PPL COURSE

CPL COURSE
ATPL COURSE

PISTON ENGINES
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - Engine general
Chapter 3 - Lubrication Components
Chapter 4 - Air Cooling
Chapter 5 - Ignition Systems
Chapter 6 - Fuel
Chapter 7 - Mixture
Chapter 8 - Engine Fuel Supply - Carburettors
Chapter 9 - Engine Icing
Chapter 10 - Fuel Injection
Chapter 11 - Propellers
Chapter 12 - Engine Performance and Power Augmentation Devices
GAS TURBINES
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - Air Inlets
Chapter 3 - Compressors
Chapter 4 - Combustion Chambers
Chapter 5 - The Turbine Assembly
Chapter 6 - The Exhaust System
Chapter 7 - Reverse Thrust
Chapter 8 - Thrust
Chapter 9 - Performance and Thrust Augmentation
Chapter 10 - Bleed Air
Chapter 11 - Gear Boxes and Accessory Drives
Chapter 12 - Engine Ignition Systems
Chapter 13 - Auxiliary Power Units and Engine Starting
Chapter 14 - Engine Fuel System
Chapter 15 - Gas Turbine Fuels
Chapter 16 - Lubrication
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO - GENERAL

CHAPTER THREE - LUBRICATION

CHAPTER FOUR- COOLING

CHAPTER FIVE - IGNITION

CHAPTER SIX - FUEL

CHAPTER SEVEN - MIXTURE

CHAPTER EIGHT - CARBURETTORS

CHAPTER NINE - ENGINE ICING

CHAPTER TEN - FUEL INJECTION

CHAPTER ELEVEN - PROPELLERS

CHAPTER TWELVE - PERFORMANCE AND POWER AUGMENTATION

AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 3

021 03 02 GAS TURBINES
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO - AIR INLETS

CHAPTER THREE - COMPRESSORS

CHAPTER FOUR - COMBUSTION CHAMBERS

CHAPTER FIVE - THE TURBINE ASSEMBLY

CHAPTER SIX - THE EXHAUST SYSTEM

CHAPTER SEVEN - REVERSE THRUST

CHAPTER EIGHT - THRUST

CHAPTER NINE - PERFORMANCE AND THRUST AUGMENTATION

CHAPTER TEN - BLEED AIR

CHAPTER ELEVEN - GEARBOXES AND ACCESSORY DRIVES

CHAPTER TWELVE - ENGINE IGNITION SYSTEMS

CHAPTER THIRTEEN - AUXILIARY POWER UNITS AND ENGINE STARTING

CHAPTER FOURTEEN - ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM

CHAPTER FIFTEEN - GAS TURBINE FUELS

CHAPTER SIXTEEN - LUBRICATION
 JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITIES
AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOTS LICENCE
Theoretical Knowledge Manual
AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 3
021 00 POWERPLANT
PPL COURSE
CPL COURSE
ATPL COURSE

