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Basic Machine Design
Basic Machine Design
of Contents
P.A.R.T •
MACHINE DESIGN SHORT PROBLEMS
SITllATIONAL PROBLEMS 274
Strength 0/ MClteriaLs ~ Beams
STRENGTH C)F
1 IIVIA.TE R:J:A.LS
~
PARTl
"" CANTILEVER BEAMS
S;;HO!RT
... ~ .. .•... .. .. '...
.. .. ...• '0' .. , ", ~
1. Couple
~ Maximum Shear = a ~
PRO:BLEM1S ~
~
Maximum Moment = Mo
8 = maximum slope
e = M L
L
~
M
EI
~
~
~ e= 2EI
t P
P L3
~ v > 3E I
~ Shear = P
~ Moment =. -~.
PL
2
~ *-p-
L
2 51 reTlCjth or Materials Beams St r enqt l i or Materials Hewns 3
P L3
~e=PL2 ~ v> 48E I
8El
2. Uniform load
5P L3
~ y= 48E:1
~ Shear « wL
2
4. Uniform distributed load
~ Moment= w ~
8
wL3
~
~ e:;; 24Et
4
5wL
~ ~Y:; 384El
~
3. Varying load
5. Uniformly varying load
wL
~
2
~ Moment
L
~
~. RESTRAINED BEAMS
~
1. Concentrated load at midspan.
t :
F
Shear", 2:
~
~
c SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS ~ Moment", ~
PL
8
1. Concentrated load at midspan
3
P PL
~
.J!i~:
k
L A
~ Y"'192EI
2. Uniform distributed load
~
wL
~ Shear", -
2
~
4 St r en.qtl: of MClteriClls Beams
St icnqt t: (if l\,l(l(crials Beams 5
2 ,", For Rectangular Beams:
~ Moment:;:;··WL
12
1. SI = flexural stress
SI = ,6M
bh 2
Where: M = maximum moment
3. Uniform varying load
2. Ss = shearing stress
3V
~ Moment Ss = .
. 2bh
Where: V = maximum shear
2
wL
~ Momem at B = - L
20 PROBLEM 1 (Apr. 1999)
~ Y = deflection at midspan A horizontal cantilever beam, 16 ft long is subjected to a load of 500 Ib located to its
wl4 center. The dimension of the beam is 2 x 4 inches respectively. W = 100 Iblft, find
y == 768 its flexural stress.
A. 3150 psi C 4510 pSI
B. 2912 psi D. 5663 psi
SOLUTION
, PROPPED BEAMS
I J
For a cantilever beam: 500lbs
1. Concentrated load at midspan with fixed at left end and
roller at right end. = total load at the center ~ w =100 'b/..
~ ~p
F
Hl-.r~1i
~ y = midspan deflection •. F = 500 + 100(16) = 2100lbs
L '"""" L = 16 ft
M = maximum moment
PROBLEM 2
A 12 m simply supported beam with 30 KN load at the center has a maximum
2
~ deflection of: (EI = 6000 KN.m )
A. 150 mm C. 170 mm
B. 160 mm D. 180 mm
~
Under simply supported beam table.
6 SI rcn qtli o] Mat erials Beams St r cn at ! of Materials -Beams 7
where:
P = 30 KN ti. 12 m ::6 R2 (10) = (4 x 2)(2) + 10(8)
t R1 R2
L = 12 m R2 = 9.6 KN
2
EI = 6000 KN.m
By cutting at 10 KN section, and consider the right side of the section:
3
(30)(12) =0.180m=180mm MA = R2 (2) = 9.6 (2) = 19.2 KN.m
y = 48(6000)
PROBLEM 5
PROBLEM 3 A 10m simply supported beam with uniform load of 3 KN/m from right end to left end
A 10m simply supported beam with 25 KN load 3 m from the left end has a 2
has a maximum deflection of: (EI = 12,000 KN.m )
2
maximum slope at the left end: (IE = 8000 KN.m ) A. 43.23 mm C. 54.23 mm
A. 00056 rad C. 0.0186 rad B. 32.55 mm D. 36.45 mm
B. 0.0765 rad D. 0.1823 rad
SOLUTION
14-" li itU'
125 KN y = maximum deflection 'W = 3 KN/nl
2 2 3m... 7rn
Pb(L _b )
5 w L4
fk ''-
6 (E I) L A 10m ~ Y= 384 EI
where:
where: w = 3 KN/m
P = 25 KN L = 10 m
b =7 m EI = 12,000 KN.m
2
L = 10 m
2
EI = 8000 KN.m 4
5 (3) (10) = 0.03255 m = 3255 mm
y = 384 (12,000)
25 (7) (10 2 72 )
fk ':'',' 0.0186 radians
6 (8000) (1 0)
PROBLEM 6
An 8 m simply supported beam has a uniform load of 2 KN/m from left end to right
PROBLEM 4 end and concentrated load of 10 KN at the center has a maximum deflection of: (EI =
A 10m simply supported beam has a uniform load of 2 KN/m extended from left end 2
5,000 KN.m )
to 4 m and has a concentrated load of 10 KN, 2 m from the right end. Find the A. 12.34 mm C. 21.33 mm
2
maximum moment at the 10 KN concentrated load. (EI = 10,000 KN.m ) B. 42.66 mm D. 34.34 mm
A. 19.20 KN.m C. 23.45 KN.m
B. 26.34 KN.m D. 12.34 KN.m
~1-]'·"Im
..1-]lIO[-U' Considering the 10 KN concentrated load at the center.
iP
3 ()= --
(10)(8)_ '" 0.021333 m 8EI
yl '" 48(5000)
where: ~ =25 KN
P = 25 KN
y1 '" 21.333 mm L", 14 m
2 L= 14 m
EI '" 9,000 KN.m
Considering the effect of uniform distributed load of 2 KN/m.
25 (14)2
5wL4 5(2 )(8)4 8 0.068 radians
Y2 '" 384 EI
'" 0.021333 m = 21.333 mm 8(9000)
384(5,000)
PROBLEM 9
y = y1 + y2 A 10m cantilever beam has a uniform load of 2.5 KN/m from left to right end. Find
2
the maximum deflection of the beam. (EI = 11,000 KN.m ) •
y = 21.333 + 21.333 42.66 mm A. 423. 45 mm C. 323.45 mm
B. 198.23 mm D. 284.10 mm
PROBLEM 7
A 10m cantilever beam has a concentrated load of 10 KN at the free end. Find the
2
maximum deflection of the beam.(EI = 7,000 KN.m ) EI!!IIl'!13I
A. 476.20 mm C. 544.34 mm
B. 342.34 mm D. 764.44 mm W L4
v SET
>
y = maximum deflection
y",
P L3
3EI
~ t P.10 KN
w '" 2.5 KN/m
L = 10 m
EI '" 11,000 KN.m
2
10 m 4
~L = 0.2841 m = 284.10 mm
where: y- 8 (11,000)
P = 10 KN
L = 10 m PROBLEM 10
2
EI '" 7000 KN.m A 10m cantilever beam has a uniform load of 2 KN/m from left to right end and with
concentrated load of 8 KN at the center. Find the maximum slope of the beam. (EI =
2
10(10)3 13,000 KN.m )
Y = = 0.47619 m = 476.20 mm A. 0.011 rad C. 0.033 rad
3(7000)
B. 0.022 rad D. 0.044 rad
PROBLEM 8
A 14 m cantilever beam has a concentrated load of 25 KN at the midspan. Find the EI!!IIl'!13I
2
maximum slope of the beam. (EI = 9,000 KN.m )
Considering the effect of the uniform load of 2 KN/m using beam table,
A. 0.00234 rad C. 1.23 rad
B. 0.068 rad D. 0.123 rad
8 1 "'~-
EI!!IIl'!13I 6EI
2 (10)3
Using beam table, for a cantilever beam with concentrated load at midspan, fl l '" '" 0.0256 rad
6(13.000)
10 St renqili of MateriClls . Becuns
Strength of MCllcliu[s lkwns 1 1
I
For a cantilever beam with a concentrated load at a distance from fixed end:
Pa 2
Em!!miD
8
2EI
6m
IP
T
=16KN
.
For a triangular load with simply supported beam,
where: 4
L = 14 m 2.5 W L
P = 16 KN Y= 384EI
a=6m
2
EI = 6,000 KN.m
where: w = 10 KN/m
L = 10 m
16 (6)2 EI = 10,000 KN.m
2
8 0.048 radians
2(6,000)
PROBLEM 12 4
y 2.5(10.li1.QL = 0.06510 m 65.10mm
A 12 m cantilever beam has a uniform load of 1.5 KN/m extended from fixed end up 384(10,000)
to 4 m and a concentrated load of 8 KN at the free end. Find the maximum slope of
the beam. (EI = 8,000)
A. 0.126 rad C 0.654 rad PROBLEM 14-
B. 0.234 rad D. 0.345 rad A 8 m cantilever beam has a triangular load from left end to a maximum of 12 KN/m
2
at the fixed end. What is the maximum deflection of the beam? (EI = 12,000 KN.m )
A. 136.53 mm C. 165.34 mm
Em!!miD B. 145.34 mm D. 15434 mm
2(8,000)
0.072 radians L =12 m W L
y = 30EI
j
12 Sf rCllgt h of Materials Beams
SlrcIII/II, ojl\lul('riuls Beams 13
L=8m
EI = 12,000 KN.m
2 I'I<OULJ::M 17
A vertical load of 400 N acts at the end of a horizontal rectangular cantilever beam 2
m long and 25 mm wide. If the allowable bending stress is 130 Mpa, find the depth of
y = _2(8)~ __ the beam.
30 (12,000) 0 13653 m = 136.53 mm
A. 23.45 mm C. 56.34 mm
B. 38.43 mm D. 45.34 mm
PROBLEM 15
A 12 m restrained beams with two end fixed has a concentrated load of 15 KN at the
center. Find the maximum deflection of the beam. (EI = 7,000 KN.m )
2 E::1!!iirmI
A. 8.45 mm C. 19.28 mm For a cantilever beam with load act at the free end:
B. 34.23 mm D. 24.67 mm P = 400 N = 0.40 KN
M=PL
E::1!!iirmI M = (0.40)(2)
For restrained beam with concentrated load at the center,
M = 0.80 KN.m
PL3
P = 15 KN
Using the formula of flexural stress,
~ ~
Y = 192EI
6M
s= .
2
bh
~ t. p ::: 400 N
where: P = 15 KN
L = 12 m
EI = 7,000 KN.m
2
L:12m 130000 = 6 (0.80)
2m
, (0.025) h2
15(12)3 h = 0.03843 m = 38.43 mm
0.01928 m = 19.28 mm h
Y = 192(7,000)
PROBLEM 18
PROBLEM 16
A simply supported beam is 50 mm by 200 mm in 25 mm
A 15 m restrained beam with two end fixed has a uniform load of 3 KN/m, find the
2 cross section and 4 m long. If the flexural stress is not to exceed 8.3 Mpa, find the
maximum deflection of the beam. (EI = 9000KNm )
maximum midspan concentrated load.
A. 56.34 mm C. 34.56 mm
A. 2.77 KN C. 3.45 KN
B 23.56 mm D. 43.94 mm
B. 6.34 KN D. 4.34 KN
E::1!!iirmI SOLUTION
~
Y = 384EI
M=~
where: w = 3 KN/m
L = 15 m
M=P
4
A 4m :.a
EI = 9000 KNm
2 L = 15 m Using the shearing stress formula for beam
200 mm
3 (15)4
Y = = 0.043945 m = 43.945 mm s= §~ 2
384(9000) bh
Where:
]4 SI r ctiqt.t: of Materials Beams
Sln'T/fl/l, III j\!1u/eriols Beams ]5
b = 0.050 m V = 2(7.5L = 7.5 KN
h = 0.20 m 2
PROBLEM 19
A simple wooden beam, 50 mm wide by 250 mm deep and 7.5 m long has a f. S = 2.'". = _3J7.5l~ = 900 K a
2bh 2(0.05)(0.25) P
maximum deflection of 102 mm under a uniform load "w". E = 12,411 Mpa
a. What is the uniform load, w.
b. What is the slope? PROBLEM 20
c. What is the maximum moment? A simply supported beam having a span of 6 m carries two concentrated loads of 80
d. What is the maximum shear? KN at its middle thirds. Compute the deflection at the midspan due to this load. Let
9
e. What is the flexural stress? EI = 30,670 x 10 N .rnrn".
f. What is the shearing stress? A. 18 mm C. 24 mm
B. 20 mm D. 30 mm
Em!!'.iIrSmI 4-i-]'lin-gl
a. For a uniform loading beam under simply supported:
5wL4 y = 23PL
3
2mP~ 2m ~P2m
y = 384EI
bh 3
1=-
12
648EI
(0.050)(0.250 )3 = 0.0000651 m 4
1= 12 PROBLEM 21
A cantilever beam having a span of 6 m, carries a triangular load of 20 KN/m at its
250 mm fixed end to zero at the free end of the beam. Determine the deflection at the free
4 12 2
0.102= 5w(7.5) end of the beam if EI = 50 x 10 N.mm .
384(12411 x 103 )(0.0000651) A. 17.28 mm C. 15.62 mm
B. 16.48 mm D. 12.63 mm
50 mm
w = 2 KN/m
Em!!'.iIrSmI
3
wL 2 (7.5)3
b. e 0.0435 rad
24EI 24 (12411 x 10 3 )(0.0000651) For triangular load of cantilever beam:
w = 20 KN/m = 20 N/mm
c. M = maximum moment wL4
y = 30 EI
1
Strength of MUlerials Beams 17
If) St rcnot u or Materials Beams
~ t
load of 1200 N/m over its entire length. What is the maximum length of the beam If
PL3
the flexural stress is limited to 20 Mpa.
A 3.33 m C. 5.2 m
Y = 3E1
B. 4.25 m D. 6.0
m
29.63 = 50,000 (4,000)3
38'-
1i']lI"tU'
EI = 35.9996 x 10
9
N.m
2
= 35,999.6 KN.mm 2 = 36,000 KN.m 2
wL2
Moo -
8 PROBLEM 25
100 mm A restrained beam carries a triangular load which increases from zero to 30 KN/m
s , 6M from A to B having a span of 4 m. Determine the moment at A
bh 2
A. 12 KN.m C. 18 KN.m
6M B. 24 KN.m D. 16 KN.m
20 = 50 mm
(50)(100)2
3
M = 1,666 x 10 Nmm = 1,666 Nm EmutU' w:;; 30 KN/m
2
1 666 = 1200 L 2
, 8 wL
M A
L = 3.33 m 30
\p
B'
I I I I I ~/
I
A
M = EO) (4)2 L = 4 m
16 KN.m
PROBLEM 23
A simply supported beam having a span of 20 m carries a concentrated load of 10 KN
A
36'
at a distance of 5 m from the left support and a counter clockwise couple of 6 KN.m
acting 3 m from the right support. The maximum moment due to this load is: PROBLEM 26
A cantilever beam 3 m long carries a concentrated load of 35 KN at its free end The
A. 39 KN.m C. 36 KN.m
material is structural steel and the maximum bending stress is not to exceed 125
B. 43 KN.m D. 48 KN.m
Mpa. Determine the required diameter of the bar if it is circular
LMs = 0
20 m
f 6 KNm
3m
( \ B
SOLUTION
t
M = 7.8 (5) = 39 KN.m 6
M = 105 KN.m 105 X 10 N.mm
M fJ8 KN.m
\ 125
105xlO h (di2)
1'1\( lllLEM 29
n d
1 64
A restrained beam having a span of 6 m carnes a uniform IOdd 01 O~ Nzrn throughout
6
Its span. If E = 200,000 Mpa, I = 6080 x 10 rnrn" determine the deflection at the mid-
d = 20450 mm span.
A 0.14mm C. 036 mm
PROBLEM 27 B. 0.25 mm D. 0.48 mm
A steel beam 2 m In length is simply supported at each end and carnes a
concentrated load of 100 KN acting 05 m from one of the supports. Determine the Em!!ImD
~
maximum bending stress set up in the beam if the crosssection is rectangular, 100
mm wide by 150 mm deep.
4
A. 100 Mpa C. 97 Mpa wL
y
\ B. 120 Mpa D. 150 Mpa 384 EI
L = 15 m
\ Em!!ImD y
50,000 (6) (6,000)3
0.14 mm
\ 6
LMB = 0 384 (200,000)(6,080 x 10 )
M = 75 (0.50)
6
.a 2m B
iI'50mm
M = 37.5 KN.m = 37.5 x 10 N.mm
6M
S = .
bh 2
= -~ 6(37.5X 10
100(150)2
6
) tR1
S = 100 N/mm 2 = 100 Mpa
100 mm
PROBLEM 28
A beam made of titanium has a yield point of 850 Mpa. The beam has 25 mm x 50
mm rectangular crosssection and bends about an axis parallel to the 25 mm face. If
the maximum bending stress is 650 Mpa, find the corresponding bending moment.
A. 6.8 KN.m C. 4.5 KN.m
B. 8.4 KN,m D. 8.4 KN.m
m:mmmI
6M
S = .
bh 2
6M
650= -
f150mm
(25)(50)2
25mm
M = 6.8 X 10" N.mm
20 Mechunics
Mccllullics 21
Note.
~ If a body is at rest, then initial velocity IS zero.
~ If a body is moving at constant speed, then acceleration IS zero.
~ If a body is completely stop after the trip, then velocity is zero
I
I
IEImm
I
•••
I
5 I
where:
·
I
r, vJ
I
F = frictional force
f = coefficient of static friction
N = normal force
_BL:r Vo = initial velocity
v, = final velocity
S = distance traveled
t = time
tN
Note:
~ If a body is dropped freely, then initial velocity is zero
~ If a body is thrown upward, then it reached to a maximum height where the
velocity is zero.
1. Rectilinear motion
motion is along a straight path. 3. Projectile Motion
.
Va
.
Vf
~
9=0
(. If speed is uniform:
S = vt • -~
• H
14 I~
" If speed varies: s
a. Vr = Vo ± at 2
b. Vf
2
Vo ± 2aS c.S= Vat ±% a t;l. R
~
x
where
a = acceleration Components of initial velocity, va
a is + if accelerating
a is if decelerating vox =v; cose Voy = va sine
V o = initial velocity
VI = final velocity For Horizontal Displacement:
S = distance traveled
t = time "The horizontal component of initial velocity will not change throughout the
=
flight. vox = Vlx contant
2
p = Ib!ft
4. Circular Motion
L = length, It
2
g = 32.2 ft/sec
Radian is a unit of angular measure equal to 57.30°
J = polar moment of inertia of area with constant crosssection, ft4
Angular speed is the angle through which it turns per unit time.
&zgular acceleration is the rate of change of its angular speed with respect to time.
Using 51 units:
e-
FORMULAS: Wo ••·•
.. ' .......... J m = P L J
\~ "
~/
Where:
For accelerating object: 2 3
J m = kg_m p = kg/m L = length, m J = m"
± a t
r~
2
'W?=Wa ± 2 a 6 : / WI
Using English Units
,
......... __ .::
Mechu7Iics 25
24 Mechu7Iics
K" = radius of gyration (f = anqular acceleration, rad per sec?
g~P
2
Ko == J m := Wk o USing 81 Units:
9
2
T o:= J m a == mko a
Where: Where:
J m = polar moments of inertia of masses, Itlbsec" To := torque, Nm
2
Ko = ft J,'l := moment of inertia, kg_m
2
g = 32.2 tt/sec" a := angular acceleration, rad per sec
W := weight, Ib
2
1 2 KE == Wv
KE:= mv
Where: 2 29
J m:= kg_m2 p:= kg/m 3 Ko:= m m := mass, kg
Where: KE = kinetic energy, Joules
" Radius of Oscillation m:= mass, kg
v = velocity, mls
For isosceles triangle: 314 of height W:= weight, N
For circle: 5/8 of diameter g = acceleration due to gravity, rn/s"
For parabola: 5/7 of the height
(, Kinetic Energy of Rotating body
" Center of Percussion
KE == 1fz Jln {t)2
Q := distance from axis of rotation to center of percussion Where:
J m:= moment of inertia, ttlbsec'' ()) = angular velocity, radlsec
(. Total Kinetic Energy
I ~
Linear impulse » F x t
gR
v2
H
AOQularmornentUfTl :=: J m W
.
~,
. .
x :=: side thrust friction angle
H = super elevation
Fe
\,. Acceleration
Ig', :=:
wv 2
gr
I
I
I
Direction of Reverse Effective Force
I
... 1. If the object is accelerating, the direction of reverse effective force is
opposite to the direction of motion.
Where:
v = velocity, m/s
r :=: radius of curvature, m
f = coefficient of friction
. noitoM~.,- -
FR
a = acceleration, m/s"
m = mass, kg
W = weight, N ~' • • ~n _ • • • 9
.
" Banking Curves:
FR
c.
\, Banked curve
H ~.- Motion
a v2
tan f ;;::._
.....
~._ ..
9 gR i
Where:
m = mass, kg W:=: weight, N a = acceleration, rn/s"
~
:2H !Hech ci nie s Mecltwlics 29
PROllLEM I (OCt. 2000)
A car travels with an initial velocity of 10 m/s or 36 km/hr. If it is decelerating at the
~
rate of 3 rn/s", how far, in meters does it travel before stopping? From the ground to a maximum height:
..,.
A. 17 C. 19 V" = 114km/s==114,000m/s 6 m/s
B. 21 D 15
/ /. £"\
VI == 0 at maximum height
,,'- .....
PROBLEM
Vt==Vogt
Vt
2==V 2
0 2aS .: ~ ,
f == 0.357
~
v == 2rcRN
PROBLEM 3 (Oct. 2000) 6 == 2 rt R (6/60)
A baseball is thrown straight upward with a velocity of 20 m/s. Compute for the time
R == 955 m
elapse for the baseball to return. Assume for a zero drag.
A. 1.84 C. 250
a == acceleration
B. 2.21 D. 2.04
v2
a
Em:!!imD R
62 2
a 3.77 m/s
VI = Va g t 9.55
,\'
1 rev == 2rc rad
,~
,I';,
..
Mechanics 31
30 Me(' han i ('.s
//--1'_.'l~ -.
c= I
e = 6.36 rev / = 9.81(1.2)
v c= 343 m/s
PROBLEM 7 (ME Bd. Apr. 98)
What minimum distance can a truck slide on a horizontal asphalt road if it is traveling Solving for N:
at 25 m/s. The coefficient of sliding friction between asphalt and rubber is at 0.6 The v==2rrRN ;'
, A.2m),
weight of the truck is 8500 kg.
A. 44.9 C. 532
···
'
'
.
