder and a piston,
each made of a magnetic material, a cylinder electromagnet having an inner wall of the
cylinder magnet sable to a one magnetic pole, and a piston magnetization unit for
magnetizing a portion of the piston engage able with the cylinder to a single magnetic
pole in a fixed manner, in which the piston is transferred in a one direction by creating a
magnetic attraction force between the cylinder and the piston by exciting the cylinder
electromagnet; and the piston is then transferred in the opposite direction by creating a

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magnetic repellent force there between, followed by repeating this series of the actions of
alternately creating the magnetic attraction force and the magnetic repellent force to allow
the piston to perform a reciprocal movement. The electromagnetic piston engine
according to the present invention in a still further aspect is constructed by arranging a
combination of the cylinder with the piston in -the aspects described above as a one
assembly, arranging the one assembly in plural numbers and operating the plural
assemblies in a parallel way, and converting a reciprocal movement of the piston in each
of the plural assemblies into a rotary movement of a single crank shaft by a crank
mechanism so that more can be produce for propelling any heavy vehicle.

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CHAPTER 2

LITRATURE REVIEW

1. “Studies on Electromagnetic engines” Amarnath Jayaprakash et al (4) 2014: From

this paper they have suggested to have electro magnetizing agent to eliminate the
residual magnetic field from the magnets, this can be achieved Reverse Degauss
System and Down Cycle Degauss System. An engine powering device with magnetic
components that aid in the operation of piston propelled engines by attaching the
device individually to the pistons, causing the pistons to perform the up and down
thrusts Without the use of fuel thereby mobilizing the engine, eliminating the necessity
of fuel and preventing pollution exhausting into the atmosphere. This engine has
magnetic shielding safety components to protect people and other electronic devices
from strong rare earth magnets and electromagnets.

2. “Emissionless Engine by using Electromagnet” Sudhakar et al (3) 2013: This

project is to describe the construction and design of a V-type magnetic piston engine,
which operate with the help of electromagnetic force. This mechanism is entirely
different from normal IC engine mechanism. It works with electromagnetic effect and
repulsion of magnetic force instead of fossil fuels. It consists of, two permanent magnet
and two electromagnets. Electro magnets are mounted on the cylinder head and the
permanent magnets are mounted on the piston head. Here not using spark plug and
valve arrangement. Electro magnet contains copper windings. Electro magnets are
getting power supply from the battery by suitable voltage. The piston contains
permanent magnet moves from TDC to BDC and BDC to TDC which will result,
convert reciprocating motion into rotary motion of crank shaft. Power supply from
battery to the electro magnets are controlled by micro controller with help of power
splitter, timer and relay switch arrangement. The normal IC engine are producing
harmful gasses, which is one the main causes of air pollution but this mechanism free
from pollution and emission.

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3. “Micro controlled electromagnetic engine” Athul Kumar Singh et al (1) This paper
presents an idea for an Electromagnetic Engine. It is a modification of conventional
internal combustion engine. As the fossil fuels are prone to extinction, thus this paper
proposed idea is an attempt to get rid of the conventional fossil fuel engines. Proposed
work uses the electromagnetic force to drive the piston and produce power. The
concept of changing the direction of current and hence the polarity of magnetic field
thus producing attractive and repulsive forces in succession has been used by which we
get reciprocating motion which will drive the crankshaft and the motion will be
converted into rotary motion as given by any conventional engine. Proposed engine’s
working is similar to a two-stroke internal combustion engine as power at piston head
is generated in each cycle revolution of shaft.
The advantages of electromagnetic engine are Totally green engine and its low
weight and low cost.it have less maintains cost and less manufacturing cost. In order to
design an engine with a high-power rating this idea can be extended in various models
of internal combustion engines such as boxer engine, multi-piston-single-shaft engine.

