TOPIC 1 : POLLUTION

My article this time is related to pollution. I have done research related to pollution on mass
media and social media. So as we know pollution is a very hot issue right now. Pollution is the
entry of pollutants such as chemicals, noise, heat, light and energy into the environment that
results in destructive effects that endanger human health, threaten natural resources and
ecosystems, and interfere with environmental amenities and uses. Pollution is also one of the
issues to be addressed in the Sustainable Development Target in 2030. It is contained in the
element of Affordable and Clean Energy.

A more informative definition of pollution is according to the Environmental Quality Act (AKAS)
1974 which states that pollution is a change either directly or indirectly to the physical, chemical,
biological or radiation levels of any part of the environment by releasing, emitting or place waste
to the detriment of beneficial uses that give rise to a condition that may be harmful to the health,
safety or public welfare of humans or other organisms, namely plants and animals There are
various types of pollution icluding air pollution, water pollution, odor pollution, soil pollution, light
pollution, radioactive pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution and thermal pollution. Let’s look at
pollution-related issues one by one.
So first, let’s start with air pollution. Air pollution is a condition that involves the introduction of
any chemical, particle matter or biological material that can cause harm, discomfort to humans or
other living organisms as well as damage the enviroment when it is released into the
atmosphere. Example of air pollution are carbon dioxide gas, sulfur dioxide, chloroflorocarbon,
odors, toxic metals as copper lead and radioactive waste. Air pollution is caused by the release
of dirty smoke by the industry directly into the air through factory chimneys, motor vehicles on the
road, cigarette smoke, open burning and volcanic eruptions. Among the effects of air pollution
are depletion of the ozone layer, haze, acid rain and global warming. Air pollution may affect the
health, safety, and comfort of people or property.
EFFECT
-Human health
The main effect of air pollution on humans is the respiratory system. Gases such as carbon
monoxide will poison the oxygen transport system in the blood and slow down the human
reaction. Subsequent effects will cause a person to become drowsy, have fatigue and reduce
lung function. Contaminated substances such as nitrogen oxide can cause edema and
pulmonary bleeding. Contaminated substances such as ozone gas can cause irritation and will
cause inflammation of the lungs and inability to move. Dust, smoke, fog, steam or other
substances also obstruct the vision of the human eye. A World Health Organization (WHO) study
estimates that 3.3 million people die each year from air pollution. It is three times higher than the
number of deaths caused by vehicle accidents.
-Plants
The effects on plants are such as necrosis damage (leaf loss), chlorosis (color change), and
stunted growth. This effect will also cause some of the earth's population to lack food and
economic resources which ultimately disrupts daily life. In addition, the effect will disturb the
balance of the ecosystem.

-Animals
Animals will be threatened or die as a result of air pollution. This is due to the air entering the
lungs of animals. In addition, food from plant sources will be contaminated by air pollution.

-Ingredients
Impact on materials means damage occurs as a result of air pollution such as dirt on clothes,
pollution on the wall surface of buildings and so on. This occurs as a result of the inhalation of
smoke or fine particles. Metal corrosion is also an effect of air pollution due to the presence of
sulfur dioxide in the air. Thinning of the ozone layer. Air pollution will cause global warming as a
result of the depletion of the ozone layer which protects the earth from direct sunlight. Direct
exposure to sunlight can cause skin cancer. In addition, the scorching sun will also cause the
melting of ice at the poles of the earth. Nowadays, the world’s ecosystems are experiencing an
imbalance.

-Acid rain
Acid rain occurs due to the combination of sulfur dioxide gas and nitrogen oxide with rainwater
and subsequently into sulfuric acid and nitric acid. This acid will accumulate in the clouds and
move to other places. The acid will come down along with the rain and affect the life that exists
in the world. As a result, it kills plants and even aquatic life. Furthermore, it can also erode
clothing, paper and building materials. In addition, the acid also penetrates into the soil and
causes the soil quality to decrease and infertility. Greenhouse effect and global warming. The
most notable and hotly debated issue being discussed nationwide today is the impact of global
warming caused by the greenhouse effect. Rising global warming and depletion of the ozone
layer are also contributing to global warming. The increase in earth's temperature is due to the
release of carbon dioxide gases accumulated in the air.

-Greenhouse effect and global warming

The most notable and hotly debated issue being discussed nationwide today is the impact of
global warming caused by the greenhouse effect. Rising global warming and depletion of the
ozone layer are also contributing to global warming. The increase in earth's temperature is due
to the release of carbon dioxide gases accumulated in the air. Too much carbon dioxide gas has
caused the earth's heat to be trapped and eventually the earth's temperature rises and its
environment becomes hot. Depletion of the ozone layer also causes this global warming. The
effect is that the earth's surface will become hot, ecosystems will be disturbed, floods will occur
frequently and abnormal natural events will occur.