,
,,
343 = 2 rr (1.2) N · ,
,
B. 58.5 D. 63.8 " ~" ...... "
,
Considering the truck:
Em!!DtmI
FR
-----. To maintain the satellite to orbit the earth,
IFH = 0 Fe = r,
Fr c= FR
f W = ---a
W
~ L,<.X,,l, I mv_
2
== mg
g R
2
a c= f g = (0.6)(9.81) c= 5.887 m/s i gR
~
MechcUlics 3:)
32 Mechanics
PROBLEM 14 (ME Bd. Apr. 96)
T W + FH A drop hammer of 1 ton dead weight capacity is propelled downward by a 12 in
W diameter cylinder. At 100 psi air pressure, what IS the Impact velocity if the stroke IS
T W + a
g 28 inches?
2180 A. 63.2 fps C. 15.8 fps
T 2180 +~-
32.2
(3) = 23831bs B. 316 fps o 474 fps
PROBLEM 13 (ME Bd. Apr. 96) PROBLEM 15 (ME Bd. Apr. 96)
A flywheel rotates at 120 rpm or 12.57 rad/sec slowed down to 102 rpm or 10.68
A truck skids to a stop 60 m after the application of the brakes while traveling at 90
rad/sec during the punching operation that requires 3/4 second of the punching
Km/hr. What is its acceleration in rn/sec"?
A. 5.21 rn/sec" C. 6.36 portion of the cycle. Compute the angular acceleration of the flywheel in rad/sec".
B 7.06 O. 5.76 A. 2.52 rae/sec" C. 3.15 rae/sec"
B. 2 75 rae/sec" 0 2.22 rad/sec''
V1
SOLUTION
90(1000)
= --._.---
3600
= 25 rn/s
v/ = V,2 + 2aS
v = 90
~
......
'4
kph
5 = 60 m
~
-
v=o
....,
... . :r .~ ji[.l~.
a W2 ="!1
10.68 12.57
V2 = 0 (stopped) ex -_.---~----
' ,.
\ '~r
34 Mcciuinics Mechanics 35
A. 350 m C. 400 m
B 500 m D. 600 m
PROBLEM 16
A 2ton weight is lowered at a constant acceleration of 2 rt/s". What is the cable
"'.-]",,[-1\-
stress?
Solving first the acceleration:
A 4,344.34 Ib C. 3,751.55 Ib v =20 m/s v = 50 m/s
Vr = Vo + at +
B. 5,344.56 Ib D. 6,356.24Ib +
SOLUTION
50=20+a(10)
SOLUTION PROBLEM 24
A shot is projected 40° from the horizontal at the rate of 30 m/s will reached the
maximum height of:
2
VI v, 2 2 g S A 20.34 m C. 32.34 m
s B. 18.95 m O. 4534 m
VI = 0 (at maximum height) V =40 m/s
-
0
2
= (40)2 2 (9.81) S t E:mImD
S = 8155 m H = maximum height
2 . 2
H = 'u sin 0.
PROBLEM 22 ~-_. .~_,-
A stone is projected upward from the ground travels a maximum height of 50 m. Find 2g
the velocity of stone when it returns to the ground.
(~0)2 sin ~O
2
H =
A. 31.32 m/s C. 4323 rn/s
B. 5434 m/s O. 2345 m/s 2(9.81)
IlE!!i.mD :::0" ,
, ,\
H=1895m
• I
find the height of capsule from the surface of the earth ..
Va = 0 ' I A. 435.66 m C. 543.23 m
' I
' I
B. 669.72 m O. 78545 m
2
Vt = v/ + 2 g S
' I
~
' I
V? = 0
2
,
~
/
(6,000)2 = 9.81 R
~<;: ,
H = 669.72 m
38 Mcclwnic!i Mechanic!i 39
PROBLEM 26
(40)2
A car that travels 100 mph reduces its speed 50 mph in 30 seconds. Find the Tan H - ---
VI = va - at
a = 2.44 m/s"
2
SI = Vo t Y2 a t
S, = 3300.10 m
0 2 = (73.33)2 2(2.44)S2
S2 = 1102 m
S = total distance traveled
S = 3300.10 + 1102 = 4402.10m
PROBLEM 27
A car traveling at 40 m/s in a radius of 1000 m will have a banking angle of:
0
A. 7.34° C. 9.26
B. 183.4° D. 12.3°
SOLUTION
v 2
Tan 8
gR
40 Mact n n«: Shop Practice Machine Shop Pta ct icc 41
m:mmB
IV~C="':J
3 11'1 E
!:» ..... C» F»
Co Time = Length to be,welcl
Welding rate
V = (Va + Va) L
~
Where:
V = total gas consumption of oxygen and acetylene
Va = volume of oxygen consumed per unit length of seam
Va = volume of acetylene needed per unit length of seam
Im!!Jm] L = length of seam
t.. Time of Milling = Length to be cut PH.OBLEM 1 (Oct. 2000)
Cutting rate Determine the time in seconds, to saw a rectangular magnesium bar 5 in wide and 2
in thick if the length of cut is 5 in. The power hacksaw does 120 strokes/min and the
feed/stroke is 0.127 mm.
(; Time» .~Le_n.-':g,thC0bcu A 189 C. 99
No. ot teeth x Speed, N x Feed rate B. 500 D. 20
~1·]'"[B
~ Length to be cut
time --"- -.-------
Cutting rate
" Time = Length to be cut
Cutting rate
For a hacksaw. there is only one cut stroke per revolution.
Feed per stroke = 0.127 mm = 0.005 in
'" For a hacksaw, there is only one cut stroke per revolution.
5
c. Time: .__ Lengthtobe cut time = strokes
--_._--_..- - - - - - - - = 8.33 min
in
500 sec
Speed, N x ~trok x . ~.e F 120-.
min
(0.005---)
stroke
rev stroke
PROBLEM 2 (Oct. 2000)
In an Oxy-Acetylene manual welding method. to weld a 3 1/2 ft long seam in a 0.375"
thick steel plate at a consumption rate of 9 ft3/ft for oxygen and 7 ft31ft for acetylene.
Compute for the total combined gas consumption in ft3
A 48 C. 56
B 24.5 D. 31.50
42 Machine Shop Practice Machine Shop Prcut ic«: 43
SOLUTION Cutting time- 10.42 min
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 7 (ME Bd. Apr. 98)
Drill Penetration = (Feed rate) N Compute the cutting speed in fpm of a workpiece with 2 inches diameter and turning
Drill Penetration = (0.005 - ' ~
at 100 rpm?
)(1200 rev) 6 in/min
rev min A. 72 C. 62
B. 102 D. 52
PROBLEM 4 (Oct. 1998)
What is the value in degrees of 1 radian? ED:!ImI:I
A. 5749° C. 57.29°
B. 57.94° D. 57.92° v=rrDN
. Length to be cut
Considering the average value: TIme =
cutting rate
Cutting Rate
PROBLEM 10 (ME Bd. Oct. 95)
With the arc welding rate of 18 in/min, how long will It take to weld 1/2 in thick plate by For a hacksaw. there is only 1 cut stroke per revolution.
3 feet long seam?
A. 3 min C. 2 min . &n .
B. 1.5 min O. 4 min 11 A1 J1 time = - - - -.--- -------..- - - . - - = 11.11 min
120 ev x~troke .r.xO.0060 In
1/2" min rev stroke
SOLUTION
Welding rate Using oxyacetylene welding method to weld a 3 ft long seam in a 3/8 in thick plate at
L = J' a consumption rate of 9 ft31ft of weld for oxygen and 7 felft for acetylene. What is the
total combined gas consumption in ft3?
time = (3 x 12)/18 = 2 min A. 51 B. 48
C. 45 O. 55
V V
PROBLEM 1 1 (ME Bd. Apr. 95) E1':'m!immI
How long will it take to mill a 3/4" by 2" long keyway in a 3" diameter shafting with a
24 tooth cutter turning at 100 rpm and 0.005" feed/tooth? v total gas consumption of oxygen and acetylene
A. 0.136 min C. 0.196 min
B. 0.166 min O. 0.106 min ft3
v (9 + 7 ) - - - (3) ft length = 48 ft3
ft length
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 14
Length to be cut A grinding wheel rotates 1750 rpm and has a surface speed of 2290 ft/min. Find the
time -----_. - . -
diameter of the wheel in inches.
Cutting rate A. 3 in C. 4 in
B. 5 in O. 6 in
time 2in
24 te~ x1 o~e_v x~.O- "-N !Ii it-D
rev min tooth
v=rrON
time 0.167 min 2290 = rr (0) (1750)
0=5 in
46 Mcicttinc Shop Practice MUc!liTI<' Shop Practice 47
PROBLEM 15 (ME Bd. Apr. 96) o = 0.955 ft (12) == 11.461n
To facilitate the milling (roughing) work of a cast steel material using a 1 1/2 inch
diameter cutter choose between the two available stock. Find the speed of the
cutter in rpm. high speed steel cutter with a cutting speed of 50 fpm carbide tipped PROBLEM 18
cutter with a cutting speed of 200 fpm A workpiece turning at 20 rad/s has a diameter of 4 in. Find the peripheral speed of
A. 389 C. 572 workpiece
B. 509 O. 412 A. 1.23 fps C. 5.23 fps
B. 3.33 fps O. 7.34 fps
SOLUTION
EmmmD
v=nON
N 20 ( 1rev)
High speed steel cutter (slower) 2n
N 3.183 rev/s
50(12) = n(1.5)N
v == nON = IT (4/12) (3.183) = 3.33 fps
N = 127 rpm
v == LN , ~
( I
Time 8 x 12' = 4.8 min 8" 8''''
ft stroke . 20
v == (6/12) _ . - (100) ---.- = 50 ft/rnin
stroke rrun
PROBLEM 17
A workpiece turninq at 300 rpm has a tangential speed of 15 ft/s. Find the diameter. PROBLEM 20
of the workpiece. I A 10 It long seam can be weld in 10 min. The welding rate is:
EmmmD EmmmD
V=nON . Length to be weld
Time = . - - - ----.---
Welding rate
15 == IT (0) (300/60)
~."fi _
4~)
i'vlachirlc ShoJi )'/rl( I ice
48 Machine Shop Prartire
10(12)
1l4·I l!mm
10 -- -- --- -----
Welding Rate Length to be cut
time = - ,-----'
Cutting rate
Welding rate 12 in/min
5
PROBLEM 21 time
0.2
A seam can be weld in 3 min. If welding rate is 15 in/min, find the length of seam.
A. 20 in C. 25 in
time 25 sec
B. 30 in D. 45 in
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 24
It takes 1 min to mill a 3;'/ x 4" keyway of a hub by means of a cutter having 30 teeth
at 120 rpm. Find the equivalent feed per tooth, In/tooth
Length to be weld A 000222 C 0.00333
Time -------~--
Length to be weld
3 ---------~
15 EI!!ImD
Length to be weld = 45 in Length to be cut
time ---.---------_._-
Cutting rate
PROBLEM 22 4
- - ---- ,---~ ------.
How long will it take to mill %" by 1.5" long keyway by means of 25 teeth cutter turning rev teeth
at 120 rpm and 0.008" feed/tooth. 120 . x 30 -- - x Feed per tooth
min rev
A. 1.23 sec C. 4.23 sec
B 634 sec D. 375 sec
Feed per tooth = 0.00111 in/tooth
SOLUTION PROBLEM 25
Length to be cut How long will it take to cut a rectangular plate 4 it wide by means of a saw that has a
time -- -~--
speed of 160 rev/min and an average feed per stroke of 0.009 in?
Cutting rate
A. 22.22 min C. 55.55 min
B 3333 min D. 44.44 min 4"
1.5
time ------------"
120 ~ev x 25 teeltl x O.OOB in EI!!ImD
min rev tooth
Length to be cut
time 0.0625 min (60) = 3.75 sec time -.--- ---
Cutting rate
-
_.~
50 ,~!uchine Shop Piact icc r\i!uchinc Shop Prac t icc 51
PROBLEM 26
A 4ft wide x 8 ft long and 1,12 In thick steel plate is be cut into 4 equal parts crosswise ~
If cutting rate is 0.02 In/stroke and saw speed is 110 rpm, how long will it take to do
the job?
A. 53.45 min C. 65.45 min L total length of cut 4"
B. 3423 min D. 67.45 min
4" L 4 cuts (4 ftl cut) = 16 ft
SOLUTION
Length to be cut 8"
time ---, ..- - - - - - - - -
L total length of plate to be cut Cutting rate
L 3 cuts (4 ft / cut) = 12 ft
16 (12)
Length __to be cut
.._--
time 19.20 min
time --
10
Cutting rate
PROBLEM 29
For a hacksaw, there is only one cut stroke per revolution. USing oxyacetylene welding method to weld 10ft long seam In a 1,12 In thick plate at a
12(12) . 3 3
time = -.~_c = 65.45 min consumption rate of 10ft /ft oxygen and 8 ft /ft for acetylene. What is the total gas
rev stroke In consumption?
110 x 1 x 0.02
min rev stroke A 150 ft3 C,160fe
B. 170 ft'! o 180 fe
PHOBLEM 27 1/2"
EW'M~:sazc
It takes 5 min to cut a plate 20 ft long by means of a saw having a speed of 250 rpm. ~
What is the average feed per stroke 01 the saw, in/stroke?
A 0.534 C. 0.745
B. 0.192 D 0.342 v Total gas consumption
V 180 ft'!
Cutting rate 11
20
PROBLEM 30
For a hacksaw, there is only one cut stroke per revolution. A 24 ft2 lateral surface for a cylindrical tank is to be made by joining 2 ft by 2 ft steel
3/lt
plate to form 6 It x 4 ft. The consumption rate for both oxygen and nitrogen is 20 ft
20 (12) using oxyacetylene welding method. Find total gas consumption needed, fe.
5 = - -.---- .----.--.----.---
rev stroke A, 250 fe C. 440 fe
250 .-- x 1 -- - x Feed per stroke 3
min rev B. 470 ft3 D. 280lt
PROBLEM 31
(20) (14)
280 ft3
SOLUTION
-
5"
5"
L = total length to be cut 10"
L = 50 ft 20"
. Length to be cut 50 (12) ~ Tangential speed V2
time = - - - . - - - = 60 min
Cutting rate 10 V1 = V2 = TI 01 N1 = TI 02 N2
Speed of Driver
to Speed Ratio == Speedof the Driven c
Speed of Driver
(. Speed Ratio = Speed of the Driven
I
I
101( ..
l:)?=_l:)l . C I
(. Center Distance Rz - R1
2
54 Mach.irie Elements Mci ci': inc ElcITICf/( S 55
PROBLEM 1 (ME Bd. Apr. 97) PROBLEM 3
Two parallel shafts connected by pure rolling turn in the same direction having a A 5 ft diameter pulley is turning at 200 rpm. Find the speed of the pulley mid-way of
speed ratio of 2.75. What is the distance of the shafts if the smaller cylinder is 22 the center and outer surface of the pulley.
cm in diameter? A. 20.45 ft/s C. 24.34 ft/s
A. 16.67 cm C. 30.25 cm B. 30.45 fils O. 26.18 fils
B. 25.25 cm O. 19.25 cm
SOLUTION
E'iI!!ImD
v == 2 IT Im N
Using the relation of 0 and N:
0 1 N1 == O2 N 2 r == 5/2 == 2.5 ft
22(2.75) == O2(1)
O2 == 60.5 cm rm == 2.5/2 == 1.25 ft
v == 2 t: (1.25) (200/60)
For cylinders in the same direction:
C == O2 _=-P-l v == 26.18 fils
2
60.5 22 PROBLEM 4
C _ ..~-
A wheel is turning at 360 rpm. If tangential speed of the wheel is 15080 ft/s, what is
2
C 19.25 cm the radius of the flywheel?
A. 8ft C. 4 ft
B. 2ft O. 10ft
PROBLEM 2 (ME Bd. Apr. 97)
A lineshaft runs at 360 rpm. An 18" pulley on the shaft is belt connected to a 12"
pulley on the countershaft. From a 15" pulley on the countershaft, motion is E'iI!!ImD
transmitted to the machine. Compute/check the required diameter of the pulley on the
machine to give a spindle speed of 660 rpm. v==ITON
A. 16" B. 121/4"
C. 101/2" O. 81/2" 150.80 == IT 0 (360/60)
R 8/2 4ft
OL N L == Dc Nc
18(360) == 12N c
If center distance is
Nc == 540 rpm (speed of countershaft)
15(540) == OM(660)
SOLUTION
OM == 1227
0 1 N 1 == D 2N 2
DA
CAe - + DB+--
Dc
2 2
10 40
CAe -- + 20 + ---
2 2
CAe 45 cm
PROBLEM 7
Four cylinders A:8:C:D has a speed ratio of 6:4:2:1. If center distance between A and
C is 30 inches, find the center distance A and D.
A. 68.57 m C. 5634 m
8. 83.45 m D. 7634 m
58 51 resses Stresses 59
I 12. Strain (unit strain) is the total deformation measured in the direction of the line
5
of stress.
14. Residual Stress - internal inherent, trapped locked-up body stress that exists
within a material as a result of things other than external loading such as cold
working, heating or cooling, etching, repeated stressing and electroplating.
~
15. Compressive Strength - is the ability of a material to resist being crushed.
16. Bending Strength - is the quality of a material which resists forces from causing
~
a member to bend or deflect in the direction in which the load is applied.
Force . 2 2
1. Stress (S) = -----, lb/in , kg/cm , KN/m
2 ~
Area
Stress - a total resistance that a material offers to an applied load. 1. Tensile Stress (S,)
Based on ultimate stress: Based on yield stress: ~"i=-c± For rectangular cross-section: A "'base x height
9. Proportional Limit - is the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates from a For hollow circular cross-section: A = ~ (0 0 2 _Oj2)
straight line. 4
~
16T
Where: S '" length of side of square o
t '" plate thickne ss nOs
where: T '" torque
FROM MACH INERI ES HAND BOOK p. 1924: J '" polar momen t of inertia
~
e Sf
y
D c Strain
where: A = DL 1< )j
D
62 Stresses
Stresses 63
F
(. Stress ==
A Sa=' Smax=.§min
2
Smax == maximum stress
Smm == minimum stress
L
"
(., Poisson's Ratio(u) == is the ratio of lateral unit deformation to axial unit
(. deformation.
E
== By.
9. Thermal Elongation; Stresses Lateral Strain Ez
U == -----,,___ ~ ~.=
,I
Longitudinal Strain Ex Ex
e (t2 - tl) L
h2 ~
q I""" r
v
1At J4UJ.ij
L Ex == L z -L1
L1
E == WZ - W1
y
w1
E == t2 - t 1
z
11
e.
-J V/2 . k-V/2
E
PROBLEM I (Apr. 1999)
where: A steel rod 30 mm & 800 mm long has an allowance elongation not to exceed 1.5
Y == elongation due to temperature difference mm, find the allowable load in kN.
k == coefficient of thermal expansion. m/m-oC A. 278 C. 316
B. 248 D. 236
t 1 == initial temperature, "C
b == final temperature, °C
4-t-l i 'i'(,]:'1
(., Relation between shearing and tensile stress based on theory of failure:
For steel:
~y Ssrnax
6
E == 30 x 10 psi 206,785,714 kpa
Y = _.
FL ast·m1D(.]tI
AE
Sn 28,000
F(120) . S
0.001 = . . . . FS 3
IT (0.025)2(206,785,714)
4
S == 9,333.3 3 PSI
F = 84.59 KN
Em!!mm 3/4"
3'
3
DI!!iIir+D
Using d ensity of steel == 0.284 Ib/in
T
F
Weight = Volume x density r
Weight = [(3/4)(3 x 12)(20 x 12)J(0.284) 700
Weight = 1840.32 Ibs F 700lbs
1
t == plate th ickness
Solving for the equival ent diam eter for a force of 55 tons.
1/4"
Pressur e = 2 x 1/4 x 80 == 40 tons
F
~ Ss
2" A
PROB LEM 9 (ME Bd. Oct. 97) F
enduran ce strength is Ss
A link has a load factor of 0.8, the surface is 092 and the rtdt
ing stress of the link if it is subject ed to a reversin g
28,000 psi. Compu te the alternat
load. Assume a factor of safety of 3.
•
50 X 10 3 = (55 x 2000)
A. 8150 C. 9333 rrd(7/1 6)
B 10.920 D. 7260 I¢'-H
d == 16 In
68 Stresses
Solving for the equivalent no. of holes Stresses 69
No. of holes = _~Ji = 5.12 PROBLEM 14 (ME Bd. Apr. 96)
(5/16) A steel tie rod on bridge must be made withstand a pull of 5000 Ibs. Find the diameter
of the rod assuming a factor of safety of 5 and ultimate stress of 64.000 psi.
Therefore no. of holes is 5 because the punching machine cannot punch entirely the A 0.75 C. 0.71
remaining 0.12 in. B. 0.84 D. 0.79
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 12 (ME Bd. Apr. 97)
The shaft whose torque vanes from 2000 to 6000 inlbs has 1 1/2 inches in diameter
SI = F/A
and 60,000 psi yield strength. Compute for the shaft mean average stress.
A. 6036 psi C 5162 psi Su
If factor of safety is given: St
B. 6810 psi D. 5550 psi FS
Where: FS = factor of safety D
SOLUTION
_§'l = ~
FS A
Using shaft stress formula for pure torsion: 64,000 5000
Smax ~6!max 3
=~ ()O = 9054 psi 5 J1:d2 F = 5000 Ibs
nd n(1.5)3 4
16Tmin 16(2000) d = 0.71 in
SOlin 3018 psi
nd3 = - n(1sT
PROBLEM 15 (ME Bd. Apr. 96)
If the weight of 6" diameter by 48" long SAE 1030 shafting is 174.5 kg, then what will
Using variable stress formula equation: be the weight of chromium SAE 51416 of same size?
S mean _ 9054 + 3018
Smax + Smin _ A. 305.5 Ibs C 4264 Ibs
-~ -,~_.
6036 psi
2 2 B. 384.61bs D. 465.1 Ibs
4900 N
SOLUTION
I
., Projected A rea
PROBLEM 16 (ME Bd. Apr. 96)
If the ultimate shear strength of a steel plates is 42,000 psi, what
force is necessary to punch a 0.75 inch diameter hole in a 0.625
~
~L
= 2.5 inch thick plate?
o A 63,0081bs C. 68,080 Ibs
Substitute the diameter: B. 61,800 Ibs D. 66,8001bs
L
= 2.5
76.2
L = 190.5 mm
EmmmmI
76.2 mm
A = projected area is rectangular SOLUTION: 0.625"
A = 0 x L 8
A = 76.2(190.5) = 14,516 mm 2 Force r- Stress x Area ~O.75"
r.;~,
:!~;
Where: Area = Circumference x thickness
~:
..~
70 SI resse» 71
Stress es
Area == n D t
EmmmD
PROB LEM 18 (ME Bd. Oct. 95) E == Stress/S train == 44,000/ 0.00105 == 41.905 x 10 6 psi
A 2.5 in diamete r by 2 in long journal bearing is to carry a
5500lb load at 3600 rpm
using SAE 40 lube oil at 200°F through a single hole at
25 psi. Comput e the PROB LEM 21 (ME Bd. Oct. 95)
bearing pressure. What force P is required to punch a 1/2 in. hole on a 3/8 in.