4. “Electric vehicle with Zero fuel Electromagnetic” Automobile Engine

J.Rithula et al (2): This paper works on the revolutionary engine which need not be
separately manufactured, but existing engines can be easily modified to work this way.
The main aim of the project is to design an electromagnetically reciprocating
automobile engine. A four-stroke engine is used in the vehicle. The design involves the
replacement of the spark plugs and valves by conductors and strong electromagnetic
material. The piston is a movable permanent magnet and while an air core
electromagnet is fixed at the top of the cylinder. When the electromagnet is excited by
A.C. (Square Wave) supply, for same polarities these magnets will repel and for
opposite polarities they will attract, thus causing the to and fro movement of the piston.
So when the cylinders 1 &4 of the four-stroke engine experience attraction of magnets
due to which the piston moves upwards, repulsion takes place inside cylinders 2 & 3 in
which the piston moves downwards and then during the next stroke vice-versa occurs.
The to and fro movement of the piston is converted into a rotary motion by the crank
shaft, which in turn is coupled to the wheels which causes the wheels to rotate. So, with

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the help of the electromagnets and permanent magnets, the to and fro movement of the
piston is obtained using the alternating attractive and repulsive force of the magnets,
which is responsible for the movement of the vehicle. Thus we can run the electric
vehicle without a motor and the energy is extracted in a clean way as it does not require
fuels reducing the air pollution.

5. “An Electromagnetic mechanism which works like an engine” Shirsendu Das : In

this engine they have used two solenoids one at the top dead centre (TDC) and the
other at bottom dead centre (BDC). One important thing is that the piston should be
made with magnetic material like iron but rest parts of this system have to be made
with non-ferrous or alloy materials. They have less running cost & 100% emission free.
But they have very less load carrying capacity & not suitable for long run. So basically,
we have to prefer Engines for more power & more running capacity. Here they have
introduced a mechanism which has more load caring & running capacity then electrical
vehicles but makes zero emission or pollution. The main skill of the mechanism is
based on the distributor. Distributor also used in Automobile Ignition system for
distributing the current in different spark plug as per firing order. But the function of
distributor is totally different in this system. Distributor is connected to crank shaft
with power drive & its arm rotates in same r.p.m of crank shaft. The distributor has 2
lobs which are connected with 2 solenoids respectively. The main function of
distributor is to induce the solenoids as per requirement.

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CHAPTER 3

COMPONENTS OF THE ENGINE

3.1.1 ELECTROMAGNET and PERMANENT MAGNETS

An electromagnetic coil is formed when an insulated solid copper wire is wound around a core
or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through a coil, it
generates a magnetic field. One loop of wire is usually referred to as a turn or a winding, and a
coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connection
terminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish or
wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A
completed coil assembly with one or more set of coils and taps is often called the windings.
Permanent magnets like NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron),Ferrite (Ceramic),AlNiCo
(Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt),SmCo (Samarium Cobalt),Bonded (flexible). Neodymium-Iron-
Boron magnet is used in this project. Because this magnet have higher performance than other
magnets

Fig 3.1 Electromagnet coil

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3.1.2 CYLINDER

Electromagnetic engine uses only magnets for its operation. The cylinder must take care
of unwanted magnetic field and other losses further cylinder material Itself should not get
attracted to the magnet and resist the movement of the piston. To take care of above
issues, the cylinder must be only made up of non-magnetic materials such as stainless
steel, titanium or similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. The
cylinder of an electromagnetic engine is a simple rectangular block with a blind hole in it.
The temperature within the electromagnetic engine cylinder is very low and so no fins are
needed for heat transfer. This makes the cylinder easily manufacturable. Also the cylinder
is made of aluminum, a non-magnetic material which limits the magnetic field within the
boundaries of cylinder periphery. Usage of aluminum material makes the engine lighter
unlike the cast-iron cylinder used in internal combustion engine.

Fig 3.2 Cylinder

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3.1.3 PISTON

The hollow piston casing is made up of non-magnetic stainless steel, titanium or

similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. Alternatively,
piston casing can also be made up of non-metallic, thermal resistant materials as well
or can be made by integrating both non-magnetic and non-metallic materials. One end
of the hollow case is fitted with a powerful permanent magnet made of neodymium
iron-boron (NdFeB), samarium-cobalt (SmCo) or similar high field strength magnetic
materials. The permanent magnet acts as the core of the piston. The flat surface (which
is also the pole of the magnet) of the piston that is nearer to the pole od the
electromagnet is called the magnetic head of the piston or piston head. The flat surface
of the piston head may be completely exposed or it may be covered by a thin layer of
non-magnetic material of sufficient thickness. The other end of the piston case
connects to the piston rod that connects to the crankshaft. The crankshaft and the piston
rod convert the linear reciprocating movement of the piston to the circular movement.