-Atmosphere
The effect on the atmosphere brought about by air pollution is to reduce the visibility due to haze.
Second is water pollution. Water pollution is the change that occurs to water in terms of content
or color as well as chemical properties caused by various pollutants in various forms such as
solids, liquids and gases. It refers to the pollution of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans,
aquifers and groundwater), usually as a result of human activities. In many cases, water
pollution is caused by the discharge of wastewater into water bodies without adequate treatment.
Water pollution can lead to the destruction of aquatic ecosystems. On the other hand, this can
lead to public health problems, for example if people downstream use the same contaminated
river water for drinking or bathing. It can also affect other water consumption, such as irrigation
activities. Water pollution affects the entire biosphere of plants and organisms that live in the
body of water, as well as organisms and plants that may be exposed to its water. Its effects can
be detrimental not only to individual species, but also to the natural biological community.
Sources of water pollution can be collected in point sources, non-point sources (permeable) and
groundwater pollution. Contaminants that lead to water pollution include a wide spectrum of
chemicals, pathogens, and physical changes such as high temperatures. Measurement of water
pollution is carried out by analyzing water samples with physical, chemical and biological tests.
Water pollution control can be achieved with appropriate wastewater treatment (this includes
sewage and industrial wastewater treatment), providing safely operated sanitation services to
people without access, agricultural wastewater treatment, erosion and sediment control from
construction sites, and controlling urban runoff (rainwater).

Third is soil pollution. Soil pollution is due to the presence of xenobiotic chemicals (man-made)
or other changes in the natural soil environment.  It is usually caused by industrial activity,
agricultural chemicals, or improper waste disposal.  The most common chemicals involved are
solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals.  This pollution is associated with the level of
industry and the intensity of chemical use. Concerns about soil pollution are mainly due to health
risks, as a result of direct contact with contaminated soil, vapors from contaminants, and from
pollution of both deep and underground water supply. Contaminated site mapping and cleaning
results are time consuming and expensive, requiring a wide range of geological, hydrological,
chemical, computer odelling, and GIS skills for Environmental Pollution, as well as an
understanding of chemical waste history. Factory waste is also a source of soil pollution. In
North America and Western Europe the level of soil pollution is best known, with most countries
having legal frameworks to identify and address these environmental problems. Developing
countries are usually poorly supervised even though some of them have undergone rapid and
extensive industrial processes.
Soil pollution can be caused by the following: -
-Accidental chemical spillage
--Acid rain (caused by air pollution)
-Intensive agriculture
-Deforestation
-Nuclear remains
-Illegal landfills and disposal sites
-Soil erosion
-Agricultural practices such as the use of pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers
-Mining
-Dumping Oil and fuel
-Disposal of planted waste
-Coal disposal.
-Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil
-The most commonly used chemicals are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead,
and other heavy metals.
HEALTH EFFECTS
Contamination of contaminated soil or soil directly affects human health through direct contact
with soil or through inhalation of vaporized soil contaminants; the greater potential threat is
posed by the infiltration of soil pollution into groundwater aquifers used for human consumption,
sometimes in areas that appear to be far from any obvious source of soil pollution above. The
health effects of exposure to soil pollution vary depending on the type of pollutant, its pathways
and vulnerabilities in vulnerable populations. Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other
metals, petroleum, solvents, and many pesticides and herbicides formulations can result in
carcinogenic, can cause congenital disorders, or can lead to other chronic health conditions.
Concentrations of man-made industrial materials or natural materials, such as nitrates and
ammonia associated with livestock manure from agricultural operations, have also been
identified as endangering health in soil and in groundwater.

Forth is radioactive pollution. Radioactive pollution, also known as radiological pollution, is a