A. 1100ps i
thick plate it the ultimate
C. 900 pSI shear s trength of the plate is 42,00 0 psi?
B. 1000 psi D. 950 psi A. 24.9401 bs C. 24,6201bs
SOLU TION
5500lb s
I
..
Project ed A
rea
B. 24.9601 bs D. 24,7401bs
EmmmD
Bearing pressu re is the same as bearing stress.
F
~/
b . •2"
P == Stress x Area
2.5"
s, == LD P == Ssu X (x d t) == 42,000(n: )(1/2)(3/8) == 24,7401 bs
5500 I< >[
Sb == == 1100 psi
2(2.5) .5 in i
PROB LEM 22 (ME Bd. Apr. 95)
What p ressure is required to punch a hole 2" diam eter thro ugh a
1/4" steel plate?
A 10 tons C. 20 tons
PROB LEM 19 (ME Bd. Oct. 95) B. 30 tons D. 40 tons
It is a problem of expans ion and shrinka ge of steel materia l so
that the slightly bigger
shafting of 2" diamete r can be inserted/fitted to the slightly
smaller hole of a steel SOLU TION
bushing of 1.999" diamete r with the following process
/materia l/data to apply:
Coefficient of expans ion of carbon steel == 0.00000 68"I""F tempera
ture raised by gas From Machin ery's Handbo ok p. 1924:
heating == 24.5°F. Cooling media to use dry ice with boiling point
of 109.3° F (78S C)
Shrinka ge rate below boiling point is 0.00073 in/in Determ
ine the final clearan ce P == d x t x 80 tons == 2 x 1/4 x 80 == 40 tons
betwee n the expand ed steel bushing hole against the shrinka
ge of the steel shaft.
SOLU TION
20mm
From Machin ery's Ha ndbook p 1149: F E:1!!ImD
W = St (0.55d 2
- 0.25d) F Fb = force applied per bolt
W = 12,000 [0.55(2 l- 0.25(2)] = 20,400 Ibs s, = Fb / A
A = crosssectional area of bolt
50,000 =. Fb
PROB LEM 2 5 (ME Bd. Apr. 94) (rcl4)(0 .019)2
Determine the estimated weight of an A36 steel plate size W' Fb = 14.176
x 4' x 8'.
A. 280 kgs C. 332 kgs
B. 301 kgs D. 297 kgs F = total force applied on cylin der head
250mm
F = 10(14.176) = 141. 76 KN
SOLU TION Pressure = F/A
A = area of cylin der
141.76
Pressure = 2 = 288.8 Kpa
From Faires p. 574, (n/4)(0 .25)
density of steel = 0.284 Ib/in3
Weight = volume x density PROB LEM 28
1/2(4 x 12)(8 x 12)(0.284) A column supports a compressive load of 250 KN. Determine
1~" the outside diamete r of
Weight = 654.336 Ibs = 297 kg V column if inside diamete r is 185 mm and compressive stress of 50
Mpa.
4' A. 200.62 mm C. 216.42 mm
B. 201.47 mm D. 208.41 mm
L
s: resses 5tn'ss(·..., 75
SOLUTION Im!!Im3
F = 250 KN
20mm
S 0= F/A S = F
A
50000 0= 250 F F
, A S = -------
2 F
A 0=
3 2
5 X 10 m (7t/4)0
2) F
A (rr/4 0 0 (rr/4 0;2)
0=
2 2 80,000 = ----
A 0= rr/4(00 0, ) (7t/4)(0.02)2
Substitute: F = 25.132 KN
5 x 10- 0= rr/4 (0 02 - (0. 185)2J
3
PROBLEM 31
6.366 X 10- 0= 0 02 - 0.034225
3
What force is necessary to punch a 30 mm hole in 12.5 mm thick plate if ultimate
Do 0= 0.201472 m 0= 201.47 mm
shear stress is 410 Mpa?
A. 564 KN C. 483 KN
PROBLEM 29 O. 983 KN
B. 342 KN
A steel hal/ow tube is use to carry a tensile load of 500 KN at a stress of 140 Mpa. If
outside diameter is 10 times the tube thickness, find the thickness of the tube. Im!!Im3
A. 11.24 mm c. 20.64 mm Using shearing stress formula:
B. 107 mm O. 22.61 mm
F
S
SOLUTION A
F
S
S 0= £: ndt
A F
500 410,000 = 7t(0.03)(0.0125)
140,000
A t
~
A 0= 3.57143 X 10- 3 m 2 F 0= 483.0198 KN
Do 0= 10t PROBLEM 32
Do 0= OJ + 2t Two 30 mm thick plate is fastened by two bolts, 25 mm in diameter. If the plates is
10t 0= D, + 2t subjected to 50 KN tension, find the bearing stress in bolts.
0; 0= 8t A. 33,333.33 Kpa C. 5555.55 Kpa
B. 4444.44 Kpa O. 555,555 Kpa
A 0= rr/4 (0 02 _ 0,2)
3
3.57143 x 10- 0= 7t/4((10t)2 - (8t)2J 25mm
4.5473 x 10-3 0= 36e SOLUTION
t 0= 0.112389 m 0= 11.24 mm
50 KN
+- 50 KN
PROBLEM 30 Using bearing stress formula: ---l
A 20 mm diameter rivet is used to fastened two 25 mm thick plate. If the shearing S = £.
stress is 80 Mpa. What tensile force applied each plate to shear the bolt? A
A. 26.35 KN C. 30.41 KN A = area = 2 d t ( for two bolts)
B. 28.42 KN O. 25.13 KN
Stress es
S ==£ Stress es 77
dt
PROB LEM 35
S == 50 What is the modulu s of ela sticity if stress is 300 Mpa and strain
of 0.001 38?
2(0.025 )(0.03) == 33,333. 33 Kpa A. 217.39 x 103 Mpa C. 220.61 Mpa
3
B. 200.61 x 10 Mpa D. 215.21 Mpa
S == 59,680. 68 Kpa == 59.68 Mpa For a cantilev er beam with load at free end:
M == F xL
M == (2 x 1000 x 0.00981 )(2) = 39.24 KN-m
~ t
PROB LEM 34
A shaft when subject ed to pure torsion develop ed a stress of 50 Z == Section modulu s
Mpa. If polar momen t Z == IIc == MIS == 39.24/1 10,000 == 3.5673 4 3
7 4
of inertia is 6.1359 x 10. m determi ne the maximu m torque the shaft could handle.
x 10. m x (3937)3
, 3
A. 1.23 KN-m Z == 21.77 in
C. 1.84 KN-m
B. 1.68 KN-m D. 2.48 KN-m
~
32
d == 0.05 m For a cantilev er beam with load at free end:
M == maximu m momen t = F x L
M == 5(3) == 15 KN-m
t
S= 16T
3 Z == Section modulu s == lie
TC d Z == 10 in 3x 1/(39.37 )3 = 1.6387 x10·4m 3
16 T M 15
50,000 == S = flexural stress == - = 91,535. 62 Kpa
4
TC (0.05)3 Z 1.6387x1 0-
T == 1.227 KN-m
78 Stresses Stresses 79
PROBLEM 38
A 6 mm steel wire is 5m long and stretches 8 mm under a given load. If modulus of
Em!!IiImI
elasticity is 200 Gpa, find the load applied.
A.7KN C.9KN Y = ~
B. 8 KN D. 10 KN AE
2
A == 0.5 ern" x 1/(100)2 == 5 X 10'5 m 0.5 cm
2
SOLUTION
0.001 == (225xO.00981)(4) 4m
(5 x 10-5 )E
Y == FL 6mm E == 176580000 Kpa == 176.58 Gpa
AE
5m
0.008 == F(5)
[(nI4)(0.006)2](200x10 6 )
i mm
F == 9.047 KN PROBLEM 41
A 20 m rod is stretches to a strain of 0.001. Determine the deflection of the rod.
PROBLEM 39 A. 20 mm C. 30 mm
B. 25 mm D. 35 mm
A steel wire 10m long, hanging vertically supports a tensile 'f' F
load of 2 KN. Neglecting the weight of wire, determine the required diameter if the
SOLUTION
stress is not to exceed 140 Mpa and the total elongation is not to exceed 5 mm.
Assume E == 200 Gpa.
A. 2 mm C. 4 mm Strain == Y/L
B.3mm D.5mm
0.001 == Y/20
Im!!ImD Y == 0.020 m == 20 mm
. FL D
PROBLEM 42
Y == elongation == - A rail having a coefficient of linear expansion of 11.6 x 10'6 m/m-oC increases its
AE length when heated from 70°F to 113°F. Determine the strain.
0.005 == ~ 2(10) A. 2.04 x 10'4 C. 4.21 X 10'4
A(200x10 6 ) B. 6.05 X 10'4 D. 2.77 X 10'4
A == 2 X 10'5 m2
2
A == n/4 d
2 x'lO'5 ==n/4 d2 Em!!IiImI
d == 0.00504 m == 5.04 mm Converting to DC difference:
L1Clt.F == 519
t.C/(113-70) == 519
PROBLEM 40
L1C == 23.889°C
An iron rod 4 m long and 0.5 ern" in cross section stretches 1 mm when a mass of Strain == S/E == K (t2 - t.) == 11.6 X 10'6 (23.889) == 2.77 x 10'4
225 kg is hang on it. Compute the modulus of elasticity of the iron.
A. 176.58 Gpa C. 160.41 Gpa
PROBLEM 43
B. 169.81 Gpa D. 180.26 Gpa What temperature will the rails just touch if steel railroad is 10m long are laid with
clearance of 3 mm at initial temperature of 15°C? Use k == 11.7 X 10'6 m/m-oC.
A. 35.64°C C. 45.64°c
B. 40.64°C D. 50. 64°C
80 Stresses Stresses 81
PROBLEM 46
A1A'Wb
Y=kL(b-t1) 2 2
For a given material, the modulus of elasticity is 100 GN/m in tension and 40 GN/m
Clearance = Y/2 + Y/2 in shear. Find the Poisson's ratio.
Clearance = Y = 0.003 A. 0.10 C. 0.25
6
J V/2 k-V/2 B. 0.50 D. 0.35
0.003 = 11.7 x 10. (10)(b - 15)
t2 = 40.64°C U·)!'mmI
PROBLEM 44 G=_E_
2(1 + u)
For a given material, the modulus of elasticity is 15,000,000 PSI In tension and
E
6,000,000 psi in shear. Determine the Poisson's ratio for this material. u = --1
A. Q4 C. 0.3 2G
B. 0.25 D. 0.5 100
u = ---1
2(40)
SOLUTION
u = 0.25
PROBLEM 45 P=2rcTN
A 1000 lb force acts at the end of a 10ft cantilever beam. The section modulus for 3 = 2 rt T (1725/60)
3
the steel beam is 8.0 in . How much stress is induced? T = 0.01661 KN-m
A. 10,000 psi C.12,000psi
300mm
B.15,000psi D.14,200psi But: T = F x r
0.01661 = F (0.025/2)
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 48
What force is necessary to punch a 1 in hole in a 118 in steel plate if the ultimate
shearing stress is 60,000 psi and the ultimate compressive stress is 80,000 psi?
M = F x L = 1000(10) = 10,000 ft-Ib
M = 120,000 in-Ib
A. 34,520.34 Ib C. 12,344.56 Ib
B. 8,345.56 Ib D. 23,561.90 Ib
z = section modulus
z= -
M E:r!!iIm
Sf
Solving for the shearing area during punching:
3 = 120,000
Sf
82 Stresses Stresses 83
2
A = re d t = re (1) (1/8) = 0.3926 in PROBLEM 51
S= ~ A hollow rivet has an outside diameter of 5 mm and an inside diameter of 3 mm. If
6 2
A the allowable shearing stress is 400 x 10 N/m , what maximum shearinq force can
the rivet sustain if subjected to double shear?
60,000= _F_
0.3926 A. 10 KN C. 15 KN
B. 20 KN O. 25 KN
e
F = 23,562 Ibs
EmDImII
2
A=2 [%(0 -0;2)]
k 5 mm )1
PROBLEM 49
~D=
• 1 in
A= 2
4
0
!: [(0.005)2 -
5
(0.003)2]
2
F F
A = 2.51327 X 10- m
A Ubolt supports a load of 6000 lb. The crosssection of the bolt has a diameter of
1/2 inch. How much stress is induced in the sides of the bolt? 6 2 3 2
F = 400 X 10 N/m = 400 x 10 KN/m
A. 12,734.45 psi C. 13,345.56 psi
B. 14,567.23 psi O. 15,278.12 psi
S = F/A F
SOLUTION 3- -5
400 x 10 - 2.51327x10
1/2" F = 10.05 KN
~
A = 2 [ (1 I 2)2] = 0.3927 in
2
PROBLEM 52
A vertical load of 400 Newtons acts at the end of a horizontal rectangular cantilever
2
beam 2m long and 25 mm wide. If the allowable bending stress is 130 MN/m , find
the depth of the beam in mm.
S = ~ = 6,000/0.3927 = 15,278.84 psi A. 23.44 mm C. 30.23 rnrn
A 6000lb B. 38.43 mm O. 43.23 mm
PROBLEM 50
A 1 in diameter shaft has a 2 in diameter collar resting on a support. The axial load
SOLUTION ~ tP=400 N
on the shaft is 10,000 Ib and the thickness of the collar is 1/2 in. How much shearing 2m
stress is induced?
A. 6,366.20 psi C. 5,244.56 psi Moment = 400(2) = 800 N.m = 0.80 KN.m
B. 4,234.56 psi O. 8,456.34 psi =
F 10,000 Ibs
z = MIS = [0.80/130 x 103] (1000)3 h
SOLUTION Z = 6153.85 rnrn" 25mm
;~ SHAFT· 1" dia. bh 2
z=-
F 6
COLLAR· 2" dia.
Ss = reds t
6153.85 = (25)~
1/2" 6
Ss = 10,000 h = 38.43 mm
re(1)(0.5)
.1/2"
S, = 6,366.20 psi
1"
84 Stresses
PROBLEM 53 Stresses 85
A simply supported timber beam is 50 mm by 200 mm in crosssection and 4 m long. F
If the fiber stress is not to exceed 8.3 Mpa and the beam weight is neglected, find the 210000 = - -
, 0.00144
maximum midspan concentrated load that the beam can support if the 200 mm
F = 302.4 KN = 302,400 N
dimension is vertically oriented.
A. 2,766.67 N C. 2,345.56 N
B. 3,233.45 N D. 1,234.45 N
PROBLEM 55
A steel hanger of 2 m length is to carry an axial load of 18 KN. If the tensile stress is
SOLUTION restricted to 104 Mpa and the elongation caused by this load is restricted to 1 mm,
what is the minimum cross-sectional area the member can have? E = 200,000 Mpa
~p A.1Mm~ C.1~m 2
B. 173 rnrn" D. 190 mm
For rectangular beam:
Z = section modulus of rectangular beam SOLUTION
2
bh 200mm
Z= - -
6 Based on tensile stress: 2m
Z
(50)(200)2
= -'---'--'----'-- SOmm
S = ~
A
6
4 3 104 = 18,000
z = 333,333.33 rnrn" = 3.33 x 10. m
A
2
M=Sz A '" 173 mm
6)(3.333 4
Moo (8.3 x 10 10. ) = 2,766.67 N.m
F = 18 KN
For simply supported beam: Based on the given deflection:
M= ~L-. FL
4 y
276667 = P(4)
AE
,. 4
18,000 (2,000)
P = 2,766.67 N
1 = A (200,000)
A = 180 rnrn"
PROBLEM 54 Therefore use the higher area: A = 180 rnrn"
A lap joint consists of steel plate 250 mm by 18 mm in thickness is connected by 4-20
mm diameter rivets. Compute the bearing capacity of the rivet connection if the
allowable bearing stress is 210 Mpa. PROBLEM 56
A. 302,400 N C. 420,340 N A short hollow steel cylinder with a wall thickness of 38 mm is to carry a compression
B. 360,200 N D. 460,240 N load, applied uniformly on the end, of 7,800 KN. If the allowable working stress in
steel in compression is 138 Mpa, then the minimum outside diameter of the cylinder
SOLUTION required to safely support the load is:
A. 512 mm C. 396 mm
F B. 482 mm D. 460 mm
Sb = -
A
A = bearing area
A = 4(dxt) = 4 (0.020 x 0.018)
F Em!!imD
2
A = 0.00144 m
s = F
A
86 Stresses Stresses 87
7,800,000
138 SOLUTION
A
A = 56,521.74 rnrn" S = KE (t2 - t1)
A=Ao-A,
6
A = ~ D 2 _ ~ D1 2 = ~ [D 2 ~ D 2J S = (6.5 x 10 6 inl'F) (30 x 10 psi)( 130) = 25,350 psi
4
4° 4 01
Dj = Do- 2t PROBLEM 59
D j = DO - 2(38) = Do - 76 A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 160 rnrn" is to be attached between two
TC 2 2 fixed points 1.25 m apart. If the rod is too short by 0.25 mm, find the stress applied to
56,521.74 = -[Do -(D o-76) J put the rod back to fitness. E = 200,000 Mpa
4
2 2 38m~ A. 40 Mpa C. 50 Mpa
79,965.71 = D0 - D0 + 152D o - 5,776
Do = 511.5 mm B. 30 Mpa D. 60 Mpa
~ )1
k Do
PROBLEM 57 SOLUTION
A 25 mm diameter steel bar is loaded in double shear until failure, the ultimate load is
.( J
found to be 446 KN. If the allowable stress is to be based on a factor of safety 3 what L = 1.25 - 0.00025 = 1.24975 m
must be the diameter of a pin designed for an allowable load of 26 KN in single shear
be? A. 14.79 mm C. 13.24 mm y = S~
E
B. 15.64 mm D. 12.63 mm
0.00025 = S ( 1.24975 )
SOLUTION 200,000,000 1.25 m
S = 40,008 Kpa = 40.008 Mpa
Fu
Su = -
A
For double shear:
446,000
Su = 454.52 Mpa
2[~(5)]
.4
PROBLEM 58
A steel bar, initially free of stress, is held between rigid supports. Determine the
stress in the bar if temperature drops 130°F. K = 6.5 x 10'6 inl'F, E = 30 x 106 psi
A. 25,350 psi C. 24896 psi
B. 26,234 psi D. 23,654 psi
88 Shafting 89
Shafting
e Shaft power
where:
TN T
P == power, KW
T = torque, KN-m
N == speed, rps
B. Power in English
mmmmm! where:
P == power, Hp
1. Shaft is a rotating member that is used to transmit power.
T == torque, ft-lb
N == speed, rpm
2. Axle a stationary member carrying rotating wheels, pulleys. F
(; Torque, T R
3. Machine shaft shaft which is an integral part of the machine.
W
OTO R Machine Shaft
• ,~1% %4~
I'
I,
Main Shaft
~1,
0
Counter ShaftT]
where:
S5
tOlE t
Driven Machine 1 ~ Do == outside diameter
0, == inside diameter
t
Driven MaChine 2
90 Shafting Shafting 91
J = polar moment of inertia b. For hollow shaft:
c = is the distance of the farthest fiber from neutral axis
T = torque
d = diameter of shaft
where:
• Strength of shaft with assumed allowable stresses
L = length
of shaft
J = polar moment of inertia (PSME Code p. 18)
•
iii Stress in shaft when subjected to Torsion and Bending
(From Machineries Handbook)
loads:
• Shaft diameter for 0.08 degrees per foot of length of shaft
F
a. For solid shaft: deflection.
~ T
'a.iIJ21t!~l
Where:
where:
T = torque o = diameter, in
M = moment T = torque, in-Ib
5 s = maximum shear stress P = horsepower
51 = maximum tensile or compressive stress N = speed, rpm
92 Sh (~ t ino
Shu!tin.t} !cJ:1
For Sl units:
2. Rectangular
D = 2.26 tIT 'or D = 125.70 ~. bd(b 2 +d2 )
Where:
o :::: diameter, mm
J = 12
2
d~I
bd I. b tol
P = power, watts
N = speed, rpm 3 +1.6 <l.
T = torque, N-mm d
Where:
• Shaft deflection of 1 degree for a length of 20 times its b -= bose
d = height (shortest side)
diameter.
~ 3. Circle
}
D=0.10 Wf·. orD=4.0
4 3
Where" ltD Zp = ltD
J= -
32 16
P = power, hp Where: 0 -::= diameter
D = diameter, in
N =speed, rpm 4. Hollow tube
T~ torque, in-Ib
outside diameter
16 D
\. J
L=5.2 ~ d = Inner diameter
1. Square
6. Triangle
~Io
4
J = 0.1667a
z, = 0.206 a' J = 0.036 s'
Where:
a = length of side
Z, = 0.05 s'
S length of side
s
n4 ShuJll nq 95
ShaJting
5 5
PROBLEM I (Oct. 2000) A 0.75x10 C. 1.20 X 10
5
Compute for the ~wislng moment in m-fb developed when the shaft delivers 20 hp at B.1.0X10 D. 2.10 X 10"
1200 rpm.
A. 1166 C. 1050 &!!I1t_gl
B. 915 O. 945
P ~ 2rrTN
E!!Dl':D
20 ~ 2 IT (T) (200/60)
P ~ 2rrTN 6
33,000
T ~ 0.9549 KN-m (1000)(1000) ~ 0.9549 x 10 Nmm
TL (3 6
x 10 )(1400) P ~
D3N
-
Q)3J.280) 19895 hp
e/rr)
8 0.00352 rad (180 38 38
JG ~ [rr (~0)4]83.
PI,OBLEM 7 (Oct. 1998)
8 ~ 0.202 degree What power would a spindle 55 mm In diameter transmit at 480 rpm stress allowed
2
lor short shalt is 59 N/mm ?
'R OELEM 4 (Oct. 2000) A. 98.68 kw C 68.98 kw
'ind the torsional moment (in Newton-rum), developed when the shaft delivers 20 kw B. 96.88 kw D. 68.89 kw
t 200 rpm
96 Shaft uvq g7
Shq{t ing
SOLUTION T 1,927.390 N.mm = 1.92739 KN.m
P 2 rt T N ~ 2 n (1.92739)(480/60) ~ 96.88 kw
o~ 55 mm ~ 0.055 m
No correct answer In the given choices.
S ~ 59 N/mm' ~ 59 Mpa ~ 59,000 kpa
am:mD SOLUTION
0.8 Ll
X 1t ~548d3)(1@_ PROBLEM 16 (ME Bd. Apr. 97)
180 0 4 Determine the torque received by the motor shaft running at 4,250 rpm, transrnittlnq
(nd )(79.300.000) 11 hp through a 10 in diameter 20° involute gear. The shalt is supported by ball
32
bearings at both ends and the gear is fixed at the shalt length.
d = 0.062 m 62 mm
A. 163 in-Ib C. 167 in-Ib
B. 132in-lb D.138in-lb
100 ShaJtiflq 1 (J 1
Shafting
SOLUTION torsional sheanng stress IS 28 N/mm"'.