PISTON ENGINES
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - Engine general
Chapter 3 - Lubrication Components
Chapter 4 - Air Cooling
Chapter 5 - Ignition Systems
Chapter 6 - Fuel
Chapter 7 - Mixture
Chapter 8 - Engine Fuel Supply - Carburettors
Chapter 9 - Engine Icing
Chapter 10 - Fuel Injection
Chapter 11 - Propellers
Chapter 12 - Engine Performance and Power Augmentation Devices
GAS TURBINES
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - Air Inlets
Chapter 3 - Compressors
Chapter 4 - Combustion Chambers
Chapter 5 - The Turbine Assembly
Chapter 6 - The Exhaust System
Chapter 7 - Reverse Thrust
Chapter 8 - Thrust
Chapter 9 - Performance and Thrust Augmentation
Chapter 10 - Bleed Air
Chapter 11 - Gear Boxes and Accessory Drives
Chapter 12 - Engine Ignition Systems
Chapter 13 - Auxiliary Power Units and Engine Starting
Chapter 14 - Engine Fuel System
Chapter 15 - Gas Turbine Fuels
Chapter 16 - Lubrication
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION.........1-1
1.1 TERMINOLOGY..........1-2
1.2 DYNAMICS.........1-2
1.3 BERNOULLI'S THEOREM..1-4
 1.4 A VENTURI TUBE........1-4
1.5 CONSTANT MASS FLOW... 1-4
1.6 THE GAS LAWS..........1-5
1.7 CHARLES'S LAW.........1-5
1.8 THE COMBINED GAS LAWS.........1-6
1.9 THE APPLICATION OF THE COMBINED GAS LAW....1-6
A FEW TERMS AND FORMULAE WORTH REMEMBERING...........1-7
CHAPTER TWO - GENERAL
2.1 ENGINE LAYOUT........2-1
2.2 THE THEORETICAL ‘OTTO’ CYCLE.......2-2
2.3 THE OPERATION OF THE PRACTICAL OTTO CYCLE..2-5
2.4 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (S.F.C.) ..2-11
2.5 ENGINE EFFICIENCIES..2-11
2.6 COMPRESSION RATIO ..2-12
2.7 ENGINE CONSTRUCTION..........2-14
QUESTIONS.......2-24
CHAPTER THREE - LUBRICATION
3.1 TASKS OF PISTON ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM..3-1
3.2 WET & DRY SUMP SYSTEMS .......3-2
3.3 LUBRICATION MONITORING INSTRUMENTS........3-7
3.4 VISCOSITY.........3-7
3.5 VISCOSITY (GRADE).....3-7
3.6 TYPES OF OIL......3-8
3.7 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES...:........3-9
QUESTIONS.......3-11
CHAPTER FOUR- COOLING
4.1 THE REASONS FOR COOLING.......4-1
4.2 LIQUID AND AIR - COOLED SYSTEMS.....4-1
4.3 AIR- COOLED AERO ENGINES......4-2
4.4 THE CYLINDER HEAD TEMPERATURE GAUGE......4-4
4.5 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES.......4-4
QUESTIONS........4-7
CHAPTER FIVE - IGNITION
5.1 THE DUAL IGNITION SYSTEM.......5-1
5.2 MAGNETOS........5-1
5.3 THE CAPACITOR (CONDENSER).....5-1
5.4 THE IGNITION SWITCH...5-2
5.5 MAGNETO CHECKS......5-3
5.6. AUXILIARY STARTING DEVICES....5-3
5.7 MAGNETO AND DISTRIBUTOR VENTING ...........5-4
QUESTIONS........5-5
CHAPTER SIX - FUEL
6.1 TYPES OF FUEL .........6-1
6.2 MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATIONS AND GRADES..6-1
6.3 CALORIFIC VALUE ......6-1
6.4 VOLATILITY.......6-2
6.5 HIGH VOLATILITY.......6-2
6.6 STABILITY.........6-2
6.7 SULPHUR CONTENT.....6-2
6.8 THE COMBUSTION PROCESS .......6-3
6.9 FLAME RATE.......6-3
 6.10 VARIABLE IGNITION TIMING.......6-4
6.11 VARIATIONS IN FLAME RATE ......6-4
6.12 ANTI-DETONATION PROPERTIES ........6-5
6.13 DETONATION (KNOCKING).........6-5
6.14 THE EFFECTS OF DETONATION.....6-6
6.15 THE CAUSES OF DETONATION .....6-6
6.16 THE RECOGNITION OF DETONATION.....6-7
6.17 FUEL QUALITY CONTROL..........6-7
6.18 FUEL ADDITIVES..... 6-8
6.19 THE ADVANTAGES OF HIGH OCTANE
(ANTI-DETONATION) RATINGS .....6-9
6.20 PRE-IGNITION......6-9
6.21 THERMAL EFFICIENCY ..6-9