radioactive substance on the surface, or in solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body),
where their presence is unintentional or unwanted, or the process by which it is released in such
places. Also less formally to refer to quantity, especially surface activity (or one unit of surface
area). Radioactive contamination refers only to the presence of radioactive decay, and does not
provide any indication of the magnitude of the threat involved.
Radioactive pollution is usually the result of spills or accidents during the production or use of
radionuclides (radioisotopes), unstable nuclei that have excess energy. Less commonly, nuclear
fallout is the distribution of radioactive pollution caused by a nuclear explosion. The amount of
radioactive material released in an accident is known as the source term. Contamination may
occur from radioactive gases, liquids or particles. For example, if radionuclear is used in nuclear
medicine accidentally spilled, the substance can be spread by people as they walk everywhere.
Radioactive contamination may also be the unintentional result of certain processes, such as the
release of radioactive xenon in the processing of nuclear fuels. In case the radioactive material
cannot be locked, it can be dissolved to a safe concentration. For a discussion of environmental
pollution by alpha particle emitters please see the actinides in the environment. Confinement is
what distinguishes radioactive material from radioactive contamination. Detention does not
include residual radioactive material at site after decommissioning. Thus, radioactive material in
closed and prescribed containers is not specifically referred to as contamination, although the
unit of measurement remains the same.
-Radioactive monitoring
Radioactive monitoring involves the measurement of radiation or radionuclide dose
contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to radiation or
radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results. Methodology and technical details
for the design and operation of environmental radiation monitoring programs for different
radionuclides, environmental intermediates and types of facilities are provided by IAEA Safety
Standard Series No. RS – G-1.8 and in IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 64.

Sixth is noise pollution. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is the production of loud and
noisy sounds from machines, animals or humans that interfere with the activities or balance of
other life.
Most of these sources of pollution occur outside the home such as transportation systems,
including vehicle noise, aircraft noise, and train noise. Unstructured urban planning has caused
noise pollution as factory buildings and adjacent residential areas can cause noise pollution in
residential areas. Other causes of noise pollution inside and outside the home are car alarms,
emergency service sirens, office hardware, manufacturing machines, construction work, site
maintenance equipment, dog barking, electrical appliances, motor hardware, buzzing lights,
audio entertainment systems, speakers voices, and noisy voices.
HEALTH EFFECTS ON HUMANS
Sound effects are naturally related to health and behavior. This unwanted noise is known as
noise pollution. This unwanted noise can damage health both physiologically and
psychologically. Noise pollution can cause a person to have seizures and have disorders such as
aggressive posture, hypertension, high blood pressure, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and
other adverse effects. Next, stress and hypertension are the main causes of health problems, in
which the ears are buzzing or 'tinitus' which can cause a person to have memory problems,
severe stress and unpredictable panic attacks. Chronic exposure to noise may result in hearing
loss as a result. Statistics have shown that older men who are exposed to noisy noise will
experience less hearing loss than their non-exposed counterparts. Although the differences
between the two groups in terms of sensitive hearing will decrease over time, these two groups
are indistinguishable at 79 years of age. A comparison has shown that the Maaban tribe in
Ghana is less prone to noise produced by transportation or manufacturing, compared to the
average population in the United States. This suggests that chronic exposure to noise to the
environment with moderate levels of noise may contribute to hearing loss. High levels of noise
can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels within eight
hours can result in a statistical increase in blood pressure from five to ten points. Increased
emotional stress or ‘vasoconstriction’ also leads to increased blood pressure including increased
incidence of coronary artery disease. Noise pollution is also a source of disturbance to the public.
A 2005 study by researchers from Spain found that residents around urban areas were willing to
pay around four Euros per decibile within a year to reduce noise.
ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT
Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals causing stress, increasing the risk of death by
changing the sensitive balance of detection and avoiding predators / prey, and interfering with
the use of their noise as a relationship primarily related to reproduction and navigation.
Excessive acoustic exposure can lead to temporary or permanent hearing loss. Noise effects on
animal life are habitat destruction caused by noise, in the case of endangered species may be
the path to extinction. Noise pollution has led to the death of certain species of whales that have
succumbed to them after being exposed to strong military sonar. Noise also causes the species
to communicate more strongly, known as the Lombard vocal response. Scientists and
researchers have conducted tests showing that whales are longer when submarine detectors are
activated. If creatures do not "speak" loud enough, their voices will be drowned out by
"anthropogenic" sounds. This unheard sound may be a warning, victim search, or preparation
for a foam net. When one species begins to speak louder, it will inhale the voice of another
species, causing the entire ecological system to eventually speak louder. European Robin Birds
European Robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high
noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night as it is quieter, and their
message can be spread through the environment more clearly. Interestingly, the same study
proved that daytime noise is a stronger expectation for night singing than light pollution, which is
often said to be the cause of the phenomenon. Zebra finch becomes less obedient to its mate
when exposed to traffic noise. This is able to change the direction of evolution through the
selection of traits, absorbing resources commonly used for other activities and thus leading to
significant genetic and evolutionary consequences.