A. 218 C. 312
B. 232 D. 380
P = nTN
T = 4500 N-m
P = 2nTN
12(33,000) = 2nT(180)
T = 350.14 It-Ibs = 4,201.68 in-los
PROBLEM 21 (ME Bd. Oct. 95)
Design the size of solid steel shalt to be used .or a 500 Hp, 250 rpm application If the
L=IIt=12in
allowable torsional detrection is 1 and the allowable stress is 10,000 psi and modulus
J = l'td'/32 6
Q
s = 16T
3
Emmit-w'
n:d
16(126.051) p -
D"N
10.000 c. For short shaft-
nid)3 38
d = 4" Where D shaft diameter, In
N = speed. rpm
P = power. hp
Solving for the shaft diameter based on torsional deflection:
The shaft length IS not given The common practice for torsional deflection IS per 20d
length. (From machineries Handbook) (51! 25.4)N
120 = . _ .
TL 38
I)
JG N = 330 rpm
v = ,D N = IT (0 55 x 3 28)(330) 1870 fpm
126.051(20d)
x Jl!180 - ----- --
('~d2 )(13.000,000)
PROBLEM 24 (ME Bd. Oct. 95)
A hollow shaft nas an Inner diameter of 0035 m and outer diameter of 0.06 m
d = 484" Determine the polar moment of mertta of the hollow sf-a-t.
A 152x0hm~' C 125x0bm~
4 b 1
Therefore use d 4-7/8" (standard) B1152x10- 6 m D.1125x10 m
6
15T J = 1 125 x 10 m':
s
j"[d3
PROBLEM 25 (ME Bd. Apr. 95)
15T Compute the speed of the gear mounted all. a 52.5 mm diameter shalt receiving
12.000 = _.
n(2)3 power from a driVing motor With 250 Hp
T = 18850 m-Ibs 1.570.8 tt-lbs A 2182 rpm C 2071 rpm
8 2282 rpm D. 234 f rpm
p = 2n.~
550 ~
Where T = torque. f1-lb
N = speed, rps D 3N
p
p = 2'(1570 8)(120! 50) 80
3589 Hp
550
(52.5 25.4)3 N
250
80
PROBLEM 2:; (ME Bd. Oct. 95) N 2255 rpm
A short 61 mm diameter shaft transmits 120 Hp Compute the hnear speed of a pulley
55 em diameter mounted on the shaft. 1he: answer IS B (nearest)
A. 1795 lpm C. 1765 fpm
8. 1856 fpm D 2106 torn
10" Shuftinq 105
S}lU(lllln
SOLUTION ~
For short shafts
P~2r TN
37 ~ 2nT(1760/60) D 3N (3)3(280)
P = = 199 Hp
T ~ 0.20 KN-m 38 38
S ~ 16T
rrd3 PROBLE:vI 29 (ME Bd. Apr. 97)
A step shaft made of SAE 1117 steel with an ultimate strength of 69.7 ksi The notch
8130 = 16(42.017)
sensitivity lactor IS 0.00435 IS the constant dependent upon the ultimate strength.
nd 1 check the radius stress raiser
d ~ 0.050 m = 50 mm A. 0.192 C 0250
B. 0386 D. 0775
P = 2" T N = 0.25
200 = Zrr T(400/60)
T = 477465 KN-m PROHLEM 30
A shafl IS used to transmit 200 KW at 300 rpm by means of a 200 mm diameter
D, = D. 2 t sprocket Determine the force tangent to the sprocket
D = 014 - 2(0008) = 0.124 m A 60 44 KN C 60 88 KN
B. 60 33 KN D 6366 KN
J = rr/32 (D.' - D,') = rr/32 [(0.14)' - (0.124)"] = 1.45042 x 10" m"
~
From Vallance p 31. Table 2-6 for C4140
steel. P=2TITN
G ~ 12000.000 pSI = 12.000.000 (101325/147) = 82714.286 Kpa 200 " 2 II T 1300/60)
II c TL T ~ 6.366 KN-m
JG
T :::;- F x r
477465(5)
H 00199 rad (180" IT rad) 1.14 deg 6366 = F, (0 20/2)
145042,10 '(82.714286) F = 63.66 KN
lOb Shullilln 107
S/wjl illy
PROBLEM :J]
Find the diameter of a steel shaft which will be used to operate a 110 t0N motor
E·)!''ir.g+
rotating at 5 rps If torsional stress IS 90 Mpa.
A. 60.2 mm C. 38.3 mm 2"TN
P =
B. 583 mm O. 46.2 rr-m 33,000
2nT(1400)
50 --------
Em!!i:mD 33,000
T 18757 It-Ib x 12in/lt 2250905 m-lb
P=2nTN 16T
110 = 2 n T (5) S
r::d J
T = 3.501 KN-m
16T 16(2250905)
S 500 - ---- -----
J 3
rrd rId
d = 2.84 In
90000 = 16(35()1)
, J
'd P[,OIlLEM :14
d = 0.058298 m = 58.298 mm A hollow shaft that has a 100 mm outside diameter and 80 mm msrdc diameter IS
used lo transmit 100 KW at 600 rpm Determine the shaft stress
A 1373 Mpa C. 19.86 Mpa
PROBLEM 32 B 1682 Mpa D. 17.21 Mpa
What IS the speed of 63 42 mm shaft that transmits 75 KW if stress is not to exceed
26 Mpa? ...- r.lI.fkl .~
A. 550 rpm C. 650 rpm
B 660 rpm D. 700 rpm P=2,TN
100 = 2, T 1600/60)
E.:.t!!immI T = 15915 KN-m
16TO, 16(1.5915)1010)
S = 16T S 4 -- 4 13728.73 Kpa
nd J il:(Do -0 1
)
;[(010)" (008)']
PROBLEM 33
A steel shalt transrruts 50 Hp at 1400 rpm. If allowable stress is 500 PSI, find the shalt
E.:.t!!immI
diameter
16 T
A. 3.58 In C 1 65 In Ss
B. 2.84 In D 2.54 In TId:)
70 = 16 T
rt(2)3
T = 109.96 N mm
A = 2 turns = 2 rev = 2 (2TI) - 4"
I (),~ ,'jlllllllll!)
~1 (l r !ln lOq
10996 L
4)1 = -- --
SOLUTION
IT (2)4
(35000)
32 ' lit x 1,3.281 _ 0.30478 m
D
L 6.283 mm
T = F(D!2) = 5(0.30478/2) = 0.7619 KN-m
16T J(83Xl 0 6 )
s
nd 3 5
ITd 4
J = 1.93286 X 10 m'
25.000 = 16(1,5) 32
3
ITd _ red 11
1.93286 x 10" =
d 0.0673556 m = 673556 mm 32
4 4
rrd._. = rr(0.06755) = 2.02 x 10" m' d = 011845m = 118.45mm
J
32 32
4 x n:/180'
TIS) E:.'l!!IiI:.mI
J
IITd ](83x106) SOLUTION:
32
T = 113774606 d' _ Eqn. 2 For short shaft
03 N
Equate 1 and? /"
1 r f1 q.:. Cj-l c. p =
38
113774.606d' = 1178097,r (::I: :;;
d = 0.10354 m = 10354 mm (1.5)3 N
¢' ! Ii:; ;:;d Le.' 44.4
38
N = 500 rpm x 1160 8.33 IpS
PROBLEM .+ I
What IS the diameter of a line shaft that transmit 150 KW at 15 rps?
A 228 In C 1.62 in
PR01J!.EM 4-+
B. 3.54 In 0 2.04 In
A 3 in solid shalt IS desired to replaced a hollow shaft havnq 4 In outside diameter
Consider the strength to be the same. determine the mside diameter of hollow shaft
Em:!!ii%.:D A 2.5 In C 3.48111
B 3 0 In 0 4.0 In
For line shaft.
p =
O'N
- E:.'l!!IiI:.mI
53.5
For 50110 shaft
03(15x60)
150'0.746 = S = 15T 16T
53.5 0.1886T
nd 3 ,,(3)3
D , 2.28 in
Hali,,-p'
PROBLEM 4(;
A circular saw blade has a circular speed of 25 m/sec and 500 mm diameter IS driven
by means of belt that has an effiCiency of 95% Find the required diameter of the
For Simply supported beam with load at center.
driven shaft If power transmitted IS 50 hp.
PL (500x000981}(1)
A. 1 In C. 3 In M
B 2 In D. 4 in 4 4
M 1.226 KN m p ~ 500 kg
E'.l!!iil.:'mI
V =rrDN
Sol\/Ing lor the torque developed"
P=2nTN
190 = 2 rt T (300·60)
I ~ PI
T 604i88KNm
25 = rt (0.5) N
N = 954.93 rpm For shaft subjected to torsion and bending load.
Based on shearing.
For line shaft:
16 "' ')
S _ \ M" - T"
D3N ;-rd\
P =
53.5 16 ') <'
J ~ 0 ()OO " ,'(1 226)" T (6.04788)
P lei = D N :r:cl
53,5 d 009227 rr; = 9227 mm
II" ShU/II/H; :-.,!Ui!llfU! I J 5
PROHLSM 49
A 100 mm diameter shaft \5 subjected to a torque of 6 KN-m and a bendinq moment
I!m!!iiI:mI
of 2.5 KN-m Find the maximum bending stress developed. For line shan
A. 4584 Mpa C 50.2B Mpa
B. 6025 Mpa D. 5546 Mpa
p
D"N
SOLUTION 53.5
For shaft subjected to torsion and bending IOrHL Based on compression, 0 3 (900 )
200
53.5
16 . . -', --,
31 = -- I'M~\"2 __ T.:' I D = 2 28 In or 2 7/16 III (standard)
Ted'
Based on sbeacr.o-
IIE!!Im3
16 r '--2
S. = _ \ M , T,l
nd' _
S = 16T
16 ' -- -, - -- r; J
n:d
40 x 10 = - _j
'l,(0.34 t ,(0.225t
nd ,
7000= 16T
d = 0.0373 m = 37 3 mrn . "(I! 4)3
T = 1.789 fI-lb
Based on compression.
16 2
T2
51 = ---, - M + vM nd 4rr(1 4)4
'I .
t
nd<l J= = _ 3 835 x 10' ff'
32 32
53 3 x 10' = 16 10.34 ,
;r:d 3
\(0::34l r (0.225)2 L·lf1=12In
TL (1789xI2,112) J/nrad
8= = 00559 rad x 180
d = 0 04149 m = 41 49 mm JG 3835xl0·'(12.000.000)
II = 3 21
Therefore choose the larger diameter, d ·,41 49 mm
PFOl-lLEM C,7
A hollow shaft has an outside diameter of 4 In and an Inside diameter of 3 In. Find
PROBLEM 55
the marnctcr of a solid shaft with equal strength In torsion
A 1 In diameter shaft IS to be replaced with a hollow shaft of the same rnatenal
A2121n B323,n
weighing half as much, but equally strong In torsion The outside diameter of the
C >1?3 In [) 3 S2 In
hollow shaft IS to be 1 1/2 in Find the inside diameter.
A. 1322 In C I 653 III
B. 2 123 In 0 3 123 In IIE!!Im3
S, "1 =- SI"...,.....
I] H J'. ( ·!I -, 11 q
....... llfl/llllq
16T 16TO"
3 ::::: --.-1 --1
IT d 7T(Oo D )
0,/ - 0,'1-:::. rj)
(4)'. (3)' 0 d' (4)
°
do 352 In
I'ROIILEM 58
A 1;4 In steel shaft transmits 30 In-Ib of torque The effective length of the shaft IS 12
in: the modulus of etasncuv In shear IS 12.000,000 pSI. Find the angular deflection in
degrees.
A. 234"
B 1,23'
C, 448'
0, 634"
GmD
mm:mD ~
1. Key - a machine member employed at the mtartacc of a pair of mating male and
ITd' . )4 ~
'~(TI terna'c Circular cross-sectional members to prevent relative angular motion
>1
J = -' 4 . = 3835 x 10ft
32 32 between these mating members
TL (30)(12)
H ::::: = 0.078 rad x 180"/mad 2. Keyway a groove ill the shaft and mating member to which the key fits.
JG 3835xl0" (12000000)
00448' 3. Splines - permanent keys made integral With the shaft and fitting Into keyways
broached Into the mating
PHOl3LEM SCI
A 1 1/2 In Monel shaft IS used In a torsional application. Based on operating speed of 4. Square key has a square cross-section with tlalf of ItS depth sunk In the shaft
100 rpm and safety factor of 12. How much horsepower can it transmit? Assume the ano half in the hub.
shearrng stress IS 3/4 of the ultimate tensile stress which is 100.000 pSI
A 657 hp C 234 hp 5. Flat key has a reqular cross section With a smaller om-cison placed In the
B. 345 hp 0. 5.23 hp radial direction with half sunk In the shaft and half In the hub and IS used where
the weakening of the shaft by the keyway IS serious
IIE!!imD
6. Round key - has Circular cross section
S" = 3'4 S,
S" = 34 (100,000) 0 75,000 pSI 7. Barth key IS a square key With bottom two corners beveled.
S _ SSLJ 8. Woodruff key consists 01 one-half of a Circular disk fitting into a rectangular
,- FS keyway In the female member and a semi-circular keyway In the male member
S,075,000'12
S, 6.250 pSI
0
9. GibMhead taper key - is a flat key With a special qrb-he ad to facilitate easy
dnvrnq and removal of the key
S, 0 16T
, 7Td 3
10. Saddle key IS a flat key used Without a 'Keyway In the shaft
16T
6250= -',
"(1.5r 11. Kennedy keys are tapered SqU,Hf' keys With the diagonal dimension In a
T -4141 751n·lb 0345.141!·lb circumferential direction.
P = ~"TN_ = 2IT(34514)(100)
12. Feather key is one which has a uqhl [II into one member and a loose Sliding lit
= 6 57 hp
33,000 33,000 In thr' 1Tl,1tltl(j member thus allowmq tile hub to move along the shaft but prevents
ILO {(I'II_", 121
Types of keys:
1. square key 3. Compressive Stress (So) of key
2 flat key
3
4.
found key
barth key
Fe
Ih/ 2
5 woodruff key So
6 oro-nead key (h/2)L
7. saddle key
8 kennedy key
h
9. leather key
//
s, = ~
wL
Key F where L -= tenqth of key
W -= width of key
h h height of key
r
w
Shaft w
D
A. P 21t T N, KW w L = 12 D
4
21tTN H
B P 6. Force tangent to pulley rim
33000' P F'
l?
0-
/
T=T'
2. Force transmitted, F R
F.r=F'.R T'
r
T T
F
d/2 ~ _ force tanqent to the key
F force tangent to pulley rim
where d shaft diameter R radn.s of pulley
122 tc: c-~ I ':> 1'23
PROBLE:vl I (ME Bd. Oct. 97) 7788
1
A 76.2 rnrn In diameter shafting of SAE 1040 grade, cold rolled, navinq a yield point of f- 28,8444 N
(0054/2) '1
50 kSI and with a 3/4 x 5 Inches key Compute the minimum Yield pomt In the 'Key In ;.<:
P' ,
order to transmit the torque of the shaft. The tactor of satety to use IS 2 and S
0.50 S/ For shearing ot key 1.5875 em <~; . L
A 39120 kSI C 27920 kSI
F 1.11 em
B 42.130ksl D. 47.120 kSI
S.
wL
SOLUTION 28844.4
60,000000
00111(L)
For Key
L -c 00433 m = 4.33 em
w -= 3/;" ~ 0.75"'
L = 5"
~ For compression of key'
d = 762 mm 3 In
Sy ( )
S,. S, 2 F 54mm
FS h L
3/4"
50,000
S" " 25,000 pSI 2(28.844.41
2 90,000.000
o 015875(Lj
S = 16T L ~ 0.040377 m = 40377 em
rrd3 Therefore choose the longer length of key
L c 433 em
25,000 = 16T
n( 3)'
T 132,535 94 m-lb
T = F r I'H013LEM 3 (Ocl. 1998)
132,535.94 = F(3/2) A 76.2 mm cramercr shattmq of SAE 1040 grade, cold rolled, havno a Yield oom' or
F = 88,357.29Ibs 50 kSI and With a 3/4 x 3/4 x 5 In key Compute the minimum Yield pou-t In the key In
For sheanng of key order transmit the torque of the shaft The factor of safely to usc IS 2 and S,c, .;: 05
S,
F 88,357.29 S,
23,561 94 psi A 47 52 kSI C. 4712 kSI
wL 075(5)
B. 4725 kSI o 4721 ksi
Sy = S, x FS
S, = 23,561 94 x 2 = 47,120 PSI 4720 kSI
Em!!Ii[-':W
PHOflLEM 2 (ME Bd. Ocl. 97) For Key
w ::::: ~': " =-- 0 75"'
A keyed sprocket deliver a torque of 778.8 N m thru the shaft of 54 rnrn 00. The '",ey
thickness IS 1.5875 em and the Width IS 1.11 em. Compute the length of the same
- c-:
L - .,
d c:: 76.2 rnm = 3 In
key. The permissible stress value of 60 Mpa for shear and 90 Mpa for tension.
A 39.12 em C 52.22 em
B. 4.82 em 0 432 em S, 50.000 c 25,000 PSI
S"
FS 2
Em!!iiIm
S = 16T
F
T Tl"d 3
3"
16T
25,000 c
IT(3)3
124
T = 132.535.94 inIb K('l/S 125
T = Fr PROBLEM 5
132,535.94 = F(3/2) A metric M4 x 15 square key is used with a 16 mm shaft. If the allowable shearing
F = 88,357.29Ibs stress is 50 Mpa. How much torque can the assembly handle? The rotational speed
For shearing of key: of the shaft is 600 rpm.
F 88,357.29 A. 20 N-m C. 24 N-m
Ss = --- 23,561.94 psi
D. 34 N-m
wL 0.75(5) B. 12 N-m
Sy = Ss x FS
S, = 23,561.94x2 = 47,120 psi 47.20 ksi SOLUTION
Em!!iImII F = 3000 N
T = F (d/2) = 3000(0.016/2) = 24 N-m
E
I
~'
16 mm
)1
T = Fxr
912.4 = F (0.0635/2)
F = 28,737 N 15.875m _ PROBLEM 6
11.11 em A flat key is to be designed for 75 mm diameter shaft which will transmit 150 'r<YV at
Based on shearing of key: 400 rpm. If allowable shearing stress is 200 Mpa and key width is 15 mm, determine
F the length of key.
Ss = - -
wL A. 30.65 mm C. 33.75 mm
B 31.83 mm D. 32.85 mm
61200 000 =~37
" 0.0111125L
L = 0.04225 m = 42.25 mm Em!!iImII
Based on compressive of key:
P = 2rrTN
150 = 2rrT(400/60)
Sc = 2F T = 3.581 KN-m
hL
99,800,000 ~ . _ - -
2(28,737) T = Fxr
0.015875L 3.581 = F x (0.075/2)
I
L = 0.03628 m = 36.28 mm F = 95.493 KN IE )
I 75 mm
200,000 = _9~3
L(0.015)
L = 0.03183 m = 3183 rnrn
126 J,! '1/', 127
PROBLEM 7 1\ <+3 KN C. 45 KN
A rectangular key is used in a pulley to transmit 100 KW at 1000 rpm on 50 mm shaft B. 48 KN D. 46 KN
diameter. Determine the force required to remove the shaft from the hub if friction is
0.4.
A. 33.24 KN C. 28.35 KN K=I-15·UW..'
B. 36.85 KN D. 30.55 KN
For line shaft:
SOLUTION 3N
D
P =- -
53.5
3
P=2nTN 15/0.746 = .0
(600 )
100 = 2nT(1000/60) 53.5
T = 0.9549 KN-m o = 1.2148 in = 0.03085 m
T = Fxr L = 1 in = 0.025398 m
0.9549 = F x (0.050/2) w = 0/4 = 0.03085/4 = 0.007714 m
F = 38.197 KN F
Ss =
Lw
The friction on key experience both upper half on one side and lower half on the other
F
side.
230,000 = (0.001'714)(0.025398)
Force required to remove the shaft from the hub F = 45.061 KN
P = 2 f F = 2(0.4)(38.197) = 30.55 KN
PROBLEM 10
PROBLEM 8 A square key is to be used in a 40 mm diameter shaft and that will developed a 2 KN-
A 7/16 in height x 3 in length flat key is keyed to a 2 inches diameter shaft. Determine m torque. If bearing stress of the key is 400 Mpa, determine the cross sectional
the torque in the key if bearing stress allowable is 25 Ksi. dimension of square key to be used if key length is 30 mm.
2
A. 16,406.25 in-Ib C. 17.42 in-lb A. 324.80 mm C. 446.80 rnrn"
B. 15,248.56 in-Ib 0 246.75 in-lb B. 246.80 rnrn" D. 277.77 mrn"
&-i-"'5it-D "W"'mE'
w = 7/16 = 0.4375 in T = Fxr
7/16" 2 = F x (0.04/2)
F
Sc = -~ F = 100 KN w
(h / 2)L
w
F F
25000 = ------ Sc = ---
, 3 (0.4375/2] (h / 2)L
F = 16,406.25 \bs
400000 = 100
, (0.030/ 2)(h)
T = Fxr
h = 0.01666 m = 16.6667 mm
T = 16,406.25 x (2/2) '" 16,406.25 in-Ibs w = h = 16.667 mm
A '" 16.667 x 16.667 = 277.77 rnrn"
!( )
, 40 mm
PROBLEM 9
A rectangular key is used in a pulley connected to a line shaft at 15 KW and 600 rpm.
If shearing of key is 230 Mpa, determine the force acling on key length if key width
one-fourth of shaft diameter and key length is 1 inch
KellS 129
12R
PROBLEM II EmmmD
A 100 KN force is acting on a key that has a length of 4 times its height. If bearing
stress of key is 400 Mpa, determine the height of key.
For the same shaft and key material:
A. 1054 mm C. 12.65 mm
B.1118mm D.15.25mm w '" 1/4 0
w = 1/4 (0.12)
w :" 003 m '" h
SOLUTION
F
Sc'" - - -
(h /2)L
F
s, '" (h/2)L F
H 410,000 = -
w (0.14)(0.03)
L '" 4 h F '" 1722 KN
100 Fxr'" F'xR
400,000 '" (4h)(h /2) 1722(0.12) '" F' (1.2)
F' '" 172.20 KN
h '" 0.01118 m
h '" 11.18 mm
PROBLEM 12
A one meter pulley is fastened to a 100 mm shaft by means of 25 mm square key and
150 mm long. What force tangent to pulley rim will shear the key if shear stress is 200
Mpa?