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER SEVEN - MIXTURE
7.1 THE CHEMICALLY CORRECT RATIO......7-1
7.2 THE PRACTICAL MIXTURE RATIO........7-1
7.3 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY WEAK MIXTURES..........7-1
7.4 SLOW RUNNING AND STARTING....7-2
7.5 TAKE OFF POWER........7-3
7.6 CLIMBING POWER.......7-3
7.7 CRUISE POWER..........7-3
7.8 THE EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE GAUGE.........7-3
QUESTIONS........7-5
CHAPTER EIGHT - CARBURETTORS
8.1 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A CARBURETTOR...8-1
8.2 THE SIMPLE FLOAT CHAMBER CARBURETTOR......8-2
8.3 MODIFICATIONS TO THE SIMPLE CARBURETTOR....8-3
8.4 THE PRINCIPLE OF THE AIR BLEED DIFFUSER.......8-4
8.5 SLOW RUNNING SYSTEMS..........8-5
8.6 MIXTURE CONTROL......8-6
8.7 POWER ENRICHMENT....8-7
8.8 THE ACCELERATOR PUMP..........8-8
8.9 PRIMING...........8-8
QUESTIONS.......8-11
CHAPTER NINE - ENGINE ICING
9.1 ENGINE ICING......9-1
9.2 CARBURETTOR ICING...9-2
9.3 ACTION TO BE TAKEN IF ENGINE ICING IS SUSPECTED...9-3
9.4 ENGINE CONSIDERATIONS.........9-4
9.5 FUEL INJECTED ENGINES..........9-4
9.6 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES.......9-5
CHAPTER TEN - FUEL INJECTION
10.1 INDIRECT FUEL INJECTION....... 10-1
10.2 THE FUEL PUMPS...... 10-2
10.3 THE FUEL / AIR CONTROL UNIT........ 10-2
10.4 THE FUEL MANIFOLD VALVE..... 10-3
10.5 THE DISCHARGE NOZZLE........ 10-3
CHAPTER ELEVEN - PROPELLERS
11.1 INTRODUCTION........ 11-1
11.2 FIXED PITCH PROPELLERS ........ 11-4
 11.3 VARIABLE PITCH (CONSTANT SPEED) PROPELLERS..... 11-6
11.4 ALPHA AND BETA RANGE ........ 11-6
11.5 VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLERS.... 11-7
11.6 SINGLE ACTING PROPELLER - PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION.......... 11-8
11.7 THE CONSTANT SPEED PROPELLER - OPERATION...... 11-11
11.8 THE SIMPLE CONSTANT SPEED UNIT .. 11-12
11.9 PROPELLER CONTROL UNIT - PCU..... 11-15
11.10 FEATHERING AND UNFEATHERING.... 11-16
11.11 BETA RANGE OPERATION........ 11-20
11.12 SYNCHRONISING...... 11-22
11.13 SYNCHROPHASING.... 11-23
11.14 REDUCTION GEARING........... 11-24
11.15 TORQUE METER....... 11-25
11.16 CHECKS CARRIED OUT ON A PROPELLER AFTER ENGINE START. . 11-27
QUESTIONS.......11-29
CHAPTER TWELVE - PERFORMANCE AND POWER AUGMENTATION
12.1 ENGINE PERFORMANCE .......... 12-1
12.2 NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (N.T.P.).. 12-1
12.3 DENSITY ALTITUDE.... 12-1
12.4 THE WEIGHT OF CHARGE.......... 12-2
12.5 SUPERCHARGERS AND TURBOCHARGERS......... 12-3
12.6 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS .... 12-4
12.7 EXTERNALLY DRIVEN SUPERCHARGERS (TURBO-CHARGERS)..... 12-7
12.8 THE WASTE GATE...... 12-8
12.9 THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE CONTROLLER.......... 12-9
12.10 WASTE GATE POSITION......... 12-10
12.11 ALTERNATIVE TURBOCHARGER CONTROL ...... 12-12
12.12 INTERNALLY DRIVEN SUPERCHARGERS... 12-15
12.13 NORMALLY ASPIRATED 'V' SUPERCHARGED...... 12-16
12.14 SUPERCHARGER DRIVES......... 12-17
12.15 SUPERCHARGER CONTROLS...... 12-17
12.16 THE ACTION OF THE THROTTLE IN THE SUPERCHARGED ENGINE. 12-18
12.17 AUTOMATIC BOOST CONTROL. ........ 12-20
12.18 ENGINE POWER OUTPUT......... 12-20
12.19 ENGINE POWER CHECKS. REFERENCE RPM...... 12-20
12.20 ENGINE POWER CHECKS. STATIC BOOST......... 12-21
12.21 CHECKING THE ENGINE POWER OUTPUT......... 12-21
12.22 COMPARING THE TURBO-CHARGER AND THE SUPERCHARGER. . . 12-21

AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 3

021 03 02 GAS TURBINES
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE HISTORY OF THE GAS TURBINE ENGINE........1-1
1.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE GAS TURBINE ENGINE.....1-2
1.3 THE WORKING CYCLE OF THE GAS TURBINE ENGINE....1-3
1.4 A PRESSURE VOLUME DIAGRAM OF THE WORKING CYCLE.........1-4
1.5 CONSTANT PRESSURE COMBUSTION....1-4
1.6 THE TEMPERATURE LIMIT OF THE ENGINE.........1-5
1.7 APPLICATION OF THE GAS LAWS IN THE GAS TURBINE ENGINE.....1-5
1.8 DUCT DESIGN......1-7
1.9 AIRFLOW THROUGH A PURE TURBO-JET ENGINE....1-8
 1.10 AIRFLOW THROUGH A TURBO-PROP ENGINE.......1-9
1.11 AIRFLOW THROUGH A TURBO-SHAFT ENGINE.....1-10
1.12 AIRFLOW THROUGH A LOW RATIO BY-PASS ENGINE....1-11
1.13 AIRFLOW THROUGH A HIGH RATIO BY-PASS (TURBO-FAN) ENGINE. 1-12
1.14 PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCY.........1-13
1.15 MODULAR CONSTRUCTION METHODS..1-14
QUESTIONS.......1-15
CHAPTER TWO - AIR INLETS
2.1 AIR INLET .........2-1
2.2 SUPERSONIC INTAKES...2-2
2.3 MOVEABLE INTAKES....2-3
2.4 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS .......2-3
QUESTIONS........2-5
CHAPTER THREE - COMPRESSORS
3.1 TYPES OF COMPRESSOR...........3-1
3.2 THE PROS AND CONS OF THE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR.........3-1
3.3 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CENTRIFUGAL FLOW COMPRESSOR.......3-1
3.4 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR.....3-3
3.5 MAINTAINING THE AXIAL VELOCITY OF THE AIRFLOW..3-4
3.6 AIRFLOW CONTROL.....3-5
3.7 STALL...3-5
3.8 SURGE ..3-6
3.9 PREVENTION OF STALL AND SURGE.....3-6
3.10 VARIABLE INLET GUIDE VANES....3-7
3.11 VARIABLE STATOR VANES.........3-7
3.12 COMPRESSOR BLEEDS...3-8
3.13 MULTI-SPOOL COMPRESSORS......3-9
3.14 ACTIVE CLEARANCE CONTROL ....3-9
3.15 COMPRESSOR SURGE ENVELOPE.......3-10
3.16 CONSTRUCTION........3-10
3.17 ROTOR BLADES........3-11
3.18 STATOR VANES ........3-11
3.19 FAN BLADES......3-13
3.20 COMPRESSOR (AND TURBINE) CONTAMINATION..3-15
QUESTIONS.......3-17
CHAPTER FOUR - COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
4.1 THE TASK OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER........4-1
4.2 THE TEMPERATURE INCREASE ALLOWED..........4-1
4.3 THE TEMPERATURE INCREASE REQUIRED..........4-1
4.4 THE FLAME RATE OF KEROSENE ........4-1
4.5 PRIMARY AIR......4-2
4.6 SECONDARY AIR........4-2
4.7 TERTIARY AIR......4-3
4.8 THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER COMPONENTS........4-3
4.9 THE MULTIPLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER SYSTEM...4-4