Fig 3.3 Piston Head Fig 3.4 Mild steel cylindrical block

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3.1.4 CONNECTING ROD

In a reciprocating engine, the connecting rod is used to connect the piston to the
crankshaft. It converts the linear motion or reciprocating motion of the piston to the
circular motion of the crankshaft. The connecting rod used in this engine is that of a
power sprayer. The material of the connecting rod is cast iron. As the magnetic fields
are contained inside the cylinder, the connecting rod will not be affected much. The
connecting rod is same as that of an Internal Combustion engine. No modification is
required.

Fig 3.5 Connecting rod

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3.1.5 FLYWHEEL

Flywheel is made up of mild steel and it is used to convert reciprocating energy into
rotational energy. It regulates the engine’s rotation, making it operate at a steady speed.
Flywheels have a significant moment of inertia and thus resist changes it rotational speed.
The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational
speed. Energy is transferred to the flywheel by applying torque to it. It is used to store the
rotation kinetic energy.

Fig 3.6 Flywheel

3.1.6 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil
current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double
throw (changeover) switch contacts. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit
which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery
circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical
connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and
mechanical.

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Fig 3.7 Relay

3.1.7 TIMER 555IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as
an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits
in one package. Introduced in 1972 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use,
thanks to its ease of use, low price, and good stability.

Fig 3.8 Timer 555IC

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3.1.8 BATTERY

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most
commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the
application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load
current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A One cell has a nominal output of
2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery
and six for a 12-V battery.

Fig 3.9 Battery

3.1.9 SWITCH

A switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the
current or diverting it from one conductor to another. It is used to enable the supply of
current from the battery to the coil, relay and magnetic switch i.e. to ON and OFF
current supply. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated
electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are
connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either
"closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or

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"open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is non-conducting. The
mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be
either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for
"on" or push-for "off") type.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The working of the proposed engine can be well studied by going through the following block
diagram. As shown in the block diagram the main components required are battery (power
source), high rating current controller i.e. relay, transformer, coil and the electromagnetic
engine with power magnet.

3.10 Block Diagram

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CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

To analyze the electromagnetic engine an experimental analysis was conducted. The input

parameter which was varied to obtain different readings was voltage (V). The variation of

voltage was done with the help of a small transformer.

Fig 4.1 Variation of force with current (Experimental)

The above graph shows the variation of force with current. Force increases as the current is

increased.

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Fig 4.2 Variation of speed with current (Experimental)

The variation of speed with respect to current The speed increases as the current is increased.

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4.3 Variation of efficiency with input power (Experimental)

Fig. shows the variation of efficiency with respect to input power. Efficiency, initially

increases, reaches a maximum value and then decreases.

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CHAPTER 5

CALCULATIONS

INPUT POWER

Input power = Voltage ∗ Current

= I ∗ A

= 36 ∗ 21

= 756 watts

INPUT POWER = 1.01 HP

ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

Electromagnetic force

(𝑁 ∗ 𝐼 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ 𝐴)
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 =
(2 ∗ 𝐺 2 )

N = the number of turns in the solenoid

I = the current, in amperes (A), running through the solenoid
A = the cross-sectional area, in meters-squared, of the solenoid magnet

G = the distance, in meters, between the magnet and the piece of metal
K = 4 ∗ pi ∗ 10^-7 (a constant)

(1000 ∗ 21 ∗ 4 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 0.0196)

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 =
2 ∗ (10 ∗ 10−3 )2

FORCE = 258 N

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TORQUE

Torque = F ∗ R

T=F∗R

= 258 ∗ 7 ∗ 10^-2

TORQUE = 18.06 N-m

POWER

(2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝑇)
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
60

(2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 125 ∗ 18.06)

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
60

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 283.542 𝑤

POWER = 0.381 HP

VELOCITY OF THE PISTON

Velocity of the piston = w ∗ crank radius

(2∗3.14∗125∗0.04)
Velocity of the piston = 60

VELOCITY OF THE PISTON = 0.52 m/s

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CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

1. ADVANTAGES

• The Electromagnetic Engine can be used as a viable, clean alternative.