A. 65 KN C. 75 KN
B. 70 KN D. 80 KN
EiD!Im'D
F
Ss '" Lw
25mm
F
200,000 '" 0.025(0.15) 25mm
F = 750 KN
2. Total force transmitted(F)
8 Coupling
3. Force transmitted per bolt(F b )
~ where:
n = no. of bolts
Flange Dc = bolt circle diameter
---71 t~
~
1. Coupling is a mechanical device
• 4. Shearing of bolts(Ss)
~i
where:
4. Sleeve or collar couplings rigid coupling which is a cylindrical collar pressed t = thickness of flange
over the ends of two colinear shafts. d = bolt diameter
•
18 mm 75mm
S, = - ~ Solving for t based on compressive on key:
(rr / 4)d 2 15
Dc 15000 =
, (0.025)t
27 500 = f},__
t = 0.040 m = 40 mm
, rr/4(0.018)2
Fb = 6.9978 KN
F = 6(6.9978) = 41.9868 KN
T = F(D c/2)
4.774 = 41.9868(Oc/2)
Dc = 0.22740 m = 22740 mm
PROBLEM 6
The total force of 125 KN is required of flange coupling that has 5 bolts has also
shearing stress of 30 Mpa for bolt. Determine the required diameter of bolt.
A. 62.54 KN C 45.62 KN
B. 54.21 KN O. 32.57 KN
--i·'!!ImD
Fb 125/5 = 25 KN
Fb
Ss ,-
(rt /4)d 2
25
30.000 = -2
(rr/4)d
d = 00325 m = 32.57 mm
PROBLEM 7
A flange coupling with bolt circle diameter of 250 mm uses 8 bolts, 25 mm diameter.
the torque transmitted is 15 KNm and compressive stress of bolt is 15 Mpa.
Determine the required flange thickness.
A. 25 mm C. 35 mm
B. 30 mm D. 40 mm
Pressure \', ,.,>.,>/.[ I : I
136 Pressure V, 'S.'>, '/
,9 ~rs;u
"~s.el I'
P
rnnxrrnum pressure at the bottom
w h == (SG x ww) h
-<-t
h
,, ,,,
S== POi ,
41 e t~ D'I ~t
(, If the ratio of wall thickness to the inside diameter ( ~ ) is less than 0.07 then , ,
. OJ k ),
. ~ !
the cylinder is considered as thin-wall. (.. OJ :::: Do -2t
For Cylindrical Pressure Vessel where: e:::: joint efficiency
t
(.. If efficiency of Joint is not considered: If the ratio of t/D, is greater than 007, then the vessel is considered as thick-wall.
S, == tangential stress or hoop stress
S ",PDi " Using Lame's equation for internal pressure:
l1-~+tS 'lQ 2
2t
SL longitudinal stress t ::::
PDf
SI-Ii J
Sl Ie ~ where:
4t Dr
1 == wall thickness SI tangential stress
D == inside diameter P, internal pressure
<. If efficiency of joint is considered:
PO PDt (. When the vessel is subjected to an internal and external pressures:
SI == ------1... s,
2te 4t e
where:
e == joint efficiency For Maximum Internal Stress:
S == tangential stress
2 2. 2
0, == inside diameter t == thickness of the wall S _ Pi(fo Hi ) ~2Por
1/ ~ 2- ~
" OJ '" 0 0 - 2t
fo - rj
,,
I
where: t:::: wall thickness Do :::: outside diameter For Maximum External Stress: ~
2 •... ':'./ 2 2 .t< ): ~
:I t
" For a cylindrical vessel filled with fluid: SIO ~ Or{bP~ir 2 + rj ) " r.
ro 2 .-. r,2
I
:<
.
I
r
)1I
'
o
l0lJ Pressure \ ·(·ss,·/ Pressure \',',.,,-1 139
where:
l' 1« 1I\L1': M :\ (Oct. 1998)
St, = maximum internal tangential P, = internal pressure Deterrrune the bursting pressure of steel with diameter of 10 inches and make of
stress Po = external pressure 1/4 111 thick plate. The joint efficiency is at 70% and the tensile strength is 60 ksi.
SIO = maximum external tangential r = outside radius
0
A 4.020 psi C. 2.400 psi
stress r, = inside radius B. 4.002 pSI D. 4,200 psi
PROBLEM 1 (Oct. 2000)
SOLUTION
Find the thickness of a metal needed in the semi-spherical end of cylindrical
vessel 0.70 meter in diameter subjected to an internal pressure of 2.7 N/mm 2
The material is mild carbon steel and tensile stress is 69 N/mm. Using spherical vessel formula for thin wall:
A. 5.2 mm C. 7.53 mm
B. 6.02 mm O. 6.84 mm Considenng the efficiency,
SOLUTION PO,
8
4te
Using spherical vessel formula for thin wall: S 60 ksi = 60,000 psi
Two semi-spherical ends is considered as sphere. P(10)_
2
P = 2.7 N/mm = 2.7 Mpa = 2700 Kpa
2
60,000 = 4(11'4)(0.70)
S = 69 N/mm = 69 Mpa = 69,000 Kpa
P = 4200 psi
S = ~Oi
4t PROBLEM 4 (ME Bd. Oct. 97)
69,000 = .£2~) (0.7)_ Determine the safe wall thickness of a 30 inches steel with internal pressure of
4 (tj--- 7.82 Mpa. The yeild stress of material is at 275.48 Mpa. The factor of safety to
use is 2.0.
A. 3/4 in C. 21.6 mm
0.00685 mm = 6.85 m
B. 23.4 cm D. 5/8 111
8 =~Oi 2 2t
2t t = 0.8516 in = 21.6 mm
Ei3!Iim3I
St = PO
-- ---'-
Steel shell usually spherical: 2t
Based on operating pressure:
POi 180(60)
Considering the efficiency, S 9500 = : - - - - -
4tTj 2t
t =: 0.568"
P(1Q)--
60,000 =: 4(0:25 )(0 70)
Based on pop-out pressure:
P =: 4200 psi
9500 c; 200(60)
2t
PROBLEM 6 (ME Bd. Apr. 98) t = 0_631"
A standard plate thickness of 5/8" (0.625") would be safe Solving for the
Compute the safe wall thickness of a 76.2 cm diameter steel tank. The tank is
bursting pressure ustnq a wall thickness of 5/8" (0.625"):
subjected to 7.33 Mpa pressure and the steel material has Yield stress of 215.4
Mpa. The factor of safety to use is 3. S, =: POi
A. 1 1/2 in C. 4.09 cm 2t
B. 3.89 cm D. 369 cm P(60)
65,000 = 2(-0.625)
SOLUTION
P = 1354 psi
design stress of 9500 psi maximum. The pressure vessel is to be provided with 1 2t
1/2" diameter drain valve Installed at the bottom of the vessel and safety t =: 0.225.
pressure relief valve installed either at the top most or at the side with prop-out
rating of 200 psi. assume a 100% weld joint efficiency. The lap welding tensile Therefore: Use 1/4" standard thickness
strength is 65,000 psi. determine the bursting pressure of this air receiver. (Kent's p. 6-03)
A. 1154 psi C. 1454 psi
B. 1354 psi 0 1254 pSI
PROBLEM 9 (ME Bd. Oct 93)
Ei3!Iim3I A compression ring is to be used at the junction of a conical head and shell.
Determine the required area of the compression ring if the pressure is 50 psi and
0, = 5 It =60 in the stress is 13,750 pSI. Assume an efficiency of the JOint IS 80%.
_.-
142 Pressure Vessel 143
PreSSlUT Vessel
Em!!iirf3 IED!DImI
20mm
'I- ~t Using thin wall cylinder formula:
PD,
k >I S
Do 2t
PD,
S = !< )j
2te 140,000 = P(0.50) 500mm
2(0.02)'
13.750 =J'0D;
2t(0.80)
P = 11,200 Kpa 11.20 Mpa
t = 0.00227 D,
Do D, + 2t
Do D, + 2(0.00227 D,) PROBLEM 12
A water tank 10m x 12 m is completely filled with water. Determine the minimum
Do 1.00454 D,
Area rr/4 [( 1.00454 D,2 - D,2 J thickness of the plate if stress is limited to 50 Mpa.
Area = 0.00715 D, in
2 2 A. 11.77 mm C. 13.55 mm
B. 12.66 mm D. 12.44 mm
PROBLEM 11 PROBLEM 13
Determine the internal pressure of a cylindrical tank 500 mm internal diameter, A spherical shell of 1.8 m outside diameter and 1.725 m inside diameter contains
20 mm thick and 3 m long if stress is limited to 140 Mpa. helium at a pressure of 10.4 Mpa. Compute the stress in the shell.
A. 1006 Mpa C 1120 Mpa A. 124.08 Mpa C. 96.48 Mpa
B. 10.52 Mpa D. 12.88 Mpa B. 119.06 Mpa D. 88.46 Mpa
Pressure Vessel ]45
]44 Pressure Vessel
=~§ PO,
.i·'K:m:mI FS 2t
~20 = __ P (2)
Do -0, 4.5 2 (0.015)
2 P = 14 Mpa
1.8 1.725
t = ------
= 0.0375 m t~ ~t
2 OJ = 1.725 m t)ROBL~M 16
S = ~i 10.4 (1.72_5 1 = 119.60 Mpa Oo=1.8m The cylinder of a hydraulic press is made up of thick walled cylinder having an
4t 4(0.0375) inside diameter of 300 rnrn. It is subjected to an internal pressure of 40 Mpa
Determine the thickness of the cylinder without exceeding a shearing stress of 80
fvlpa.
A. 62.13 mm C. 48.92 mm
PROBLEM 14
B. 5861 mm D. 7240 mm
A 600 mm diameter spherical steel pressure vessel has a uniform 8 mm wall
thickness and an internal gage pressure of 10 Mpa. If the ultimate stress of steel
is 420 Mpa, determine the factor of safety with respect to tensile of failure. EJ'immi
A. 230 C. 2.69
B. 1.89 D. 148 Using thick wall formula: (Lame's Equation)
SOLUTION = l
~ ~+J -1J
~t
P =40 Mpa
Solving first the inside diameter:
OJ = Do - 2t
0, = 600 - 2(8) = 584 mm = 0.584 m
t. = Q~? U~:r -J
1
8mm ~8m = 010980 m = 10980 mm I( :;
Using the spherical vessel formula: 300 mmn
PROBLEM 17
S = P~j 10(0584) = 18250 Mpa The internal pressure of a 400 mm inside diameter cylindrical tank is 10 Mpa and
4t 4 (0.008)
tank thickness IS 25 mm. Determine the stress developed if joint efficiency is
420
FS ?"'- 2.30
95%.
S 18250 A 8010 Mpa C 86.75 Mpa
B. 84.21 Mpa D. 7842 Mpa
PROBLEM ]5 ~
Determine the largest internal pressure which maybe applied to a cylindrical tank
~ 25m
2 m in diameter and 15 mm wall thickness, if the ultimate stress of steel is 420
Mpa and a factor of safety of 45. PO,
A. 14 Mpa C. 18 Mpa I S 10 Mpa
2tT]
B. 2.6 Mpa D. 22 Mpa
-J.~ 15 mm 10,000(040)
S ------_._"-----~-
84.210.526 Kpa
SOLUTION p 2(0.025)(0.95)
84.21 Mpa I( :;
400 mmn
P OJ
S
2t 1< )1
2m
146 Pressure Vcssd 147
Pressure Vessel
PROBLEM 18
A spherical tank 15 mm thick has an internal pressure of 5 Mpa. The joint IID!!JmD
efficiency is 96% and stress is limited to 46,875 Kpa. Find the tank internal
radius. Using thick-wall formula:
A. 540 mm
B. 200 mm
C. 270 mm
O. 300 mm
t= Qr iTs! + PI) - 1l
2l\i(St- Pi) J
SOLUTION 0.050 = .0. 30 r ((30,000 + Pi) -1l
2 l~ (30,000 - p;) J
S = ~ ,~ . l
I(30,~_l
I' ,,:
4111 0.333 = I 1J
46 875 = .~ 5,000LCJ,L_
l \i (30,000 - Pi)
, 4(0.015)(096)
0, = 0.540 m = 540 mm
I
I(
I
I I
1333 = IIlJ£:+.~03(
~L (30,000-Pi ) J
r, = 540/2 = 270 mm I Di )! ~5m
Squaring both sides:
000
1.333 = :3
+ p;
PROBLEM 19 3000 -PI
A cylindrical tank has an inside diameter of 5 in and is subjected to an internal 30,000 + P, = 53333.33 - 1.7777P,
pressure of 500 psi. If maximum stress is 1200 psi, determine the required P, = 8400 Kpa = 8.4 Mpa
thickness.
A. 1.0 in C 1.4 in
B. 1.2 In O. 1.6 in PROBLEM 21
A round vertical steel tank has an Inside diameter of 3 m and 6 m height. It
SOLUTION 3
contains gasoline with a density of 750 kg/m If the allowable tensile stress is 25
Mpa, find the minimum thickness required
To check if the problem is thin or thick wall: A 2.65 mm C. 3.65 mm
B. 2.85 mm O. 1.82 mm
S = POI
2t
l l
25.000 =
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 23 m:mm:tmtJ
A cylindrical tank has a mean diameter of 40 cm and thickness of 10 ern. It is ~ Bolts and Screws are threaded fasteners which are used to hold together
subjected to an external pressure of 140 kq/crn" and maximum internal
machine members which require easy dismantling.
tangential stress is 900 kq/crn". Determine the maximum internal tangential
stress is 900 kq/crn". Determine the maximum internal pressure of the tank. ,. Pitch(p) = is the axial distance between adjacent threads.
2
A. 2947.5 kg/cm C. 1246.5 g/cm
2
B. 34265 kg/cm D. 1942.6 kq/crn"
~. Lead ' !S the axial distance a thread advances in one revolution.
4. l 2
-_. i
)
UNC(Unified National Course) - for general use, except where other types are
t,Ynrr.mended.
, UNF(IJ'lified National fine), frequently useo in automotive and aircraft work and
Wllt:lf; a line adjustment is requllf:cJ
~.;
150 130/{ s &. Power Screw 151
Bolts & Power Screw
3. UNEF(Unified National Extra Fine) ~ used in aeronautical equipment and where o ~ nominal diameter
very fine adjustment is required
F, = Initial tension
Common forms of threads:
1. Acme thread
2. Sellers square thread
x
Co Pitch(p) ~IS the axial distance a thread
«': advances in one revolution.
1. Formulas from Vallance: 1
p =
No. of threads per inch
" Sw = C(A r ) 0 4 18
(. Lead (L)
L = p (for single thread)
Iv
(. Fa = C(A) 1418
L = 2p (for double thread)
L = 3p (for triple th read)
" Depth of tap = 1.5 0 (for cast iron)
1.25 0 (for steel) '" Linear velocity = (rotational speed)(Lead) GT
D v = N L
'" Initial torque = 0.2 Fa 0
where: c Lead angle(x)
Sw = permissible working stress, psi Lead
tan x =
Fa = applied load, Ib rrO m
A = stress area, in 2
C = 5,000 (for carbon steel) " Torque applied to turn the screw, T
C = 15,000 (for alloy steel)
o = nominal diameter For square thread:
yv¥~ l1t~ni ~
2. Formulas from Faires:
" Fe =
Sy(A s )1/ 2
6
Sy(A s )3 / 2
------.--
7
Depth of Tap
T
T
=
For ACME thread:
= -~.
WO m lcos<1>tanx+f]
------.---------
6 2 cos <1> f tan x
€.- Depth of tap = 1.5 0 (for cast iron)
= 0 (for steel of wrought iron) where:
Om = mean diameter of screw
, Initial Torque = C 0 F, W = weight or load
f = coefficient of friction of th reads
where: <1J = 14.4
0
EmI!BtmI
2
E'!!Jrm \<
1 in >\
F '" S(0.55d - 0.25d) '" 13,000[0.55(1)2 - 0.25(1)}
~r
F '" 3,9001bs
Pitch
No of thread per inch
1
PROBLEM 2 (ME Bd. Oct. 97) 2/9 = - . - - - - - -
No. of thread per inch
What is the working strength of a 2 inches bolt which is screwed up tightly in a packed
joint when the allowabl, working stress is 12,000 psi. No. of thread per inch = 45
A. 204 klb C 234 klb
B 224 klb O. 18 klb
]54 Bolts & Pot ncr Screw Boll s &. Power Screw 155
PROBLEM 5 (ME Bd. Exam.) at 1000 rpm and the coefficient of friction between the collar and the pivot surface is
Find the horsepower lost when a collar is loaded with 1000 Ib rotates at 25 rpm, and 0.15.
has a coefficient of friction 0.15. The outside diameter of the collar is 4 in and the A 08 Hp C. 0.5 Hp
inside diameter is 2 in. B. 0.3 Hp D. 1.2 Hp
A. 0.045 hp C. 0.089 hp
B. 0.89 hp D. 0.56 hp SOLUTION
Em!!iiImI T = f W rj
rl = mean radius of collar
ro + rj
T c -- -fcW(r2-~ o +r,) = 015(~O)2+ = 18.75ft-lb T = fW(-----)
- 2(12) 2
T = 0.15(100)(000981)(O.05CJ..:+-.Q:02?.1 0.00515 KN-m
Solving for the power lost from collar: ~ 2 )
P = 2 IT TN/ 33,000 P = 2nTN
P = 2(n)(18.75)(25) = 008925 h 1000 1
33,000 P
P = 2n(0.00515)(--)(----)
60 0.746
P = 072 Hp
Solving for the initial torque applied per bolt: T = 0.0919 KN-m = 91.90 N-m
T = 0.2 F, D = 0.2(3175.2)(3/4) = 476.28 in-Ibs
PROBLEM 14
An ACME thread power screw that has a mean diameter of 25 mm and pitch of 5 mm
PROBLEM 12 IS used to lift a load of 500 kg. If friction on threads is 0.1, determine the torque
The total torque required to turn the power screw is 50 N-m. If linear speed of screw needed to turn the screw.
is 8 ft/min and lead of 8 mm, determine the Hp input of the power screw. A. 1030 N-m C. 13.10 N-m
A.282Hp C2.14Hp B. 1263 N-m D. 14.10 N-m
B 2.54 Hp D 238 Hp
.....I N·~ .J r
L 5
tan x ~ 0.0636
«o., n(25)
158 Bolts &. Power Screll' Bolts &. Power Screw 159
T WOrn lcos(j)tanx+f)l
- - - - - _ _._-
-"'-_.- ..
For double square thread: L =0 2P
2 cose-t tan x 2(10)
tan x = - - - - = 0.039788
;c(80x2)
For ACME thread, <jl =0 14.5 0
W =0 500 x 0.00981 = 4.905 KN T = WOrn rJt~nx+!l
2 L 1 - I tan x
W Om = 4.905 (0.025) =0 0.122625 KN.m
Om =0 2r
T =0 (0.12)[COS45~63+J = 0.01030 KN-m W Om =0 80(008 x 2) =0 12.8 KN-m
2 cos 14.5°-0.1 0(0.0636)
T =0 10.30 N-m
T =0 I
(12.80) 0039788 + 0.13 I =0 1.0923 KN-m
2 11-0.13(0.039788)
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 17
The root diameter of a double square thread power screw is 0.55 in. The screw has a
Torque required to overcome collar friction: pitch of 0.2 in. Determine the major diameter.
Tc =0 !,"-W (r 0 +rJ A. 0.524 in C. 0842 in
2 B. 0.750 in D. 0961 in
PROBLEM 19
A square thread power screw has a pitch diameter of 1.5" and a lead of 1". Neglecting
collar friction, determine the coefficient of friction for threads if screw efficiency is
63.62%
A. 0.113 C. 0.146
B. 0.121 o
0.151
II:DmimDI
Solving for the lead angle:
L 1
tan x == ..--- == - == 0.2122
nOm n(1.5)
PROBLEM 20
A square thread screw has an efficiency of 70% when friction of threads is 0.10 and
collar friction is negligible.
A. 1430° C. 12.43°
B. 1037 0 o 16.45°
SOLUTION
W r =- Vxw
W, = (rr D b t)(w)
where Om
b =- Width of the flywheel nm
W"I'>
\ =- thickness of flywheel rim
w =- density of llywheel material
b
Om 4. Energy required to punch a metal(E)
E=1/2Ftp
E = 1/2(8," x A)l,
Shaft b
where:
l. Flvwheel a rotating energy reservoir which absorbs energy from a power A -=0 shearing area
source dunnq a portion ef the operattnq cycle and delivcrs that stored energy A =- IT d t p (for Circular hole)
as useful Work our.nq the other portion of the cycle. F _ average force needed to punch a t-ore
S~ I =- uittrnate shear stress
(. Flywheel applications: " _ thickness of the plate
1
2
3
4
Punch press
Shears
Interna! combustion engines
Compressors
d =- hole o.ar-ieter
D; .,-- mea-t diameter of flywhee!
1. Kinetic energy released by the flywheel(KE). 6. Kinetic energy released by the fl'f/'lheel =- Energy needed to punch a
W 2 2 hole
KE = -(v, ··V2 )
2g
where 7. Coefficient of fluctualion(C;)
V' -maximum speoo = It 0 N.
v. = minimum speed = It 0 N2 ~-l,. v2
C,
W := total weight 01 the tlvwheel v
9 =- acceleration due \0 gra',Ilty =- 9.81 Ill/SCC
v;=.v 1+v-;;. 2(v, -v 2 )
wnere C,
2 v, +v2
I f31 Flll/I'he!'!
j()~
Fllfll'!!t'd
PRO[JLE:Y1 I (ME Bd. Oct 95) Solvmo for Hl(' hl1, \I V,.clqr1l
A cast Iron flywheel IS rotated at a speed of 1200 rpm and bavmq a mean rcldluc, o! I W _ 120'.W1
foot. If the weight of the rim IS 30 Ibs, what IS tile centrifugal force? Use laclG! C 11 W 12<118118197417kg
A 14.8001bs C 7 ml
B 14.860 Ibs D 14 760 IrJS
PROBLEM :1
IIE!!Ii1ElII A press IS used to punch 10 holes per minute of 30 mm diameter hole trorn 25 mrr
thick plate. Determine the power needed to punch a hole If ultimate shear stress is
400 Mpa
Solving fer the tangential speed. A. 2.68 KW C 3.58 KW
v = IT D N = n(1 x 2)(1200,601 B 1.96KW D 096 KW
v = 125 664 tt/scc
E:I!!hir·W+
USing centrifugal force formula
1 min '' 60 sec
Wv 2
F. Lei t = time required to punch one hole
gl I = 60/10 c 6 sec
30(125 664)2
F c 14.7241bs E energy requrred to shear a plate
32.2(1)
E _ 1'2 (S. x A)t"
A _ IT d I,. = rt (0 03)(0 025)
E = 1178 KNm
P ower --=
0.002356 m'
E c 1'21400000 x 0 002356)(0 0251
Energy 11.78
1 963 KW
25 mmC:
.0= (J
30 mm
Time 6
radius of the run IS 1016 mm diameter and contributes 90~-o of t"le energy
requirements Approximate total weight cf the llywheel 10 be 1.20 times that 01 tile
rim Find the weight of the flywheel.