4.10 THE FUEL DRAIN SYSTEM..........4-5
4.11 THE TUBO-ANNULAR COMBUSTION CHAMBER SYSTEM..4-6
4.12 THE ANNULAR COMBUSTION CHAMBER SYSTEM...4-7
4.13 THE AIR/FUEL (STOICHIOMETRIC) RATIO...........4-8
4.14 PRESSURE LOSSES IN THE CHAMBER.....4-8
4.15 COMBUSTION STABILITY...........4-8
 4.16 RELIGHTING.......4-9
4.17 COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY........4-10
4.18 FUEL SPRAY NOZZLES..4-10
4.19 THE AIRSPRAY SYSTEM...........4-11
4.20 THE DUPLEX SYSTEM...4-12
4.21 THE VAPORISING TUBE SYSTEM........4-13
CHAPTER FIVE - THE TURBINE ASSEMBLY
5.1 THE TASK OF THE TURBINE ASSEMBLY..5-1
5.2 THE STRESSES IN THE TURBINE.....5-1
5.3 TURBINE BLADE MATERIALS.......5-1
5.4 THE TURBINE STAGE.....5-2
5.5 THE FREE (POWER) TURBINE.......5-4
5.6 MULTI-SPOOL ENGINES..5-4
5.7 BLADE SHAPE......5-6
5.8 TURBINE BLADE FIXING...........5-7
5.9 LOSSES IN THE TURBINE...........5-8
5.10 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT.....5-8
QUESTIONS........5-9
CHAPTER SIX - THE EXHAUST SYSTEM
6.1 THE JET PIPE.......6-1
6.2 JET PIPE DESIGN.........6-2
6.3 INLET AND EXHAUST DANGER AREAS...6-3
6.4 GAS PARAMETER CHANGES AND EXHAUST MACH NUMBERS IN BOTH A
CONVERGENT AND A CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT NOZZLE..........6-3
6.5 THE LOW RATIO BY-PASS ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM....6-4
6.6 THE HIGH RATIO BY-PASS ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM....6-5
6.7 NOISE SUPPRESSION.....6-6
QUESTIONS........6-9
CHAPTER SEVEN - REVERSE THRUST
7.1 REVERSE THRUST.......7-1
7.2 CLAMSHELL DOORS.....7-3
7.3 EXTERNAL DOOR (BUCKET) REVERSERS...........7-3
7.4 COLD STREAM (BLOCKER) REVERSER....7-3
7.5 INDICATION AND SAFETY SYSTEMS.....7-4
7.6 RESTRICTIONS OF USE...7-5
QUESTIONS........7-7
CHAPTER EIGHT - THRUST
8.1 INTRODUCTION.........8-1
8.2 EQUIVALENT SHAFT HORSEPOWER (EHSP).........8-1
8.3 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (SFC).....8-2
8.4 VARIATION OF THRUST WITH RPM ......8-2
8.5 VARIATION OF THRUST WITH ALTITUDE...........8-3
8.6 VARIATION OF THRUST WITH TEMPERATURE......8-4
8.7 VARIATION OF THRUST WITH AIRCRAFT SPEED....8-5
8.8 RAM RECOVERY ........8-6
8.9 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON SHP......8-7
8.10 EFFECT OF AIRCRAFT SPEED ON SHP ....8-8
QUESTIONS........8-9
CHAPTER NINE - PERFORMANCE AND THRUST AUGMENTATION
9.1 WATER INJECTION SYSTEMS.......9-1
9.2 METHODS OF INJECTION...........9-2
 9.3 WATER METHANOL INJECTION.....9-3
9.4 THRUST AUGMENTATION BY AFTERBURNING .....9-3
QUESTIONS........9-5
CHAPTER TEN - BLEED AIR
10.1 BLEED AIR AND ITS USES.........10-1
10.2 INTERNAL AIR.........10-3
