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CONTENTS
1. STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR BLOWER APPLICATIONS 1
DINTYALA SAI PHANEENDRA, V. BALAKRISHNA MURTHY, K. VELMURUGAN

2. TEXTILE SUBSTRATES IN ACOUSTIC INSULATION 9

S.VIJ U, G.THILAGAVATHI

3. EFFICIENT CONTROL OF HIGH PRESSURE PUMP USING VFD SYSTEM 19

L. ASHOK KUMAR, ADHITHIYAN.P

4. EFFECT OF POLYGON COLLISION APPROACH IN THE NESTING PROCESS 27

C.S. GOWSICK, A. RAMESH BABU

5. REDUCTION OF LEAD TIME IN FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 37

PRAMOTH V, LAKSHMANAN A R

6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FI'7ZY LOGIC MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF RESPONSES 4g

DURING HIGH SPEED DRILLING OF TI6AL4V
R SINDHUMATHI, A. PRABUKARTHI, V. KRISHNARAJ,

7. LACOSTE KNIT FABRIC - AIRTEX: PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND APpLICATIONS sl

P. KANAKARAJ, R. RAMACHANDRAN

8. DOCTOR REVIEW CLASSIFICATION USING DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES 55

SP.RAJAMOHANA, K.UMAMAHESWARI, AKSHAY RAMNATH, RAGHVENDRA. S

9. IOT BASED INDUSTRIAL MONITORING WITH PASSWORD SECURITY SYSTEM 63

KAVITHA, KAVYAPRIYA, SUMATHI S, SUNDAR GANESH C S

10. STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SEMICONDUCTORS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS UNDER 71

ABRUPT CHANGE IN IRRADIANCE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
DEEPTHI PILAKKAT, S.KANTHALAKSHMI
 ISSN - 0973 - I 3.14, National Journal of Technology, Vol 14, lssue -3, Scptcmbcr 20 I 8

STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PTEZOELECTRIC

MATERIALS FOR BLOWER APPLICATIONS
Dintyala Sai Phaneendra', Dr. V. Balakrishna Murthy', K. Velmurugan3
Department of Mechanical Engg. VR Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, 520007
'Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg. VR Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, 520007
sscientist'G', Head PETF &
QA, Research Centre Imarat, DRDO, Hyderabad, 500069
tvbkm
'phani. dintyala@gmail.com, 64@gmaiL com,'velmurugan. k@rcilab. in.

ABSTRACT
Recent advancements in the field of MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) has led to
development of many new materials. Piezoelechic materials are one such kind of materials, which are being
used in many industrial applications as sensors and actuators. In the present work, a study on the behavior of
piezoelectric materials was done. A Numerical analysis was carried out in ANSYS APDL in order to find the
effect of cross-section shape on the piezoelectric material and also the effect on piezoelectric plate when
attached to a metal (diaphragm) plate is studied. The entire analysis was done keeping the blower application
ofthe piezoelectric plate in view. Results show significant amount ofdisplacement on piezoelectric plate.