A 975 kg C I'RC)BIYM 4
B. 652 kg D The kmetrc energy needed to punch a hole IS 5 KJ wt-a: IS the maximum ttuck.iess
W'h
of a hole that can be punch If hole diameter IS 25 mrn ard ultimate shearinq stress of
~·:JX(fi[.1 plate is 420 Mpa
A 12.61 rnn C 1741 mm
B 1468m" D 19.62mm
v, 2rrR,N c 20(1016)',200,'60)
V· 21 279 rr-sec
V, 2rr(1 0161(200,'601(1 0 0871
Em!!iit.':+
Vi' 19,427 rn.soc
E energy reqUired to shear a plate
W" : 1 /2 (S",>( Al tr_
KE _. (V t V > ~) E
2g " E 1'2 IS, lie d I, Itr
Sorv.nq lor the welghl o! lhe r.rn t aserr on e'lergy reqlmer"'en(:
5 1i2 j420.000!(n: x 0.025 X tl,)l"
t, 0.01 /~l1 'T' 17.41 mm -
3400lO 90) \"/!~ ,212791= 11] 42TI?J
981 2,'981,1" tpL:.::.:
W-~ 81151 "'9 .<;-25 rnrn
1 ijl; n 1111'Il( '( ,I PI 1111'/1<',,1 II 7
I'f,UIlIX;V1 r, A. 45 rim C. 60 mm
During iJ punching process o! 350 kg flywheel the speed vanes from 200 rpm to 180 B 30 mm o 55 rr-rn
rpm with 1 m mean diameter Deterrr.re the ktnettc onerqy released by the flywheel
A 364 KJ
B 6.28 KJ
C 451 KJ
0 5.62 KJ
Em!!ii[.g+
Sheared Area
E _ 1!2(S??xA)t
SOLUTION
10 = 1/2 (420000)(A)(0 020)
A c 0.0023809 m 20 mm
v· r: 0 N 1 ell )1200,601 1047 m/sec
v. "0 N2 "(1)1180,601 9.425 m/sec Let
'I length of side cf a square hole
KE =-- kinetic energy released by Ihe flywheel A = shear area
_ W , 2 A c 14x) t
Kt: -=- (v.: v.;")
2g 0.0023809 = 4x(0 02)
x c 002976 m = 29.76 mm
KE = 1350xO
009811 110
I
7?
4) I,~
'Q 0C'
4L.-:)) j
219.81)
KE = 364 KJ PR013LfcM "
A 1 m mean diameter flywheel. SOD kg weight changes Its speed from 220 rom to 200
rpm during shearing process. What average lorce is needed to shear a 30 rnrn th nk
f'r,OHLFM fi pta:e
A plate 200 mm wide and 25 mm thick ,...../Ilh strength cl 410 Mpa IS to be shear along A. 384 Kr-; C 234 KN
Its width During shear.nq process an 800 nom mean diameter flywheel changes its B. 653 Kr. o 1082 KN
spe od Iron 200 rpm to 180 rpm Deterrue the wc.qht 01 flywheel to be usc
A. 326584 kg C 3821.72 kg
B 3452.71 kg 0 3845.97 kg EI::I!!im'I3I
v, ~ it (1 )(220/60) ::: 11 519 m/sec
EI!!:im'mI v: = :1(1)(200/60) 10472 m/sec
W = 500 x 0.00981 = 4905 KN
V, ,,0 N, .'10.8)1200/60) 8377 m'snc W , 2, 4905 [ 1 . 1,1 0.427 J~]
v: "ON '10.8)1180/60) 75398 rr/sec KE = (VI"" v'),1 = \ 1.5191"
2g , 2(981)
Shear Area
E = 1,'2 IS., .<1.,;1): I KE = 5756 KJ
E 1,'2 (410,000)10 2 x 0 025)10 025) E = 1 F I
E 25625 KJ 2
~25m 5.756 = 1,2 (FIIO 03)
KE w ('I.', v, ') c c 383.75 Kr-;
29 -
200mm
If' .
25625 = ". [1'8 37lt - (7.5398) PROBLEM Y
219811 .
The enercv required to puncf a ho.e IS 3 KJ frorr a II/wheel mean diameter of 800
W 37729 KN x 1:0 00981 = 38"597 kJ mrn that slows Clown trom 33 rps to 3 rps during ouicunq. If Ii\'ei;)ht ,=,1 arm and hub
account 10"" of rm weight, cetetrrune the rim Vie 9hl
A 421 08 kg C 48268 kg
f'ROHLEM 7 B "5740 kg 0 41668 kg
The energy requ,'red 10 punch a square role from 20 mil thick plate IS 10 r(J It the
uiti'late strength 01 pla:e is 420 Mpa. detorrn.ne the maxnrum sides of square that
can be punchec.
I fl,'-<, Fl!JlI'llcd 1 (j~)
FIL/Lt'lU'd
A 32-1~rnPl C 286.76 mm
I.E!!m:D B 24261 rrrn D. 29878 mm
E Power x time
E 51101 = 50 KJ
I.E!!m:D
E = 1·2 (S" x AI t
Solving for the nrn werqht 50 = 1'2 1420.000)[A)10 05)
A = 00047619 m w
VV ::; W r .... W,,'I
\V = W r + 8°'"W A = w t
500 = W. + 008[500) Dc = 1 m 0.0047619 = w(0.051
VI = 460 kg w = 0095238 m
IN ' 95,23 me
Solving for the rim thtcxnes s .
Wc(oDbl)w l'EOlJLE:Yl I:,
460 = c (1110 3)(11[70001 A 900 mn mean diameter flywneel has a 'N,d:h Cit 350 m>, 7S rr.m thick <.nd dens ty
1 = 0.06972 m of 7100 kq.rn''. \Jeg'ectInQ :he weight of arm nne hub, fl~d the crcqv relcasoo if .ts
I ~_ 69 72 rnrr
k )1 speed cranges from 280 rpm to 250 rpm
A. 7.89 KJ C 548 KJ
B. 9 30 KJ D. 6 71 KJ
PROBLEM I I
A flywr.eel has a rim weight of 450 kC~ and mean rartus of 450 mm If rim Width IS 5
times the rim thickness ana materia! density IS 720C kq/m'. determine the Width of
Ilywheel
170 FIIJ/I"! II '('1 Fi'l" ,Ii "f'! 17\
IIE!!'.'iiI:D
v- ,,(15 x 2)(160/601 25 132 rrvsec
2(v 1 V?)
c
V 1 v:
008
2(25132 v,l
25 132 + VI'
25132 + v- = 628318 25v_
V; = 23 20 rnsec
W = 1000 kg (0 009811 981 KN
W, 2
KE IV, - - v" )
2~ c
9_8 1
KE 1 ) 11251321' (232/] 4670 KJ
2(9.81) ,
1'!,OElLEM 1f>
A 5 11 mean diameter llywheel has to absorb 3500 ftIb of energy and maintain a
coettrcrent 01 uuctuanc of 0.09 11 mean speed IS 80 n/soc. find the weight of
flywheel.
, -
I "',
.'iJHIIl!J In
1. Stress of coil spring(S,)
12 Spring S,
2 Stress factor(K)
~ 8KF~m
ltd
K ~ 4C1 + O~
4C4 C
t
Where
Om = D, d y,
1 To absorb energy or shock loads, as In automobile shock absorbers
2. To mamlam contact between machine members. as In valves and clutches
CL~
3 To act as a source of energy. as In clocks
Om = D: + d
4 To serve as measuring device, as In spring scales
4 Deflection(y) SL
3
Types of springs: BFC n
y ~
Gd Om
a Helical compression spring where:
b Helical tenson F = axtal load
c. Torsion D·'1 = mean diameter
d. Spira!
e. Leaf spring
d = wire diameter
n = no. of active or effective coils
:+ d
I
Dc> )!
G = modulus of rigidity
T_
d carbor steei 6 Spring rate(K)
e. chromevanadium steel K ~ Fly ~ F, I Y1 F,/ Y2 constant
f. chromesilicon steel
9 stainless steel
F2 F,
K
t
Tabu!ated Data of springs:
Y2 Y,
2
-"~
C = ~ .. ~ .8.::l0 35 ~ 8.717
bt (2n g + 3n, ) d 0.9525
D D rj
} +75 kg l'I,OULEM 5 (ME Bd, Apr, 96)
A high alloy spring aavmo squared and ground ends a'ld has a total of 16 Calls and
modulus of elashcity In shear of 85 Gpa Compute the Wahl factor The spnng
~
D, 101 6 9 525 92075 mm outside diameter IS 9 66 em Wire diameter IS 0,65 cm
A, 1058 C. 1.10
For square Ci'ld g:ound ends B 1 185 D 1 2
Actual no. of uctve coils = n + 2
?O ::: n +- 2
n = 18 co.ls (acuve) E'I!!iiI':.mI
I
be produced In the spring due to a load of 50 kgs 4C4 C 4(81 4 8
A. 302 mm B 342 mm K 0 1184
C 490 mm D 322 mm
CoD,. d
IIE!!immI 8 c D, d
D", 8 d
Dm 0 D, dolO 42 0625
0"1 = 9795 em USing stress formula
C 0D";d 9 795/0 625
0 15672 0 S 8KFD",
'. nd'
For square and ground ends
Actual no. of coils = n + 2 8(1 184)(50)(8d)
90.000
18=11+2 :-Ed J
n = 18 2 = 16 active calls d 0 0 1157 In
Jn
8FC
y 1
Gd O.625cm ~ PHOllLI::M 10
I
8(50 xO 00981)(15 672)3(16) I I D, )r-I Determine the maximum shearing stress of a helical spring composed ot 20 turns of
y -- ---- I I( I 20 rnrn diameter wire on a mean radius of 80 rnrn when the spring IS supporting a
(7891x 10 6 )(000625) I (
10.42 em )i, load 012 KN Go 83,000 Gpa
y 0490 m 0 490 mm A 10820 Mpa C 120.60 Mpa
B 9862 Mpa D 8868 Mpa
1
['HOBLF:M 8
IE!!imD
~2KN
A extension coli spnng IS to be elonqate 5 In under a load of 50 lb. What IS ue spring
rate?
A s Jb-mn C 151b/mln 8KFD",
B 10 lb/mm o 20lb/mm s
r::d3
Em!iiriD
C D,,;d c (80 x 2)/20 _ 8 -~
4C1 0.615
K -
4C 4 C
Spnnq Rate F.y
4(8) 1 0.615
K 1 184
Spnng Rate 5015 0 10 lb.m!n 4(8) 4 8 I
8(1184112)(008x2) 20 mm ~
s "1002)' -
1 __ I
I 1 D, )1 I
1 I( I
s 120 603 Kpa 120.603 Mpa
i ( Do ) ,
I
J so
,t..;prIII!/ t H J
l'kOULEM I 1
A helical spring IS made by wrapping steel wire 20 mm diameter around a forming
PI'OfJ\X:vJ 1:1
A spring sustam 200 HIb o! energy wrtf deflection of 3 tn Assume that the coil
cylinder 150 mm ITl diameter. Compute the elonqauon of the spnng without
diameter IS 7 times the wire diameter and allowable stress of 100,000 pSI. deterrrune
exceeding a shearing stress of 140 Mpa If It IS composed of 18 turns. Let G = 83,000
Mpa the wire diameter.
A. 0.416 In C.05681n
A. 9642 mm C 121 36 mm
B. 0 321 In D. 0672 In
B 1006 mm 0 89 62 mm
SOLUTION Em!!hit.g+
200
F = 800lbs
3 12
D». c 0, + d = 150 + 20 " 170 mm Om 7d
C ~ 7
C = D,,!d = 170/20 = 8.5 d d
4C1 0.615 4(7) ~ 1
K 4C ~1 0.615 0615
4C 4 C K = = 1 2128
4C 4 C 4(7) ~ 4 I
4(8.5) . 1 0.615
K 1.172 8KFD r ,
~F
4(8.5) 4 8.5 Sc ~
3
rtd
s ._. 8KFD Il1 }
8(12128)(800)(7d)
3
r: d 100,000
-~
J
nd
8(1.1721(F)(0 1701
140,000 ~ d 0 0416 in
"(0 02)3
F = 2207 KN
3 P](OBLEM 14
8FC n 8 (2.207) (8.5) l (18)
y A weight of 100 Ibs stru.es a COil from a height of 18 Inches and deflects the spring of
Gd (83,000.000) (0.02) I
6 Inches Find the average force acting on the spring.
y 11757 mm 20 mm -?>lI _ A. 600lb C. 800lb
I I 150 mm )1 I B 700 Ib D. 900 Ib
I IE I
I
\ , 0
0 .I
~ I
IIE!!ii1:mI
PHORLEY! 12
It IS found that a load of 50 Ibs on extension COil spnnq deflects 8 5 In What load will Tall
the spring deflects 25 In?
A 10 64 Ib
B. 12 48 Ib
C 13 48 Ib
0 14 70 Ib
USing the formula of Impact load on
spring.
18;n
4-i·,,··it·H' Wlh + y)
F
~y
2
The spring rate of spring is constant:
K, K:,
100(18 + 61 = ~ (6)
2
F- 14 70 tbs
IR2
.'i[!1 ifill u·n
PHOBLEM 15 A 27 60 rnm C 3250 rnm
Three corl spring are hooked In senes and support a w8rglll 01 70 kg One spring has B. 2980 rnrn D 3460 mm
a spring rate of 0,209 kg/min and the other two have sprinq rates of 0.643 kq/mm.
Find the deflection
A 346.71 mm C 55265 mm EI:'I!!iil':.lD
].tijlI T.r- ~
B 389.30 mm
.~
D. 416.58 mm
D" ~ D, 'd
D", = 117 ' 13
OTT - 104 mm
1
C :::: 0",1 d
y = lola] defleclion C = 104/13
y = y + y? + v> C " 8
8Fc ln
y = I
For series connection of spring.
Gd 13 m ~
F, = F i · = F s = 70 kg I
K FlY I -,
K1 = 0.209 kg/mm 8(1 11(8)3(75) I I
Y = F/K Y = 6)(0.013) IE Do = 117 mm ))
(80xl0
y F; K· + F~/K;: + F:,iK J Y = 003249 m
K2 = 0.643 kg/mm
y 700 209 + 70/0643 + 70/0 643 y _ 32.49 mm
y 55265 mm
PHOHLE:vI 1H
KJ = 0.643 kg/mm A concentric helical spnng IS use to support a load of 90 KN. The Inner spnng has a
rate of 495 8 KN/m and outside spring IS 126.5 KN/m If initially the Inner spring IS 25
mm shorter than the outer spring. find the percent load car-reo by Inner sprrnq
PROBLEM 16 70 kg A. 3465"" C. 6825""
B 5586"" D. 768P"
1
Four compression coil spring In parallel support
a load of 360 kg. Each spring has a gradient of 0.717 kg/mm. Find the deflection.
A 125.52 mm C 138.52 mm SOLUTION
IIE!!1:mmI
B. 132.52 mm D. 145.52 mm
v,
K
y, + 0025
=
Fly
F, - v. K, c 495 8 Y
I
Ty,
2s mm
NK~=F YI
:~ :: :~ :~ F, 126,5 YL
~-
For parallel springs'
y, = y = YJ = y.,
i~~ i=
!- i :!- I !"~
F, + F L :.:: 90
F1 F2 FJ F4 495.8 v, t 1265 YL = 90
F, 4958y + 126,5(y, + 0025) = 90
F2 = F', = F, = 360/4 90 kg
495 Sv- t 126 5 v: + 3 1625 c 90
y, F, i k, ::: 9010 717 +360 kg v, = 01395 m
PROBLEM 17 90
A force of 1 1 KN IS acting on a 75 active coils With wire diameter of 13 mm. The
outside diameter of corlrs 117 rum and G ::: 80 GN/m 2 Find the coil deflection. PROl3LEM I~)
How long a wire IS needed 10 make a helical spring havmq a mean diameter of 1 Inch
If there are 8 active coils?
Sprlllfj lR5
Ik\
4C 1 0.615 4(8) 1 o 615 1 184
A 25 13 In C 30211n K
B 2665 In D. 3234 In 4C ,1 C 4(8)4 8
S stress at solid length
IIiE!!DIiD S -
8KFD r·)
rrrJ
L wire length
8(1184)(15)(010)
S, c 2.315.544Kpa = 2.315S4Mpa
L Circumference x No of calls ,,0.0125) 3
13
v. = FL, SL = 156, 96 60 mrn
F, = kyo = 100(00601 = 6KN
(3.E3Clr
PRO[JLE\1 24
A spring has a spring rate of 30 KN.im. If wire dIameter IS 10 rnrn with mean diameter
of 70 rnrn. determine the number of active cors G --= 80 G~/m2.
A. 654 C. 842 (.. Gears - are machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively
B. 782 D 972 engaging teeth
Em!!ImD
~
8C'n
y = I. Addendum height of tooth above pitch Circle: or the distance between the pitch
Gd circle and the top of the tooth
C = D, / d 70/10 7
3 2 Addendum Circle the circle that bounds the outer ends 01 the teeth
v =
8C n
F Gd
Arc of action arc of the pitch Circle through which a tooth travels from the first
8(7)'J n pornt of contact With the mating tooth to the prtcn POint
1/30
180xH/'J(O 0101
4. Arc 01 approach - are of the Circle through which a tooth travels from the point of
n : : : 9 72 corls contact Wittl the mating tooth to the pitch POint
;-l. AXial plane - In a pair of gears It IS the plane trial contains the two axes. In a
PH OLlLEM 2" single gear, It may be any plane containing the a xts and the giver, pomt
A spring has a diameter 0125 mm and 1,2 active coils if a load of 10 KN IS apoheo it
deflects 75 mm Determine the mean diameter of the spring If G = 80 Glv.m". b, Arc of recess arc of the pitch Circle through wtuch a tooth travels from Its
A 12465mm C 134.65mm contact with the mating tooth at the prtch pomt to the point where tho contact
B 129.65 rum D 14065 rnrc ceases.
IE!!immI 7. Backlash the amount by w-uch trc wrrith of ttle tooth space exceeds the
T
75 m
IF = 10 KN
thickness of the engaging tooth on the prtcr, circles.
y
8C'n
GeJ 1 •
8. Base Circle the circle from which an Involute tooth ',$ generated or developed.
q. Base hehx angle - the angle, at the base cylinder If an mvolute gear. that the
8(10IiC)J(12)
0075 = tooth makes With the gear axis
80xl0"10 025)
C 5.386 10. Base pitch In an Involute gear It IS the pitch on the base Circle or along UlC lmc
of actron
C D"
o I
25 m ~ I I. Non-tnt hase pitch - IS the base pitch In the normal plane
D, ,
5386
25 ,
,
-,, 1 Z. AXlat base pitch IS the base pitch tn the axtal plane
, ,
0 :=. 13465 mm
11
k Do ) I,
I J. Center distance the distance between the parallel axes 01 spur gears and
parflltpl hehcal gears. or between tt-o crossed axes of helical gears and worm
IHH (;('111 .'>
(;('(1 ,-,.., lH:J
gears.
14. Central plane ~ In a worm gear this IS a plane perpendicular to tt-e gear aXIS
:12. Fd,lel curve HIe concave portion of the tooth profrle where It JOins the bottom of
and contains the common perpendicular of the gear and thp worm axrs the tooth space The approximate radius of ttus curve IS called the fillet radius
:j I. Flank of tooth - that surface which IS between the Pitch eucre and the bottom
1:1. Chordal Thickness length of the chord sub tended by the Circular thickness
arc land
:~-l. Helix angle - the angle that a helical gear tooth makes the gear axis
] h. Chordal addendum the height from the top of the tooth to the chord subtending
the circular-thickness arc
3:1. Internal diameter - the diameter of a Circle comcrd.nq With the tops of the teeth
on an Internal gear.
17. Circular pitch - length of the arc 01 the pitch Circle be/ween the centers or other
corresponding POints of the adjacent teeth
:H-j. Internal gear a gear With teeth on the Inner cylindrical' sur-nee
I~ Normal circular pitch IS the Circular pitch In the normal plane
J7. Involute - the curved formed by the path of a pomt on a snalghl line called n18
generatrlx, as It rolls along a convex base curve
1q Circular thickness the lenglh of the arc between UW two sides of a gear tooth.
en the pitch Circles unless otherwise specified
:1.'-;. Top land IS the top surface of the tooth
~() Clearance - tile amount by which the dedendum exceeds the addendum of the
:~q. Bottom land - IS the surface of the gear between the fillets of adjacorit teeth
rnatmp tooth.
:2 J Cer-t-ai dlameler - the smallest diameter on a gear tooth With which the mating
gear makes -l-O. Lead - the distance a helical gear or worm would thread along Its (DOS one
revotuton of it were tree to move axially
')'1 Cor-tact ratio the ratio of the arc of action to the circular pitch
4- 1 t.me of action the path of contact In Involute gears It IS a strarqht line passing
through the pitch POint and the tangent to the base cuc.cs.
:l:J. Cyclo«l the curved formed by the path of d pomt on a Circle as II rolls along a
stra-qturne
·12 Module IS the ratio of pitch ciar-ieter In millimeter to the numoer of teeth mm
:l.l, Dedendum - the depth of tooth space below the pitch Circle or the radial
1:). Outside diameter - the diameter olthe outside Circle
dimensron between the pitch Circle and the bottom of the tooth space
~.) Drarnetral pitch - the ratio of the number of teeth to the number of millimeters of ·1-I. Pitch the distance between Similar, equally spaced tooth surfaces. In a given
pitch oiarneter. direction and alonq a given curve or line.
l(;. Normal drarnetral prtch - IS the dtametral pitch calculated In the normal plane --1::; Pitch diameter th8 diameter of the pitch Circle
and IS equal to the pitch divded by the cosine of hehx angle
·1 t>. Pitch Circle - a Circle the radius of which is equal to the distance from the gear
L '{. Effective face Width - that portion of the face Width that actually COmes Into axrs to the pitch pomt
contact wtlh matmq teeth as occasronalty one member o~ a pair of gears may
have a greater face Width than the other 4-7. Pressure angle the angle between the tooth profile and a radical line at Its
Pilch po.n: In Involute teeth the angle between the line of action and the line
:2g . Efucrencv - ttlP actual torque ratio ct a gear set divided by Its gear ratio tangent to the pitch Circle
-+~. Roll angle the angle subtended at the center of the base Circle from teeth
29. External gear a gear With teeth on the outer cylindrical surface.
onqm uf an Involute to the pont of tangency of the generatnx from any pomt on
the ~dme Involute.
:~() Face 01 tooth - that surface of the tooth which IS between the pitch eucre 10 \'le
top of the tooth
4~) Tip rl ' lle, 1 an arbitrary modrrc.uon of d tuoth profile whereby a small amount 01
:~ 1 Face Width the length of the teeth In c))(1<11 plane mdtelldlls rernoved near the trp of the qear tooth.