Seventh is light pollution. Light pollution, also known as photo pollution, is the presence of
anthropogenic and artificial light in the night environment. It is exacerbated by excessive,
misplaced or prominent use of light, but carefully applied light also essentially changes the
natural state. Being a major side effect of urbanization, it is blamed for affecting health,
disrupting ecosystems and damaging the aesthetic environment. Light pollution is the addition of
light itself, much like the analogy of the addition of sound, carbon dioxide, and so on. The side
effects are multiple and multiple; some of which may not be known. Its scientific definition
includes the following:
-Degradation of photographic habitat by artificial light.
-Changes in the level of natural light in the external environment due to artificial light sources.
-Changes in the level of light in the external environment (from naturally present) due to man-
made light sources. Indoor light pollution is a change in the level of light in a closed environment
caused by light sources, which affects human health.
-Human or direct identification, artificial light to the environment.
-The first three definitions of the above four scientific definitions describe environmental
conditions. The fourth describes the process of polluting through light.
-Light pollution sinks starlight in the night sky for urban residents, which disrupts astronomical
observations, and, like other forms of pollution, disrupts ecosystems and has a detrimental effect
on health.
-Light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization. Its sources include outdoor and indoor
lighting of buildings, advertising, outdoor lighting (e.g. parking / parking), offices, factories, street
lights and illuminated sports venues. It is most severe in industrialized, densely populated areas
such as North America, Europe, and Japan as well as in major cities in the Middle East and
North Africa such as Tehran and Cairo. Awareness of the adverse effects of light pollution
began in the 20th century (see for example Beston [8]), but efforts to address these effects did
not begin until the 1950s. [9] In the 1980s the world dark sky movement emerged with the
establishment of the International Dark Sky Association (IDA). There are now such educational
and advocacy organizations in many countries around the world.
TYPE
Light pollution caused by the use of artificial light is ineffective, unattractive, or (arguably)
unnecessary. Specific categories of light pollution include light encroachment, over-lighting,
glare, light scattering, and sky tearing. An offensive light source often falls into more than one of
these categories.
Light invasion
Light encroachment occurs when unwanted light enters a person's property, for example, when it
shines past a neighbor's fence. The problem of mild intrusion is common when strong light
enters the window of one's home from the outside, causing problems such as lack of sleep.
Several cities in the United States have developed standards for outdoor lighting to protect the
rights of their citizens against the intrusion of light. To help them, the International Association of
Dark Sky has developed a set of model lighting procedures. The Dark Sky Association has been
started to reduce the light that rises to the sky which reduces the appearance of stars. This
refers to any light emitted above 90 ° above the rare. By limiting the light to this 90 ° mark, they
have also reduced the light output in the range of 80-90 ° which creates most of the light
penetration problems.
U.S. federal agencies can also enforce standards and process complaints within their
jurisdiction. For example, in the case of light encroachment by white strobe lamps from
communication towers that exceed FAA minimum lighting requirements [13], the Federal
Communications Commission maintains an Antenna Registration Antenna Registration
Database [14] that citizens can use to identify infringing structures and provide a mechanism for
processing citizen inquiries and complaints. [15] The United States Green Building Council
(USGBC) has also included credit to reduce the amount of light and sky penetration into
environmentally friendly buildings known as LEED. Light penetration can be reduced by selecting
light fixtures that limit the amount of light emitted over 80 ° above the rare. IESNA definitions
include full deduction (0%), deduction (10%), and half deduction (20%). (This definition also
includes the limitation of light emitted above 90 ° to reduce the temperature of the sky.)
Over-lighting
Over-lighting is the use of excessive light. Especially in the United States, over-lighting is
responsible for about two million barrels of oil a day in wasted energy. This is based on US
consumption equivalent to 18.8 million barrels per day (2,990,000 m3 / d) of petroleum. [16] It is
also noted in the same US Department of Energy source that over 30% of all major energy is
used by the commercial, industrial and housing sectors. Existing building energy audits show
that the consumption lighting components for residential, commercial and industrial use account
for about 20-40% of the land use, varying by region and land use. (Residential lighting uses only
10-30% of the energy bill while the main use of commercial buildings is lighting. [17]) Thus,
energy lighting consumes about four or five million barrels of oil (equivalent) per day. Again
energy audit data show that about 30-60% of the energy used in lighting is unnecessary or
useless. Alternative calculations begin with the fact that the lighting of commercial buildings uses
more than 81.68 terawatt (1999 data) electricity, [19] according to the US DOE. Thus,
commercial lighting alone uses about four to five million barrels a day (equivalent) of petroleum,
in line with the above alternative thinking to estimate US energy consumption. Although among
developed countries there is a big difference in the pattern of light consumption. American cities
emit three to five times more light into space per capita than German cities.
Lighting is due to several factors:
-Consensus-based standards or norms that are not based on visual science;
-Do not use timers, occupancy sensors or other controls to turn off lighting when not needed;
-Incorrect design, stating higher light levels than required for a given visual task;
-Wrong selection of fixtures or bulbs, which do not direct the lamp to the required area;
-Improper selection of hardware that uses more energy than is required for lighting tasks;
-Incomplete training of managers and occupants of buildings using efficient lighting systems;
-Inadequate lighting maintenance results in increased glare and energy costs;
-"Daytime running lights" demanded by citizens to reduce crime or by store owners to attract
customers;
-Replacement of old lamps with more efficient LEDs using the same electrical power; and
-Indirect lighting techniques, such as illuminating the wall to bounce light on the ground.
Most of these issues can be fixed with available, inexpensive technology, and with the consent of
the landlord / tenant creating barriers to quick fixes on these matters. Most importantly, public
awareness needs to be improved for industrialized countries to realize great rewards in reducing
lighting.
In some cases, too much lighting technique may be needed. For example, indirect lighting is
often used to get a "softer" look, because harsh direct lighting is usually found to be less
desirable for certain surfaces, such as leather. Indirect lighting methods are considered more
affordable and suitable for bars, restaurants and residences. It is also possible to block the
effect of direct lighting by adding a softening filter or other solution, although its intensity will be
reduced.
Glare
Glare can be categorized into various types. One such classification is described in a book by
Bob Mizon, coordinator for the British Astronomical Society's Campaign for the Dark Sky, as
follows:
-Blinding glare describes the effects as caused by staring at the Sun. It completely blinds and
leaves vision loss temporarily or permanently.
-Inability glare describes the effects as caused by approaching car headlights, or light scattered
in fog or in the eyes, reducing contrast, as well as reflections from prints and other dark areas
that make it brighter, with a significant reduction in visual ability.
-The glare of discomfort usually does not cause a dangerous situation in itself, although it is
annoying. It can potentially cause fatigue if exposed for a long period of time.
According to Mario Motta, president of the Massachusetts Medical Association, "... glare from
poor lighting is a danger to public health — especially for the elderly. Spread of glare in the eyes
causes loss of contrast and leads to unsafe driving conditions, such as glare on stained glass
from low-angle sunlight or high torches from oncoming vehicles. " Basically bright and / or not
properly lit light around the road can cause drivers or pedestrians to become blind for a while and
be able to contribute to accidents.
Blinding effects are largely due to reduced contrast caused by light scattering in the eyes with
excessive brightness, or to reflect light from dark areas in the field of vision, with light similar to
the background of light. This type of glare is an example of a specific disability glare called glare.
(This is not the same as night vision loss caused by the direct effect of the light itself on the
eyes.)
Light Scattering
Light scattering refers to the grouping of excessive lighting. Light grouping may result in
confusion, distraction, and potentially cause accidents. Appetite is especially noticeable on
roads where street lighting is poorly planned, or where bright advertisements light up on the
road. Depending on the motives of the person or organization that installed the lamp, their
placement and design may also be intended to distract the driver, and may contribute to an
accident.