Keywords : MEMS, Piezoelectric, Blower

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.3. Polarization

The science and technology in the area of
piezoelectric ceramics are extremely progressing,
especially in the material research, measurement
technique and blower applications. There are two
types of piezoelectric phenomena
I . 1. Direct Piezoelectric Effect
The piezoelectric effect may be direct
piezoelectric effect in which the electric charge
develops because of the mechanical stresses. This
Direct piezoelectric effect can also be used
sensors.
1 .2. Indirect Piezoelectric Effect
The piezoelectric effect may be indirect
piezoelectric effect (converse piezoelectric effect) in
which a mechanical force such as vibration develops
due to the application ofanelectric field.
As we know a piezo ceramic as a material
can generate electric current if squeezed and which
moves when driven by an electric current. For these
interesting properties to occur electrodes must be
connected to the prezoceramic and the piezo ceramic
must be polarized. Polarization is a vector quantity
(i.e., having magnitude and direction) imparted to
the piezo ceramic during the manufacturing process.
In a macroscopic crystalline structure that
as comprises several such unit cells, the dipoles are by
default found to be randomly oriented. When the
material is subjected to a mechanical stress, each
dipole rotates from its original orientation toward a
direction that minimizes the overall electrical and
mechanical energy stored in the dipole. If all the
dipoles are initially randomly oriented (i.e., a net
polarization of zero), their rotation may not
significantly change the macroscopic net
polarization of the material, hence the polarization
ISSN - 0973 - 1314, National Journal ofTechnology, Vol 14, lssue 3, Septembcr 2018
effect exhibited will be negligible. Therefore, it is
important to create an initial state in the material such
that most dipoles will be more-or-less oriented in the
same direction. Such an initial state can be imparted
to the material by poling it. The directions along
which the dipoles align is known as poling direction.
During poling, the material is subjected to a
very high electric field that orients all the dipoles in
the direction of the applied electric field. Upon
switching off the electric field most dipoles do not
return to their original state because of the pinning
effect produced by microscopic defects in the
crystalline lattice. This gives a material comprising
numerous microscopic dipoles that are oriented in
the same direction. It is noteworthy that the material
can be de-poled ifit is subjected to a very high electric
field-oriented opposite to the poling direction or is
exposed to a temperature higher that the curie
te mperature of the material.
PO-SHIUN CHEN tll did a Numerical
Analysis on Piezoelectric Micro-Actuator in ANSYS.
A piezoelectric actuator ofbeam shape is considered
as model in their analysis.The effect of Voltage,
Length and polarization on the piezoelectric actuator
was studied in their analysis.
In general, several technologies presently
exist for actuation purpose l2l, but for micro-
actuation purpose piezoelectric devices €ue excellent
for large forces, small displacement applications
where higher voltages are available.
A Piezoelectric actuator can also be used in
air-blowing applications [3], which is the patent work
done by Atsuhiko Hitara. In such advanced concepts,
like piezoelectrically operated Micro-Blowers, the
functionality of Piezoelectric element is most crucial
factor.
For blower application of the piezoelectric
element, the Pumping efficiency depends not only on
the actuating frequency and maximum magnitude of
the membrane deflection, but also on the membrane
deflection shape [4].
The governing equations behind proper
function of the piezoelectric actuators are
constitutive equations, such Constitutive equations
required for actuating a piezoelectric element are
given in Reference [5-6]. Steve N R Anton, Alper
Erurk and Daniel Inman found the bending strength
of different piezoelectric materials using a 3-point
bending test. From the results it was observed that
the bending strength of PZT-5H is I l4.8MPa, which
is far better than most of the piezoelechic materials
[7]. To design a piezoelectric ceramic, it is essential
to find the elastic and effective fields of the
components S. Torabiha performed the piezoelectric
Analysis in ANSYS and found such fields [8]
The piezoelectric actuator can be attached to
a metal plate in two ways, one is Unimorph
arrangement and the other is bimorph arrangement.
Unimorph arrangement deals with attaching a
piezoelectric element on one side of the metal plate
and bimorph arrangement means attaching the
piezoelectric actuator on both sides of the metal
plate.
Again, this bimorph arangement can be
given in two forms, one is series connection and the
other is parallel connections. The literafure on these
connections and arrangements of piezoelectric
actuator are best given in Reference [9-12].
In the present worh a study on piezoelectric
actuator was carried out in the perspective of its
Micro-Blower application. To perform this study, the
analysis done by PO-SHIUN CHEN [1] is taken as
reference work, and it was further extended by
changing the cross-section of piezoelectric acfuator,
attaching a metal plate to the actuator and the effect
on the displacement by varying different metal plates
and theirdimensions.
2.0 MATERIALMODELLING
In the present study PZI-IH is used as a
piezoelectric material. Recently, several
piezoelectric materials, Lead Titanate Zirconate
Ceramics (PZTA, PZT-IA, PZ:F-IH, PTil-7 A and
PZT-8 etc.,), Barium Titanate, and Poly vinylidene
Fluoride are invented and characterized. The
piezoelectric material should have high d31 & d33
values to get r.naximum deflection in direction of
polarization as well as in the radial direction. Among
all the above-mentioned piezoelectric materials PZT-
 ISSN - 0973 - 1334, National Journal ofTechnology, Vol 14, Issuc J, Septembcr 2018

5H has the high d3l & d33 values. properties that are suitable for use in some aerospace
And also, the PZT-5H exhibited the largest applications. Because of all these reasons PZT-IH
piezoelectric coefficients at room temperature. PZT- was selected as piezoelectric material for the present
5H exhibited the largest piezoelectric properties up research work.

to its Curie point (1700C) than other piezoelectric Properties ofPZT-SH are taken from Reference [2]
materials. This PZT-IH material possesses