]90 (;('(n'·;
Gears \9 l
50. Tooth thickness the width of tooth measured alonq the pitch circle. 5. Module
5]. Tooth space the space between the teeth measured along the pitch circle. M module
52. Whole depth the total depth of a tooth space, equal to addendum plus M
o M
25.4
dedendum, also equal to working depth plus clearance. T OP
where:
D '" pitch diameter, mm
C '" center distance
. -
7. When two gears turning in the same direction..
N2
1. Speed and diameter relation:
where:
2. Speed and no. of teeth relation: D '" pitch diameter
T '" number of teeth
T1N, = TzNz N '" speed
T2
where:
T '" torque, KNm
N '" speed, rps
where: N
4. Nv
F[ = tangential force cos 3 'II
T 1 = torque developed on driving gear
where:
rl = radius of driving gear
\fI = helix angle
C.T2==F t x r2
P = diametral pitch
P n = normal diametral pitch
where:
4> == pressure angle
T 2 = torque developed on driven gear
<l>n = normal pressure angle
r2 = radius of driven gear
F1 = transmitted or tangential load
Fa = axial load or end thrust
D. Total load, Tangential load and separation load relation N == actual number of teeth
t:«
Fn = vF, + Fr
2 N v = virtual number of teeth
f = face width
Fn = l
case 5. Strength of Helical Gears
where:
Fn = total load or tooth pressure between teeth SwfY 78
F - ;,..-
Fr = resisting load or separation load \ P78+JV
e = pressure angle
6. Dynamic Load on Helical Gears
~ :;=
i Working depth
=rl~57_. ±2/P __ ~/P 2/P
- J
,
v == pitch line velocity == nON
P = linear pitch = distance between adjacent threads
ltD
P
~ T
~ where: T = no. of teeth
The worm gear is weaker than the worm, therefore the design for strength is based
on the worm gear. IEm!!Dm
1. F =. SPty(120t)' :••...J.
t w l1200 + V : Using speed and teeth relation formula:
where: F1 = tangential pitch line load on the gear
Sw = safe stress, Table 122 T, N, = T2 N2
P = circular pitch
f = face width 36(300) = 120(N 2)
Y = form factor, Table 112
N2 = 90 rpm 36 T 120 T
V = pitch line velocity of the gear
~ IEm!!Dm
~
Pc ci rcular pitch
Bevel gears are used to connect intersecting shafts, usually at right angle.
Pc nD _11.(5t = 0.6283 in
T - 25
Number of teeth and Speed relation
24(400) = 96(N4)
For gears turning in opposite direction:
_ T +T N4 = 100 rpm (opposite direction)
C .g..-p
2 (DP)
T = no. of teeth
42 +18 PROBLEM 8 (ME Bd. Apr. 96)
C = --,.--- = 38.1 cm = 0381 m A spur pinion rotates at 1800 rpm and transmits to a mating gear 30 HP, The pitch
2(0.7879) diameter is 4" and the pressure angle is 14 1/2. Determine the tangential load in Ibs.
A. 495 C. 525
PROBLEM 6 (ME Bd. Apr. 96) B,535 D 475
A helical gear having a 14 1/2° normal pressure angle and transverse diametral pitch
of 23622 per cm. The helix angle is at 45' and has 8 teeth. Compute the
transverse pressure angle in degrees.
A. 22.2' C. 19.3° &N!!mmI
B. 189 0
D. 20.1°
Nj Pc
O2 01 (--)
N2
PROBLEM 9 (ME Bd. Oct. 95) 18 T 72 T
Compute the pitch angle of a bevel gear given the pinion's number of teeth of 14 and 02 = 40, 1< )1
42 teeth on the gear.
A. 18.40 C. 28.4" For gears tl'~ni g In opposite direction:
B. 33.4 0 O. 38.4 0 OJ +0 2
C = - "......-
2
OJ +40 j
~ 10.23 =
SOLUTION
D2 .' D,
C=
2 For gear turning in opposite direction:
18 = D 2. :- 5
C = D, + D2
-
2 2
D 2 = 41" DP, =
T,
-
D,
D, = 12/7 = 1.7143 in
18in 12 T 37 T
PROBLEM 14 (ME Bd. Apr. 95)
The minimum whole depth of spur gear of 141/2 deq. Involute type with diameter
D2 = 37/7 = 5.2857 in I( )1
pitch of 24 and circular pitch of 0,1309:
Solving for center distance:
A 0,09000 B, 0,08900
C, 008987 D. 0.08975 _ 17143+5.2857
C - - - - ~ - - -
3.5 in
2
SOLUTION
2.157
h 0.08987
24
Em!!JmD
PROBLEM 15 (ME Bd. Apr. 94) DP = T / D
The minimum clearance allowed for meshing spur gears with a circular pitch of
0.1571 and diametral pitch of 20. The spur gear have 25 teeth. D = TIDP
A 0.007855 B. 0.007558
C. 0008578 D. 0007585 D = 28/4 = 7 in
Em!!JmD PROBLEM 18
Two parallel shafts have an angular velocity ratio of 3 to 1 are connected by gears.
From gear tooth proportions table: the largest of which has 36 teeth. Find the number of teeth of smaller gear.
0.1571 A 10 C. 12
Clearance = - . B. 11 D. 13
DP
Clearance
01571
0007855
Em!!JmD
20
T, N, T2 N2
202 ( ;( )( II c,
:20;1
Gears
N 1 / N 2 0= T 2 / T 1
3/1 = 361T, UlII N, N = 1.6
T 1 = 12 teeth [1 1 6 D l
D 1 j 1 6D 1 = 5.2
0, t 2
PROBLEM 19 DP, T , / D 1
The parallel shafts have a center distance of 15 in. One of the shaft carries a 40- 10 = T 1 /2
tooth, 2 diametral pitch gear which drives a gear on the other shaft at a speed of 150 T, = 20 teeth
rpm. How fast IS the 40tooth turning?
A 600 rpm C 150 rpm
B. 300 rpm D. 75 rpm
PROBLEM 21
E:m!IImI A spur gear 20 degrees fulldepth involute teeth has an outside diameter of 195 mm
and a module of 6.5. Determine the number of teeth.
A. 20 C. 28
For gear turning In opposite direction: B. 25 D. 41
D, +D 2
Em!!lmD
C 0= -
Em!!imD 8
M = 3.175
Pc = ~
T
M = module PROBLEM 27
D A gear turning 300 rpm has a diametral pitch of 8. If there are 40 teeth on the gear,
M = -
T find the pitch line velocity of gear.
D A. 654 fps C. 7.45 rps
2 = ...
B 834 fps D 9.45 fps
40
D = 80 mm
EiI!!imD
V=reDN
2500 = rt (80)(N) DP = 2'
N = 9947 revlsec (60) = 596.83 rpm D
SOLUTION
PH.ODLEM 28
Two gears meshing each other have 18 teeth and 30 teeth. If circular pitch is 023 in.
Use this formula to convert diametral pitch to module. Find the center distance between gears
A. 523 in C 323 in
B. 2.34 in D. 1.76 in
2 Of) G('(/1 S Gears :.!()/
SOLUTION
EmiGr·U'
Solving for the diametral pitch of the smaller gear: o
1(0 M
Pel = T
T o ~ T M
1( (0,)
0.23 = -
18 0, T,M
0, = 1.317in 0, = 20 M
Em!!ImD . 1.57
Toot h thickness = -
V=1(ON OP
6 126 = 1( (0) (600/60) 0.1308 = :!.57
0= 0195m=195mm OP
OP = 12
M =
o
T 1
Addendum 1/12 = 0.0833 in (25.4) = 2.12 mm
195 OP
3 =
T
T = 65 teeth PROBLEM 32
A gear has an addendum of 0.10 in. What is the dedendum of the gear at 20°
pressure involute.
PROBLEM 30 A. 0.037 in C. 0345 in
Two gears meshing each other has a center distance of 200 mm. The pinion has 20 B. 0.125 in O. 0235 in
teeth and gear has 60 teeth. Find the module of meshing gears.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 3
O. 5
Em!!ImD
0.80
Addendum
OP
201-\ (;('urs (;('(1 rs 209
P = 2ITTN SOLUTION
12 = 2 11 T (450/60) Ft
Cos 8 = -
FN
T = 0.5093 KNm
Cos 20° = ~
o = 26/10 = 2.6 in 5
F1 = 4.698 KN
T = F x r
T = F t x r
r
2.6
0.5093 = F l2"(39.37)
J T = 4.698 12(3~ 7) J
T = 0.7159 12in
F = 1542KN
P = 2 IT T N = 2 IT (07159) (750/60) = 56.23 kw
PROBLEM 34
A gear is use to transmit 20 kw at 600 rpm to a driven gear. The pinion has a pitch PROBLEM :36
diameter of 200 mm. If pressure angle is 14.5 degrees, find the load that tends to Three gears meshing each other has a driving power of 30 kw with 900 rpm. The
separate the two gears. speed ratio is 1:3:5 and each meshing gear has an efficiency of 96%. Find the torque
A. 0.234 KN C. 0763 KN developed of the driven gear, KN.m.
B. 0534 KN D. 0.823 KN A. 440 C. 5.60
B. 7.60 D. 8.20
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
14
No
3 (5)
To = torque output
Po = 2 IT TN
Bearing
27648 = 2 IT T (60/60)
T = 4.40 KNm
~
1. Bearing a machine member which supports, guide or control the motion of
another.
5. Ball Bearing type of rollingelement bearing which uses spherical balls rolling
elements.
6. Roller Bearing type of rolling element bearing which uses cylindrical rollers as
rolling elements.
nLD
where: Fr Fr K2 (for roller bearings)
u = viscosity in reyns 5
n = speed in rps
p = unit loading, psi where:
Fr = total radial load, Ibs
(,. Frictional torque in bearings (Vallance p 231) n = number of balls or rollers
D = ball diameter or roller diameter, in
L = length of rollers, in
k 1 = 550 for unhardened steel
700 for hardened carbon steel
where: 1000 for hardened alloy steel on flat races
Ttl = frictional torque fb coefficient of friction 1500 for hardened carbon steel
F = radial load D bearing diameter 2000 for hardened alloy steel on grooved races
k2 = 7000 for hardened carbon steel
(.. Petroff's equation for frictional torque (Faires p 302) 10,000 for hardened alloy steel
, ,g3<:
Tf:s~unr:.l, p s (, Radial Load Catalog Capacities of Ball and Roller Bearings (Vallance: pp
Cr 207213)
where:
T, = frictional torque, inIb (. Tabulated catalog capacities of ball and roller bearings:
u = viscosity, reyns (Fig. AF 16, P 595)
Table 97, P 212 and Table 98, p 213
214 Bcaiin q Bell t i T/9 215
PROBU:M 2
ks kt Fr A 2 in horizontal shaft rotates in a sleeve type bearing The coefficient of friction IS
o 10 and the shaft applies a load of 500 lb. Find the frictional resistance.
where: A. 20 Ibs C. 30 Ibs
Fe = Catalog rating of bearing, Ib (tables 97 and 98) B. 40 Ibs D. 50 Ibs
Fr = actual radial load on the bearing, Ib
H, = desired life of bearing, hrs of use
He = catalog rated life of bearing, hr Em!!iit-H'
ka = application factor takinq into account the amount of shock (Table 94)
F = frictional resistance
F=fN
But: N = W
where: F = 0.10(500) = 50 Ibs
ko = oscillation factor
= 1.0 for constant rotational speed of the races
= 0.67 for sinusoidal oscillations of the races PROBLEM 3
kp = preloading factor A bearing sustains a load of 4450 N. The shaft diameter is 100 mm, the coefficient of
= 1.0 for non-preloaded ball bearings and straight roller bearings sliding friction is 001, and the shaft speed is 400 rpm. Find the horsepower lost in
k- = rotational factor the bearing.
= 1.0 for bearings with fixed outer races and rotating inner races A. 9320 watts C. 83.45 watts
krel = reliability factor, Table 9-3 B 76.34 watts D. 45.23 watts
ks=. 3.~
.. ~KTNa·
. N '
the "~ ~,;:._ .
..
C SOLUTION
kt = thrust factor
1.0 if there is no thrust-load component Solving for frictional force:
F=fN=fW
F = 0.01 (4450) = 44.50 N
PROBLEM 1
A 1 in horizontal shaft rotates at 500 rpm in a sleeve-type bearing. The coefficient of Solving for torque due to friction:
friction is 0.15. Calculate the horsepower lost in the bearing if the reaction between T = F (r) = (44.50)(0.05) = 2.225 N.m
the shaft and the bearing is 800 lb.
A. 0.2634 hp C. 0.0925 hp Solvinq for the power lost:
B. 1.2344 hp D. 0.4759 hp P = 2 IT TN = 2 IT (2.225)(400/60) = 93.20 watts
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 4
Solving for the frictional force on bearing: A 50 mm diameter shaft supported by two sleeve bearings carries a load of 13.3 MN.
F = frictional force The shaft rotates at 150 rpm. If the coefficient of sliding friction between the shaft and
F = f N = 0.15 (800) = 120 Ib bearings is 0.1, how much power is lost in friction?
r = 1/2 = 0.5 in = 0.041666 ft A. 261 kw C.345kw
B. 643 kw D. 108 kw
T = torque developed due to frictional force
T = F x r = 120 (0.04166) = 5 tt-lb &miit-H'
Solving for the hp lost due to friction:
P=2 IT TN = 27t(5)(500) = 0.4759 h Load for one bearing = 13.3/2
33,000 P Load for one bearing = 665 MN
6
Fr = frictional resistance = (0 10)(665 x 10 ) = 6.65 x 105 N
216
[3eu t: i WI 217
Bearing
2 Usmg the beanng stress formula: 2
Fr = 6.65 X 10 KN
S = PIA = 2000/1000 = 2 N/mm or Mpa
Solving for the tangential speed:
PROBL~M 7
v = IT 0 N = IT (0.050)( 150/60) = 0.3927 m/s
A 22 mm diameter shaft is supported by sleeve bearing at a distance of 0.50 m. A
Power Lost = F r v load of 2.2 KN is applied at 0.2 m from the left end. The sleeve bearings have an LID
Power Lost = (6.65 x 10
2)(0.3927)
= 261.14 kw (per bearing) ratio of 1.5. Find the maximum bearing pressure.
A. 1.82 Mpa C 2 12 Mpa
Solving for the power lost of 2 bearings: B. 3.45 Mpa O. 5.23 Mpa
Total power lost = 2(261.14) = 522.30 kw
Em!!mmI
PROBLEM 5 2:M[J = 0
A 36 mm shaft uses a sleeve beanng that sustain a load of 4000 N. If the allowable 05 RA = 0.3(2.2)
2
bearing pressure IS 1.3 MN/m . Find the length of the bearing. RA = 1.32 KN = 1320 N
A. 75.47 mm C. 89.23 mm
B. 23.44 mm O. 85.47 mm A=LO
But: UO = 1.5
L = 1.5 0
Em!!mmI A = (150)(0) = 150
2
Solving for the cross-sectional area: (. Chrome leather is used where very pliable material is desired.
A= lJ J =~
(D/ - D;2) [(0.075)2.- (0.012)2 ] (. Rubber belt is used when exposed to moisture, acids and alkalies.
2
A = 0.00430476 m t, Fabric and canvas belts are used for light power transmission.
e=tc ± 2sid (R 2 ~ R1
1
J radians
(.. If Centrifugal Tension is Considered
1"1 - Fe
---
1"2 -Fe
= eIII
where:
O 2 0 1 Fe = centrifugal tension
2
12wbtv /g
9 = rt ± ,radians 3
w = belt weight, Ib/in
b = belt width, in
Note: Use + sign for larger pulley t = belt thickness, in
Use sign for smaller pulley v = belt velocity, fUsec
l
l
.,
8 = 180 - 2sln --2C-J
D2-D1
180 - 2 sin
1
(~1J = 165.63°
l2(4 )
F1
.-.-- ~ e f8
F2
.6.MJ Belts l uak c: 227
PROBLEM 7
A 5 mm round belt connects a 20 mm pulley with a 40 mm pulley. The center
distance is 150 mm. The 20 mm pulley rotates at 100 rpm and the coefficient of
friction of the belt is 0.25. Find the horsepower capacity for this arrangement if the
2
allowable belt stress is 2.6 N/mm .
A. 0.12 kw C 000282 kw
B. 0.23 kw D. 0.054 kw
SOLUTION
F
~
S = '.
A
F = SA Brake· is a device which is used to regulate or stop the motion of a body.
F = (2.6) (nI4)(5)2 = 51.05 N
For larger pulley: Types of Brakes:
8B = 180 + 2 sin'1l-~2 ~_f3l J= 180 + 2 sin' 20.-= ~ 1= 187.65° = 3.275 rad 1. Mechanical Brakes
150 ) a. band d. disk
b. block e. spot
85 = 180·2 sin l'C' 1
= 180·2 sin -1'50- = 172.35 3 rad 2. Hydrodynamic Brakes:
a utilize fluid friction
T =: (F1 - F2)r
where:
T = brake torque
r =: radius of friction surface on the drum
Actuating Force Required: (by taking moment about the pivot point)
Fa = aF2
L
228 Brake Brake 229
Maximum Unit Pressure:
where: W = weight lowered
h = total distance traveled
where:
w = width of the bond
PROBLEM 1
Stress in band: The band brake of a band brake has 210 degrees of contact with its drum. By
laboratory tests, it is found that the pull on the tight side is 800 Ibs and the pull on the
slack side is 285 lb. What is the coefficient of friction?
where: A. 0.281 C. 0 186
B 0.753 D. 0.453
t = thickness of the band
PROBLEM 2
2
The inertia load on an electric brake is 32 Ib-ft and the drive shaft is rotating at 2000
where: rpm. What average torque is required to bring this load to a complete stop in 12 sec?
T = braking torque A. 173.61 ft-Ibs C. 12345 tt-lbs
F r = radial force between the drum and each shoe B 153.45 ft-lbs D. 237.23 ft-Ibs
f = coefficient of friction
h = effective moment arm of the friction force
SOLUTION
r = radius of the friction surface of the drum
8 = angle of contact
Using the formula of torque in electric brake:
P max = maximum normal pressure between block and drum
2
w = axial width of block T= J!v.r)N _
308(1.2)
Automotive Shoe Brake (Vallance pp 366370)
Ki·)!WDI
F1 Ie
17 Clutch
-=e
F2
~
f = 0.322
PROBLEM 4
A brake requires 900 in-lb of torque to stop a shaft operating at 840 rpm in a period of
3.5 seconds. What is the inertia load expressed in Ib-ft 2 ?
Clutch - is a machine member which is used to connect shafts so that the driven
A. 90.23 C. 34.45
shaft will rotate with the driving shaft. and to disconnect them at will.
B 74.34 D. 9625
Types of clutches:
Em!!Iir.mI
1. Jaw clutches - jaws or teeth in the two elements interlock
2)N
T= (wr
2. Friction clutches - the drivinq force is transmitted by friction; the major types are'
308 (t)
plate or disk clutch, cone clutch, band clutch, block clutch and expanding-ring
T = 900/12 = 75 ft-Ib clutch.
2)(840)
75 = lwr
308(3.5) 3. Hydraulic clutches - the torque is transmitted by a moving fluid
w ~ = 96.25 ft2 -Ib
4. Electromagnetic clutches - the torque is transmitted by means of a magnetic lieid.
P = 2rrT N
T = n f Fa fl
where:
T = torque transmitted
n = number of pairs of mating friction surfaces
f = coefficient of friction
Fa = axial load
r, = mean friction radius
fr =
2.'
-
[f O
3
3 ro 2-'--. rI 2
__ rj3 ]
Clutch 233
2:32 Clutch
Alternate Solution:
146 lb-tt
PROBLEM 2 PROBLEM 4
How much torque can a cone clutch transmit if the angle of the conical elements is 10 Find the frictional radius for a disc clutch. The disc clutch has an outside diameter of
degrees the mean diameter of the conical clutch sections 200 mm and an axial force 10 in and an inside diameter of 6 in.
of 550 N is applied? Assume the coefficient of friction is 0.45. A. 454 in C 5.34 in
A. 123.23 N-m C 142.53 N-m B. 4.08 in D. 8.44 in
B. 34.56 N-m D. 234.56 N-m
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
ro = 10/2 = 5 in
r, = 6/2 = 3 in
T= ~ ;l tr .J 3
l
l
3
2 ro - r,.3 2 r 53 3 1 = 408 in
fF r'=:3 ~J a , 3l5" 3"]
T= ~- (rm )
Sin ex
234 Clutch ("{llldl 235
PROBLEM 5
In a clutch the outside diameter is 8 in and the inside diameter is 4 in. An axial lorce
4i·"mtmI
of 400 Ib is used to hold the two parts together. If the coefficient of friction of the Using uniform wear method:
mating materials is 0.4, how much torque can the clutch handle?
A.123.45inlb C.213.34inlb
B. 497.80 inlb D. 563.23 inIb
P = 2]"(TN_
33,000
~
P = TC~3 2]"((360/12)(400) = 2.28 hp
33,000 33,000 F I 1 F2 = 4/1
F,
-- = e
fO
F2
PROBLEM 7 4/1 = e l(250 x ,,/180)
A cone clutch has cone elements at an angle of 10° The clutch transmits 20 hp at a
speed of 100 rpm. The mean diameter of the conical friction sections is 16 in and the In 4 = In e436331
coefficient 01 Iriction ;s 0.3. Find the axial force needed to engage the clutch.
A. 246.37 Ibs C. 234.56 Ibs
f = 0318
B. 212.561bs D. 346.781bs
236 Clutch
('1111 ell 237
PROBLEM 9
0
A band clutch has an angle of contact of 270 on a 15 in diameter drum. The F1 = F2 e 1o
.' IT
rotational speed of the drum is 250 rpm and the clutch transmits 8 hp. The band is 0.4(250 x ----)
1/16 in thick and has a design stress of 5000 psi. How wide should the band be? 750 =, F2e 180'
Assume a coefficient of friction of 0.40. F2 = 13094 Ib
A.2.123in C.1014in
B. 3.234 In D. 4354 in T = (F 1 - F2) r
T = (750 - 130.94)(16/2) = 4952.48 in-lb = 412.707 It-lb
SOLUTION
p = 2ITTN 2IT(412.707)(35_0) = 27.50 hp
F1 = S b t 33,000 - 33,000
T = (F 1 - F2 ) r
p = 2n:TN
33,000 PROBLEM II
8 = _2_ITT_(_25_0_) Find the power capacity under uniform wear of a cone clutch with mean diameter of
33,000 250 mm if the conical elements are inclined 8 degrees and the axial force is 450 N.
The rotational speed of the driver is 200 rpm and the coefficient of friction is 0.20.