10.3 COOLING..........10-3
10.4 TURBINE BLADE COOLING........10-3
10.5 NOZZLE GUIDE VANE COOLING....10-5
10.6 TURBINE DISC COOLING..........10-5
10.7 SEALING..........10-6
10.8 DISPOSAL OF COOLING AND SEALING AIR.........10-7
QUESTIONS.......10-9
CHAPTER ELEVEN - GEARBOXES AND ACCESSORY DRIVES
11.1 AUXILIARY GEARBOX..11-1
11.2 ALLOWING FOR EXPANSION OF THE COMPRESSOR SHAFT.........11-2
11.3 STUB SHAFT DRIVE.....11-2
11.4 IDLER GEAR DRIVE.....11-2
11.5 SPREADING THE LOAD..11-3
11.6 THE SHEAR NECK.......11-5
QUESTIONS.......11-6
CHAPTER TWELVE - ENGINE IGNITION SYSTEMS
12.1 GENERAL.........12-1
12.2 THE HIGH ENERGY IGNITION UNIT......12-2
12.3 IGNITER PLUGS...... 12-4
QUESTIONS......... 12-5
CHAPTER THIRTEEN - AUXILIARY POWER UNITS AND ENGINE STARTING
13.1 THE AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU)....13-1
13.2 APU OPERATIONS IN FLIGHT......13-2
13.3 APU CONTROL AND OPERATION........13-2
13.4 RAM AIR TURBINES ....13-4
13.5 THE REQUIREMENTS OF A STARTING SYSTEM.....13-4
13.6 STARTER MOTOR.......13-4
13.7 THE AIR STARTER MOTOR........13-5
13.8 THE ELECTRIC STARTER MOTOR.......13-5
13.9 NORMAL START CYCLE...........13-7
13.10 OPERATION OF THE BLOWOUT CYCLE..13-9
13.11 THE RELIGHT SYSTEM..... 13-9
13.12 STARTING MALFUNCTIONS........13-9
13.13 THE HOT START........13-9
13.14 THE WET START.......13-10
13.15 THE HUNG START......13-10
13.16 ENGINE RUNDOWN TIME.......,......13-10
QUESTIONS......13-11
CHAPTER FOURTEEN - ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM
14.1 INTRODUCTION........14-1
14.2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS..14-1
14.3 ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROL.......... 14-5
QUESTIONS.......14-7
CHAPTER FIFTEEN - GAS TURBINE FUELS
15.1 INTRODUCTION........15-1
 15.2 GAS TURBINE FUELS....15-1
15.3 FUEL COLOUR..........15-2
15.4 CLOUDY FUEL..........15-2
15.5 JET FUEL ADDITIVES ...15-2
15.6 WATER IN THE FUEL....15-3
15.7 WAXING..........15-3
15.8 BOILING..........15-3
15.9 THE EFFECTS OF S.G....15-4
QUESTIONS.......15-5
CHAPTER SIXTEEN - LUBRICATION
16.1 THE REASONS FOR LUBRICATION.......16-1
16.2 LUBRICATING SYSTEMS...........16-1
16.3 THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE LUBRICATION SYSTEM..16-2
16.4 THE FULL FLOW LUBRICATION SYSTEM...........16-4
16.5 THE OIL TANK..........16-6
16.6 OIL PUMPS........16-7
16.7 OIL COOLERS......16-7
16.8 MAGNETIC CHIP DETECTORS......16-9
16.9 THE CENTRIFUGAL BREATHER AND VENT.........16-9
16.10 FILTERS..........16-10
16.11 TYPES OF LUBRICATING OILS....16-11
QUESTIONS......16-13
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