Seventh is heat pollution. Heat pollution is the deterioration of water quality due to any process
that changes the ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of
water as a refrigerant by power plants and industrial plants. When water used as a refrigerant is
returned to the natural environment at higher temperatures, temperature changes reduce oxygen
supply and affect the composition of the ecosystem. Urban overflow - stormwater discharged
into surface water from roads and parking lots as well - can be a source of rising water
temperatures. When a power plant begins to open or close for repair or for other reasons, fish
and other organisms that have adapted to a certain temperature range can be killed by a sudden
change in the temperature of the deep water known as “heat shock”.

Eighth is visual pollution. Visual pollution is an aesthetic issue and refers to the effects of
pollution that affect a person’s ability to enjoy vista or scenery.
Visual pollution disrupts a person’s viewing area by making destructive changes in nature.
Billboards open storage of garbage, antennas, electrical wires, buildings, and cars are often
considered visual pollution. A crowded area causes visual pollution. Visual pollution is defined
as the whole of irregular formation, on what is mostly found in nature. The effects of exposure to
visual pollution include: distractions, eye fatigue, decreased diversity of opinion, and loss of
identity.

Lastly is odor pollution. Odor pollution means an act that can pollute the enviroment with an
unpleasant odor that has a negative impact on animals and human.

That’s all from me. Thank you for reading my article. See you next time .