Table. I . Parameters of PZT-5H

PZT-5H
UNITS VALUE CAPTION
SPECIFICATION
S,, m'/N r 6.58- l 2 Coeffrcient of Compliance matrix

S,, mt/N 4.788-12 Coeffrcient of Compliance matrix

S,, m'lN -8.45E-t2 Coefficient of Compliance matrix

S,, m'lN 20.78-12 Coefficient of Compliance matrix

s* mtlN 43.5E-t2 Coeffrcient of Compliance matrix

s* m'lN 40.sE-r2 Coeffrcient of Compliance matrix

d,, CAI 7.4tF-10 Coefficient of Piezoelectric Strain

Coefficient Matrix.

dr, c/N -2.748-10 Coeffrcient of Piezoelectric Strain

Coefficient Matrix.

dx C/N 5.93E- l0 Coefficient of Piezoelectric Strain

Coefficient Matrix.

k,, 3r30 Coeffrcient of Relative permittivity matrix

k, 3400 Coefficient of Relative permittivity matrix

t kg/*' 7500 Density

u 0.3 Poisson's Ratio

3.0 STT'DY ON BEHAVIOR OF
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
As explained earlier, piezoelectric materials
deflect when excited by an electric potential. Initially
a solid cube shaped piezo was modelled (dimensions
same as Reference p]) and analysis was performed in
ANSYS APDL for validation purpose. Piezoelectric
element used in the analysis was PZT-5H. In the
present analysis the element type used is SOLID 185,
which is generally used for the three-dimensional
modelling of solid structures. The element is defined
by eight nodes having three Degrees of Freedom
(DOF) at each node i.e., translations in the nodal X, Y
andZdirections.
ISSN - 0973 - 1334. National Journal of Technology, Vol 14, Issuc 3, September 2018

Table.2. change in deformation (DMX) w.r.t voltage Ai5Y5i

EtL rolttlof luli
-iiiiiit
3l?bl
tlG -l
s.no Voltage(V)
Deformation Reference [] %o enor tIkt
et trF
F9 ti :olt
l3: 19: a !

in X(m) lsl:t-C
lltl -.3rrr-Oa
il --. l9ea-Ol
0 lrr -.1t62-0t
I l0 .588E-08 .588E-08
/
,/
0 I
2 20 I l8E-07 I l8E-07 ti
i Disolacernent i

0 i
i.:
o.rsozum
- - _-,-^^.,.^.^.- -_-,:
i

3 30 .t76E-07 .t76E-07 t^_

0
4 40 .2358-07 .235E-07

0
5 50 .2948-07 .2948-07

3.1 COMPARISION OF SOLID AI\D HOLLOW

DISK SHAPED PIEZO
Post validation we have extended the work
PO-SHIUN to Circular cross-section of piezo. Both
solid and hollow piezo's were modelled and results
were compared. The procedure to be followed for
cubical piezo is applied to a solid and hollow disk
shaped piezo to observe the variation in deflection.
Same PZT-IH is used as a piezoelectric element. The
dimensions of the solid and hollow disk shaped piezo
are given below. For comparison purpose the volume
of the solid and hollow disks are kept same. For
comparison purpose, same volume is maintained in
both solid and hollow disk-shaped piezo elements.
Table. 3. Dimensions & Displacement of solid and
hollow piezo
SOLID (m)
OUTER RADruS 250E-6
INNER RADIUS
Fig.4. Displacement of hollow disk shaped piezo
of From Fig.3 and Fig.4, it was observed that hollow
disk shaped piezo gives higher displacement than
solid disk shaped piezo as the stiftess of the hollow
disk will be less than the thickness ofthe solid disk.
3.2 EFFECT OF HOLLOWNESS ON HOLLOW
DISKSHAPED PIEZO
From the results obtained in section 2.1, it
was observed that hollow disk shaped piezo gives
higher displacement than solid disk shaped piezo.
This happens because the hollow disk shaped piezo
offers less resistance to the vibration of the element
when compared to solid disk shaped piezo.
Hence considering the hollow disk shaped
piezo as the model in present case the effect of
displacement with respect to increase in inner radius
HOLLOW (m) of the hollow disk shaped piezo will be observed.
26rE-6
Same volume is maintained before and after the
increase ofinner radius in hollow section.
75E-6

THICKNESS 758-6 75E-6

Table. 4. Variation of Displacement with inner radius
DISPLACEMENT 0.1298-8 0.1568-8
of hollow disk shaped piezo

INNER RADIUS (m) DISPLACEMENT (n)