• The Electromagnetic Engine will not require any fuel.
• Does not require fossil fuel or produce any CO2 gas.
• Produce 88% more Horse power than the Combustion Engine and 87% less
energy.
• Produces the electricity for electromagnets and other systems Renewable
power.
• The Electromagnetic Engine is efficient in converting energy from
Electromagnetic Energy to Mechanical Energy by using Crank shaft.
• The Electromagnetic Engine turns the crankshaft more efficiently than the
Combustion Engine,
• Requires less strokes and energy to produce more horse power than the
Combustion Engine.

2. DISADVANTAGES
• It provides less uniform torque than the Internal Combustion Engine
• Permanent Magnets loose efficiency with time
• Neo Magnets are costly to manufacture
• Flux losses occur inside the cylinder and eventually they become very difficult
to control
• Life span of the engine tested in lower than the Internal Combustion Engine
• Though we have a working prototype of the model suggested but many design
changes still have to be incorporated to increase the efficiency of the system as
a whole

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The electromagnetic engine has various advantages over the internal combustion engines. The
main advantage is, no fuel is being used in the engine. This results in no pollution which is
very desirable in the present-day situation. As there is no combustion taking place inside the
cylinder there is only very little heat generation. This eliminates the need for a cooling system.
As magnetic energy is being used the need for air filter, fuel tank, supply system, fuel filter,
fuel injector, fuel pump, valves etc. are eliminated and the design of the engine is made simple.

The disadvantage of the electromagnetic engine is its high initial cost. The electromagnet and
permanent magnet can be very costly. Also, the power of the permanent magnet will decrease
during time and the permanent magnet has to be replaced during regular intervals. The engine
is not as flexible as the internal combustion engine. The power source is battery. The number
of batteries will vary according to the requirement. In high power engines, the number of
batteries will increase which may increase the total weight of vehicle and consume a lot of
space. Also the batteries needs to be charged regularly which is difficult and time consuming.
So the engine is not dependable

The Electromagnetic engine uses the property of an electromagnet by virtue of which it

changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of current is changed. This variation in
polarity is utilized to attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. The usage of
relay and timer will limit the output of the engine. By using an ECU in the engine instead,
power can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an increased output. Also, by
inserting more permanent magnets in series on the piston will enhance the output of the
engine.

By slight modification in design and by the use of better hands the engine can be modified to
generate more power, thereby increasing its efficiency, so that it can be used in commercial
vehicles and other applications.

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REFERENCE

[1]. Abil Joseph Eapen, Aby Eshow Varughese, Arun T.P, Athul T.N – Journel on
Electromagnetic Engines (2014).

[2]. Amarnath Jayaprakash Balaji.G, Bala Subramnian.S, and Naveen.N – Studies on

Electromagnetic Engines.

[3]. C.Sudhakar, K.Premkumar, K.vijith, S.Balaji – Emissionless Engines by using

Electromagnets.

[4]. Athul Kumar Singh, Prabhat Ranjam Tripathi- Micro controlled Electromagnetic engine.

[5]. J.Rithula, J. Jeyashruthi and Y Anandhi - Electric vehicle with Zero fuel Electromagnetic
Automobile Engine.

[6]. Shirsendu Das - An Electromagnetic mechanism which works like an engine

[7]. K.S.Nesamani; Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California; ‘Estimation

of Automobile Emissions and Control Strategies in India’ (2009)

[8]. Sherman S. Blalock; Electro-magnetic reciprocating engine; US 4317058 A

[9]. Leland W. Gifford; Reciprocating electromagnetic engine; US 5457349 A

[10]. Radhakrishna Shesha Iyengar Togare; Magnetic Pistons Engine; 2010;US7,667,356B2

[11]. V. Ganesan; Tata McGraw-Hill Education; Internal Combustion Engines

[12]. S.S. Rattan; Tata McGraw-Hill Education; Theory of Machines

[13]. www.supermagnete.de/eng/faq/How-do-you-calculate-the-magnetic-flux-density

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