50e-6 0.139e-08

z 75e-6 0. I 55e-08

3 l00e-6 0. I 74e-08

-,i.ra-)t ..:t,39 .toe-.,

Fig.3. Displacement of solid disk shaped piezo

 ISSN - 0973 - 1334, National Joumal ofTechnology, Vol 14, Issue 3, Septembcr 20lE

lnner radius vs Deflection

1.808-09

1.70E-09
E
c r.60E{9
OJ

E 1.50E-09
o
gu 1.40E-09
CL
.9
o 1.30E-09

1.20E-09 i- -'-..'."'-. .'-!--

2.00E{s 4.00E-05 6.00E-05 8.mE-05 1.00E{4 1.20E-(X
lnner Radius(m)

Fig. 5. Inner radius vs Deflection

From the Fig.5 it

was clearly observed that the
Fig.6. piezoelectric plate attached to the diaphragm
displacement increases with increase in inner radius
of hollow disk piezo. Here also the same reason
3.3.I. MESH CONVERGENCE TEST
applies like in section2.2, with increase in hollow
part, the stiftress ofthe material will be reduced, and Mesh convergence test was performed to the
the displacement ofthe plate will be more.
model shown in Fig.6. Under free mesh by varying
smart size from l0 to l. The effect of mesh
3.3. PIEZOELECTRIC PLATE ATTACHED TO convergence was observed in terms of the maximum
METAL (DIAPHRAGM) PLATE deflection gained by the model. It is much needed
The analysis was done keeping the blower work to be done to find the optimum number of
application ofthe piezoelectric plate in view. In such elements to be used. Ifwe use the extreme fine mesh,
applications, the piezoelectric element is attached to the number of elements will be more, and
a diaphragm, which is usually a metal plate. So, here computational time needed will be proportionately
we modelled a piezoelectric element attached to a very large. Similarly, if we use extreme coarse mesh
diaphragm plate. The voltage is applied across piezo computational time needed may be very less but the
element, then the load gets transferred to diaphragm accuracy ofthe solution will also be very less.
plate and the deflection was studied. The diaphragm
material used in this analysis is Aluminum of
Young's modulus 70GPa and PTI-SH is used as a
piezoelectric material.
During the above study the piezoelectric
material dimensions were 75 *
U- Qength) 500 pm
(width)*500 1rrrt (height). Fixed boundary condition
is applied on surrounding surfaces of the metal
(diaphragm) plate. And the metal plate is glued to the
piezoelectric element.

Fig.7. Meshing of the above model with

smart size equal to 1
ISSN - 0973 - 1334, National Joumal ofTechnology. Vol 14, Issuc 3, Scptcmbcr 2018

Table. 5. Variation in deflection with respect to 3.4. STUDY OF DEFLECTION BY VARYING

increase in No of elements DIAPHRAGM THICKNESS
S.No Smart Size Elenrents Displacement (m) Now the behavior of the model is studied by
l0 2291 0. l 568-07
changing the thickness of the diaphragm plate. We
2 8 333 r 0. l 578-07 cannot take the thickness blindly. If the thickness is
J 6 4363 0. I s7E-07 too small it cannot withstand with the force obtained
4 4 5757 0. I 598-07 from piezo patch and ifthe thickness is too large force
5 2 6642 0. l 598-07 required to vibrate will be more, which is not
6 I 8718 0.159E-07 desirable. So, studying this kind of behavior is also
important to suggest the optimum thickness of
diaphragm plate. Table 6 shows the deflection of the
No. of Elements Vs Deflection combined model by changing the thickness of the
1.6CE-08
1 59E-C8
diaphragm plate.
^ 1 59E-C8
E
E1s8rc8
o Table. 6. Variation of Deflection with respect to
; i 58E-C8
* o)
r szr-ce change in thickness of diaphragam plate
o t.5zE-c8
1 56€-08 Diaphragam Thickness (pm) Deflection (m)
I 56t-O8
4000 6000 8000 1000c I 30 0. I 578-07
No. of Elements
2 75 0.159E-07

Fig. 8. No of Elements vs Deflection J 100 0. I 608-07

Diaphragm thickness vs Deflection

1.61E-08
1.50E-08

1.608-08
^tr
:.o 1.5eE.08
'r 1.59E-O8
I
q,
E l s8r-o8
a t.sgt-08
r.57t.08
1.57[-08
20 40 60 80 100 120

Diaphragm thickness (pm)

Fig. 10. Diaphragam Thickness vs Deflection

Fig.9. Deflection in Combined Model of
Diaphragm and Piezoelectric Patch
So, there must be a compromise between number
elements, accuracy ofthe solution and computational
time. From the Fig.8 and Table 5, it was clearly
observed that with the decrease in smart size from 10
to 4 the deflection increases and then remains
constant. So, to reduce the computational time, it is
better to use smart stze 4. as shown in fig.7.
From the above Table 6 and Fig.10 it is clearly
observed that with increase in the diaphragm
thickness the deflection of the combined model
of increases. During the above study the metal plate
dimensions were 30 Fm (length) {' 1000 Fm
(width)* 1000 pm (height).
 ISSN - 0973 - 1334, National Journal ofTechnology, Vol 14. lssue 3, September 2018

3.5 STUDY OF DEFLECTION BY VARYING
DIFFERENT DIAPHRAGM MATERIALS
Selection of diaphragm material also plays a
crucial role. During the selection of diaphragm
material, we should keep in mind that the cost of the
material should be affordable and its young's
modulus value should be minimum so that it can
deflect more. So, keeping these in mind here a study
has been made to study the behavior ofthe model by
changing the materials i.e., Young's modulus
value.Fig.l I describes the behavior of the model
with respect to change in materials.
Table. 7. Variation of Deflection with respect to change
materials
Young's
S.No Material
Modulus
DEFLECTION (m)
I SILICON l50Gpa
2 BRASS l2GPa
3 ALUMINIUM 70GPa
and found that, the deflection is increasing
with increase in innerradius.
. An analysis was carried out by attaching a
metal-plate to piezoelectric element. By
changing the material of the metal plate, the
deflection in thickness direction was
observed and found that the deflection is
reduced with increase in Young's modulus
value.
REFERENCES
1. Po.Shiun Chen, Analysis and design of a
Piezoelectric Micro-Actuator, MS project,
University ofTexas, June26 2006.
2. Roger G. Gilbertson, and John D. Busch
(1996), A Survey of Micro Actuator
0.139E-07 Technologies for Future Spacecraft
l.l49E-07 Missions, The Journal of the British
0.159E-07 Interplanetary Society, San Rafael, USA,
Vol. 49, pp. 129-138.

Young's Modulud Vs Deflection 3. Atsuhiko Hitara, Yasu, Gaku Kamitani,

1.@€-08 Hiroaki Wada, Midori Sunaga, Shungo
1.55E-08 Kanal, "Piezoelectric Micro-Blower, Us
E
c 1.50€-08
patent No: 8,978 ,787 ,zsTHMarch 2014.
o
u 1.45E48 4. Fan, G Song, & F. Hussain, simulation of
o
o piezo electrically actuated valve less micro
1.40E-O8

pump, Institute of Physics Publications,

60 80 i00 120 140
Young's Modulus(Gpa)
Fig.l 1. Young's Modulus vs Deflection
4.0 CONCLUSION
In the Present work, a numerical analysis has
been carried out in ANSYS to study the behavior of a
piezoelectric element. From the results of
analysis itwas found that.
. Higher amount of displacement is obtained
in hollow disk shaped piezo than solid disk
shaped piezo. Because, for same volume, the
stiftress of the hollow piezo will be less than
the stiffiress ofsolid piezo
. In hollow disk shaped piezo by increasing
the inner radius, the deflection was studied
150 4thMarch2005, Volume: I 4.
5. B Michal Starworko and Tadeusz Uhl,
"Modelling and Simulations of Piezoelectric
Elements - Comparison of available
methods and tools, Mechanics, Vol: 27,
NO:4,2008
6. A.L. Aishwarya, Analysis of piezoelectric
the structures using finite element methods,
B.Tech Project, V R Siddhartha engineering
college, April 2015.
7. SteveN R Anton, Alper Erurk and Daniel
Inman, 'Bending strength of piezoelectric
ceramic and single crystals for
multifunctional load-bearing applications,
8. Solmaz Torabi, Piezoelectric analysis for
heterogeneous medium, MS project thesis,
ISSN - 0973 - 1334, National Journal of Technology, Vol 14, Issue 3, September 20l g

University of : 10.
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054222691x, 9780542226915, Year:2005. theorylpzt html.
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n. Overview,,, Engineering
piezoelectric-bimorph-in-a-serie Fundamentars,'http://www.efunda.com/mat
santiparallel -connection'
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index.cfm'.