T = 168.067 ft-Ib = 2016.811 in-Ib
A. 1683 kw C. 1.287 kw
B. 2340 kw D. 3234 kw
F
.-1 = e to
F2
EelUi[']~1
fe
F 1 = F2 e
" It
0.4(270 x - - ) Using uniform wear method
F1 = F2e 180C = 6.586 F2
T =_.t£...1 !o-t:.i] = .lS:?1~450) (0.25/2) = 80.8345 N-m
sin (X L 2 sin 8°
Substitute to the equation of torque: T = 0.0808345 KN-m
PROBLEM 13
= 19,096 kw
1 B Machineries
Find the power capacity under uniform wear of a cone clutch with the following
specification speed = 870 rpm; length of conical elements in contact = 125 mm; major
~
diameter = 250 mm; minor diameter = 200 mm; coefficient of friction = 0,30; and axial
operating force = 500 N,
A. 7,69 kw C, 9,34 kw
B, 5,23 kw D. 3.23 kw
SOLUTION
~
. r0 - r, Polar Moment of Inertia
sin u. = ---
b
. 0.125-0.10 Using English units:
sino; =
0,125 Jrr:= p.L. J
a = 11,537° 9
2
Where: Jm = polar moments of inertia 01 masses, ft-lb-sec
2
p = Ib/ft
T= ~- L = length, ft
sina
g = 322 tt/sec"
50 ( .3)(g~_135 ! _0.10) J = polar moment 01 inertia 01 area with constant cross-section, ft4
= 84375 N-m = 0.084375 KN-m
Sin 11 ,53r Using SI units:
P = 2 IT TN = 2 IT (0.084375)(870/60) = 7.69 kw J m = p LJ
2
Where: J m = kg_m
PROBLEM 14 3
p = kg/m
Assuming uniform wear, find the power capacity of a single disc clutch with an outside L = length, m
4
and inside diameter of 200 mm and 100 mm respectively, a rotational speed 01 1160 J =m
rpm, a coefficient of friction of 0,35 and an axial operating force of 800 New1ons.
A. 4,23 kw C. 6.32 kw Radius of Gyration
B. 2.55 kw D. 8.23 kw
Using English Units
SOLUTION
Ko = radius of gyration
Using uniform wear:
T = fFl-2~ Ir
0 + rj l Ko =~Jmg
Where: J m
W
. •.·•·. Jm= W
g
k~
= polar moments of inertia 01 masses, tt-lb-sec"
T = (0.35)(800{ 0.10; 0,05 J = 21 N-m = 0.021 KN-m
Ko = ft
g = 322 It/sec"
W = weight, Ib
P = 2IT TN = 2IT (0.021)(1160/60) = 2,55 kw
,\Tn r II i fI ('I WS 241
240 ModI ineries
Using 51 Units !(l~etic Energ:y
Where: r == the distance form axis of rotation to center of gravity of body Where: 5 == total height, It
W == weight of driver in Ibs
Formulas relating Torque and Angular Acceleration o == distance in feet which pile IS driven
F centrifugal force
=0
Thickness of Cast Iron flywheel:
For solid rim:
y== ~FR9 W
In 51 units:
F= 0.01097 m R N2
Where: t thickness, in
=0
R = radius, m n = number of arms
m == mass, kg v peripheral speed, ftls
=0
F = force, N
Spokes and Arms of flywheels:
F = 0.01097 h1 R N2
The strength of the arms should equal threefourths the strength of the shaft In
torsion.
FLYWHEEL
If W equals the width of the arm at the hub and 0 equals the shaft diameter. then
W==1';30 for a wheel having 6 arms. For 8 arms, W:;i1:2D
Energy of Flywheel due to change of Velocity:
2 2
E== W(v 1
2g-
- V2 )
~
For simple pendulum
Where: W = weight, Ibs
v = velocity, ftls
ft = poisson's ratio
~
Thickwalled cylinders of ductile material; open ends.
Strength of Taper Pins: Clavarinos equation is used:
Using English units:
~
Where: d = tapered pin diameter, mm
N = speed, rpm 1. Torsional deflection of circular shafts:
0= shaft diameter, mm
P = power transmitted, watts
S = unit stress, N/mm 2 a
' ,DP 2. Shaft diameter for 0.08 degrees per foot of length of shaft
t = t h.ckness, In = ,'~.,
,'~
2500 deflection.
o = inside diameter, in
Mochin eries
247
24fi !'v[Ucll illcrics
For English units: L (A + 0) x A x B x K
0.10
P = power, hp
o = diameter, in 3 A =
N = speed, rpm
T = torque, inlb
f m ", It nt N
T",,6.3D
W
Estimating Planer Cutting Speeds
T = number of teeth
Vc = cutting speed, fpm
o = cutter diameter, in So = number of cutting strokes per minute
W = width of cut in inches
L = length of cutting stroke, ft
A = helix angle of cutter
o = depth of cut, in
Planning Time
For high speed milling with sintered carbide:
T= W[LX(~,'
T =.'. ,K H~
FNelW
L" l v: +1)+o,o25]
v,
•
T = time, min
T = number of teeth W = width of surface to be planed, in
H = horsepower L = length of stroke, It
F = feed per tooth, in V c = cutting speed, fpm
N = revolutions per minute of cutter V r = return speed in fpm
D = depth of cut, in
W = width of cut, in
Cutting Speed ~
Size and types of rivets:
v= nDN
Rivet diameter falls between:
N = speed, rpm
D = diameter, ft
v = cutting speed, fpm D= 1:2jt'· to 1.4jt
W ==St(0.55d2 0.25 d)
~
W == St (A 0.25d) Horsepower of friction wheels:
W = working strength of bolt, Ib
1. HP = -
St = allowable working stress, psi
d = nominal outside diameter of bolt, in
Where:
A = area at the root of the thread, in 2 D = diameter of friction wheel
N = speed, rpm
Holding Power of Set Screw:
W = width of face, in
DNd~·3 f = coefficient of friction
P = ,hp
P = force in Ibs per inch of width
L
252 Machineries
Moe h i ucvie s 253
~
3. Circular Thickness of Tooth when Outside Diameter has been Enlarged
Wrappedspring Clutches
t = tooth thickness
Pc = circular pitch 1.
e = amount outside diameter is increased over standard
¢ = pressure angle
HP = horsepower
N = speed, rpm
4. Circular Thickness of Tooth when Outside Diameter has been Enlarged
2. Clutch starting torque
ftIbs
t = tooth thickness
Pc = circular pitch
e = amount outside diameter is increased over standard 2
I = W R moment of inertia, Ibft
2
tc = chordal thickness o = heat generated
o = pitch diameter
N = number of teeth
PROBLEM 1
7. Chordal addendum A car moving at 60 mph when the brakes are suddenly locked and the car begins to
skid. If it takes 2 seconds to slow the car to 30 mph, at what rate is it being
decelerated, how long the car comes to a halt, and how far will it have traveled?
.i-j'·"[-RI
a = addendum
va = 60 (5280/60) = 88 ft/s
VI = 30 (5280/60) = 44 ft/s
A. VI = Va + at
44 = 88 + a (2)
a = -22 ft/s 2
254 MGchineries Machineries 255
2
A. 4.23 rn/s" C. 3.23 m/s
B. Va 44 ft/s
'= 2
B. 5.23 m/s" D.2.19m/s
VI 0 (stop)
'=
VI '= Va + at
SOLUTION
o '= 44 + (-22) t
t '" 2 sec
T '= total time W,= 50 (9.81) '= 490.5
T '= 2 + 2 '= 4 sec W
T '= W + -a
g
c. S '= Va t
2
+ Yz a t
S '= 88 (4) + 112 (-22) (4/ 600 '= 490.5 + 490.5 a
S '= 176 ft 9.81
a '= 2.19 m/s"
PROBLEM 2
A flywheel on a press rotating at 120 rpm is slowed to 102 rpm during a punching
process that requires 34 sec for the punching portion of the cycle. What angular PROBLEM 5
deceleration the flywheel experience? A flywheel has a diameter of 3 ft and weighs 1000 pounds. What torque must be
A. -2.52 rad/s" C. -1.23 rad/s" applied, neglecting bearing friction, to accelerate the flywheel at the rate of 100
B. -5.45 rao/s" D. -8.45 rad/s" revolutions per minute .per second?
A. 265.80 ft-lbs C. 365.80 ft-Ibs
B. 565.80 tt-Ibs D. 665.80 ft-Ibs
II'm!!Dm
SOLUTION
WI + a. t
'= Wa
Wa '= 120 (2rr/60) '= 12.57 rad/s
a. = 100 rev/sec-min (2rr/60) = 10.47 rad/s"
w, '= 102 (2rr/60) '= 10.68 rad/s
10.68 '= 12.57 + a. (3/4) 2 W 2
T = (Yz m r ) (112 -
0.= r ) a.
a. '= -2.52 rad/s" g
T = \/2 (1000/32.2)(3/2)2 (10.47)
T '= W + FR 4-NiIDi1m
W
T '= W + -a
g a. = 100 rev/sec-min (2rr/60) 10.47 rad/s"
T = (112 m (') a.
100
110 '= 100 + - - a T = 112 (800)( 1.5/2/ (10.47)
32.2 T = 2356 N.m
2
a '= 3.22 ftls
PROBLEM 7
PROBLEM 4 A 12 inch cube of steel weighing 490 lbs is being moved on a horizontal conveyor belt
A body of mass 50 kg is being hoisted by a winch, and the tension in the cable is 600 at a speed of 6 miles per hour (88 ft/s) What is the kinetic energy of the cube?
N. What is the acceleration? A. 323.45 ft-Ibs C. 534.34 ft-Ibs
B. 489.22 ft-Ibs 0 633.34 ft-Ibs
256 Mo ciiin er ie« Moc h i fl cr ies 257
SOLUTION SOLUTION
W 2 PE = potential energy
KE = 1'2 -V Potential energy = Work produced
g
PE = W
KE = '12 _490 (8.8)2 = 489.22 tt-lbs m (z + d) = F x d
32.2 100 (10 + 0.3) = F (0.3)
F = 3433.33 kg (0.00981) = 33.68 KN
PROBLEM 8
If a cube of mass 200 kg is being moved on a conveyor belt at a speed of 3 mis, what
is the kinetic energy of the cube? PROBLEM 11
A. 800 J C. 850 J A 1000 Ib block is pulled up a 2-degree incline by a cable exerting a constant force F
B. 900 J D. 950 J of 600 Ibs If the coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is 0.5, how
fast will the block be moving up the plane 10 seconds after the pun is applied?
A. 12.4 mph C. 17.3 mph
Em!!ImD B. 10.2 mph D. 14.3 mph
KE = % mv 2 % 200(3)2 w..ie],IIIWl'
KE = 900 J R = F - P = -W(~ cosu. + sin o.)
R = 600 - 1000(0.5 cos2° + sin 2°)
R = 600 - 535 = 65.41 Ibs
PROBLEM 9 W W
A pile driver weighing 200 pounds strikes the top of the pile after being fallen from a Rt = --vr--vo
g g
height of 20 ft. If forces a pile into the ground a distance of 1'2 foot. What is the
average force of the blow? 1000 1000
65.41 x 10 = ~-vf -~(O)
A. 8,2001bs C. 8,4001bs 32.2 32.2
B. 8,6001bs D. 8,8001bs v, = 21.06 ftls = 14.3 6 miles/hr
Em!!ImD PROBLEM 12
A 500 kg block is pulled up a 2 degree incline by a constant force F of 4 KN. The
PE = potential energy
coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is 0.5. How fast will the block
Potential energy = Work produced
be moving 10 seconds after the pull is applied?
A. 27.6 rn/s C 30.4 rn/s
PE = W
B. 34.2 m/s D. 38.3 m/s
m (z + d) = F x d
d = Y2 It = 0.5 ft
200 (20 + 0.5) = F (0.5) Em!!:immI
F = 8200lbs
R = F - P = -mg(~ coso. + sin u.)
R = 4000 -500 x 9.81 (0.5 cos2° + sin 2°) 1378 N 1.378 KN
PROBLEM 10 R t = mv, -mv o
A pile driver of mass 100 kilograms falls 10 meters and moves the pile a distance of 1378 x 10 = 500(vr - 0)
0.3 m. What is the average force of the blow? Vj= 27.6 m/s
A. 23.45 KN C. 5423 KN
B. 33.68 KN D. 43.23 KN
258 Machineries Muchincries 259
PROBLEM 13 PROBLEM 16
A flywheel having a moment of inertia of 25 lbsftsec" is revolving with an angular A casting of mass 150 kg is lifted 4 meters in 15 seconds by means of a crane. What
velocity of 10 radians per second when a constant torque of 20 Ibsft is applied to is the power?
reverse its direction of rotation. For what length of time must this constant torque act A. 392 watts C. 456 watts
to stop the flywheel and bring it up to reverse speed of 5 radians per second? B. 523 watts D. 634 watts
A. 12.34 sec C. 18.80 sec
B.14.34sec D.16.34sec ID.IDIilmI
P '= W xv = W x (Sit)
SOLUTION P '= (150 x 0.00981)(4115)
P '= 0.392 kw = 392 watts
Angular impulse '= Change in angular momentum
Fe = 5(13.82)2 = 796150 N
mv m(S/t) 0.12
HP '= 550 '= - 550
D = 2.523 in &1·l!iiiGD
Therefore, use D = 2 9/16 (standard)
PROBLEM 20
d = 110.3 ~-S' mm
A lever secured to a 2 inches round shaft by a steel tapered pin (d = 3/8") has a pull
of 50 Ibs at a 30 in radius from shaft center. Find the unit working stress of the pin. 112,000
A 6770 psi C. 6790 psi
d = 11 0.3 ~ 500 x 50 ~ 40
12.09 mm
B. 7433 psi D. 5234 psi
EmmmD PROBLEM 23
Find the thickness of metal required in the hemi-spherical end of a cylindrical vessel,
Using the formula of strength of tapered pin: 2 feet in diameter, subjected to an internal pressure of 500 psi. The material is mild
steel and a tensile stress of 10,000 psi is allowable.
8 = 2·7~ A. 0 10 in C. 0.3 in
Dd 2
B. 0.5 in D. 0.7 in
T = Fxr
SOLUTION
T = 50 x 30 = 1500 in-lb
8 =0 2.
27 (1500)
Using the formula of spherical shell because of two hem i-spherical ends.
2(3/8)2
8 =0 6770 psi P o,
8
4 t
PROBLEM 21 P o, 500 x 2 x 12
0.3 inch
A lever secured to a 50 mm round shaft by a steel tapered pin ( d =0 10 mm) has a pull 48 4 x 10,000
of 200 N at a radius of 800 mm. Find the working stress on the pin.
A. 32.3 Mpa C. 45.20 Mpa PROBLEM 24
B. 40.6 Mpa D. 56.34 Mpa Find the thickness of metal required in the hem i-spherical end of a cylindrical vessel,
2
750 mm in diameter, subjected to an internal pressure of 3 N/mm . The material is
2
mild steel and a tensile stress of 70 N/mm is allowable.
262 Machineries Machineries 263
A.4mm C.6mm A. 78 mm C. 93 mm
B.2mm D. 8 mm B. 81 mm D. 85 mm
Wf':rv.:m:D SOLUTION
PROBLEM 25 PROBLEM 28
What would be the diameter of the line shaft to transmit 10 horsepower if the shaft What power would a short shaft, 50 mm in diameter, transmit at 400 rpm?
makes 150 rpm? A. 50 kw C. 55 kw
A. 9/16 in C.29/16in B.60kw D.65kw
B. 39/16 in D. 1 9/16 in
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
D3 N
D3 N P
P = ~- 38
53.5
3
(50/25.4)3 (400)
10 = D
(150) P 80.29 hp = 60 kw
38
53.5
D = 1.53 in = 1 9/16 in (standard)
PROBLEM 29
Find the torsional deflection for a solid steel shaft 4 inches in diameter and 48 inches
PROBLEM 26 long, subjected to twistinq moment of 24,000 in-lb.
What horsepower would be transmitted by a short shaft, 2 inches in diameter, A. 0.122 deg C. 0.23 deg
carrying but two pulleys too close to bearings if the shaft makes 300 rpm? B. 0.052 deg D. 0.43 deg
A. 60 hp C. 65 hp
B. 75 hp D. 70 hp
IEm!!Im3
SOLUTION
Using the derived formula for deflection:
3
D N 584 TL d
P = 38 (X = -4~' eg
D G
(2)3 (300) = 63 hp where: ex= angular deflection, deg
P = - 38 T = torque, in-Ib
L = length, in
PROBlEM 27 D = shaft diameter, In
G = 11,500 psi (for steel)
What would be the diameter of power-transmitting shaft to transmit 150 kw at 500
rpm?
264 Machineries Much inL'ries 265
A = (H - 0 - 2Y)/2
a = 2
584 (24,009)( 48 = 0.23 degree
(4)4 (11,5000,000)
L = length of wire rope, ft
L = (A + 0) x A x B x K
PROBLEM 30 Where:
Find the torsional deflection of a solid steel shaft, 100 mm in diameter and 1300 mm B = width between drum flanges, in
long, subjected to twisting moment of 3 x 106 N-mm. The torsional modulus of o =' diameter of drum barrel, in
elasticity is 80,000 N/mm 2 . H = diameter of drum flanges, in
A. 0.122deg c. 0.234 deg K = factor from table
B. 0.285 deg O. 0.543 deg Y = depth no filled on drum
0=4.6 {f Sb
E dw
D
= (12,000,000) (0.0315)
24
15,750 psi
-
P = horsepower
N = speed, rpm PROBLEM 34
m
Find the breaking load in pounds of a wrought iron chain crane if the diameter of bar
10 . from which links are made is 2 inches.
o = 4.6 4__ = 2.35 Inches A.216,000Ibs C.316,000Ibs
150
B. 416,0001bs O. 516,0001bs
PROBLEM 32
Find the length in feet of 9/16 inch diameter rope required to fill a drum having the &i-)''tmD
following dimensions: B = 24 in, 0 = 18 in, H = 30 in. (K = 0.741) 2
A.1873ft C.2874ft W = 54,000 D
B. 2560 ft O. 2645 ft
Where: W = breaking loads, lbs
4i·)!!ImD o = diameter of bar, in
W = 54,000 (2)2 = 216,0001bs
A = depth of rope space on drum, in
266 Machineries Machineries 267
PROBLEM 35 SOLUTION
The specific gravity of cast iron is 7.2. Find the weight of 5 cubic inches of cast iron.
A. 1.1 Ibs C. 1.2 Ibs Using the relation of D and N:
B. 1.31bs D. 1.4lbs
D1 Nl = D2 N2
Em!!ImmI 24(100) = D2 (600)
Weight of any material = 0.0361 (SG), Ib
02 = 4 in.
Weight of any material = 0.0361 (7.2) = 1.2996 Ib
PROBLEM 39
PROBLEM 36 How many Y2 inch diameter set-screws would be required to transmit 3 horsepower at
a shaft speed of 1000 rpm if the shaft diameter is 1 inch.
The weight of a cubic inch of gold is 0.697 lb. Find the specific gravity.
A. 13.45 C. 17.23
B. 15.34 D. 19.31 A. 1 C.2
B. 1.5 D.2.5
&-,e],'''[.];''
SOLUTION
Em!!ImmI
PROBLEM 40
Using the relation of D and N: How many 3/8 inch diameter set-screws would be required to transmit 3 horsepower
at a shaft speed of 1000 rpm if the shaft diameter is 1 inch.
D1 N1 = D2 N2 A. 1 C. 1.5
B.2 0.3
15(180) = 9 (N2)
SOLUTION
N2 = 300 rpm
Holding Power of Set Screw:
PROBLEM 38
If the diameter of driving pulley is 24 inches and its speed, 100 rpm, and the driven 23
pulley is to rotate 600 rpm, find the diameter of driven pulley. P = DNd .
A. I in C. 2 in 50 ,hp
[1. 3 in D. 4 in
268 Machineries Much incrips 269
p = 1(1 000)(3/8)2.3 = 2.1 hp
50 26(N 1) = 4(800)
Ei1!!mmI E'm!!IilmI
Using the relation of T and N:
W = workinq strength of bolt
T1 N, = T 2 N2
W = S1 (0.55d 2 ~ 0.25d)
20 (80) = 40 (N2)
W = 10,000[0.55(1)2 - 0.25(1)] = 3000 lbs
N2 = 40 rpm
PROBLEM 42
42. If the diameter of driven pulley is 36 inches and its required speed, 150 rpm, and PROBLEM 45
the speed of driving pUlley is 600 rpm, then the diameter of driving pulley is: If the pitch diameter of the driver is 8 inches, its speed, 75 rpm, and the pitch
A. 5in C.7in diameter of the driven gear, 20 rpm is:
B. 9 in O. 11 in A. 20 in C. 30 in
B.40in 0.50in
. SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Using the relation of 0 and N:
Using the relation of 0 and N:
0, N, = 02 N2 0 1 N, = O2 N2
SOLUTION
E'm!!IilmI
Using the relation of 0 and N: Te = clutch starting torque, ft-Ibs
T = Ix,A.~
0, N, = 02 N2 c
308t
270 Machineries Mac iiin eti es 271
2
I = W R = moment of inertia. Ibtt 2 f = coefficient of friction
W = weight, Ib P = force in Ibs per inch of width
R = radius of gyration, ft C = 3.1416 (150) (0.2) = 0.00024
tlN = final rpm - initial rpm 33,000 x 12
t = time to required speed in seconds
HP = 10 x 200 x 2 x 0.00024 = 0.96 hp
r, = 80308x 1500
(3)
= 130 tt-Ib
PROBLEM 49
A body weighing 28 Ibs rests on a horizontal surface. The force required to keep it in
PROBLEM 47 motion along the surface is 7 Ibs. Find the coefficient of friction.
If the inertia is 80 lb-ft", and the speed of the driven shaft is to be increased from 0 to A. 0.12 C. 0.25
1500 rpm in 3 seconds. Calculate the heat generated for each engagement if clutch B. 0.45 D. 0.85
starting torque is 10 in-lb.
A. 20.50 Btu
B. 41.50 Btu
C.
D.
30.50 Btu
51.50 Btu
4-t.l'iimD
Fr = frictional resistance
E·] "imB Fr = f N = f W
7 = f (28)
Q = heat generated f = 0.25.
2 2 2
Q = Tc x WR X (N1 - N2 )
Btu PROBLEM 50
(Tc - T1 ) x 4.7 x 10 6 Measurement M = 3.495 inches at the gaging notch of a 3 in pipe thread and the wire
2 2
WR = total inertia, Ib-tt diameter is 0.07217 in. Find the pitch diameter. (P = 0.125 in)
N1 = final rpm A. 1.23 in C. 2.34 in
N2 = initial rpm B. 0.34 in D. 3.39 in
Te = clutch torque, tt-Ib
T 1 = torque load, tt-Ib SOLUTION
Q = 130X80x[(1500)2_ 02]
41.50 Btu
(130-10)x4.7x10 6 M = E -(0.86603x P)+3 x W
1.00049
PROBLEM 48 E = effective pitch diameter, in
Find the horsepower transmitted by a pair of friction wheels; the diameter of driving
wheel is 10 inches, and it revolves at 200 rpm. The width of the wheel is 2 inches. 3.495 = E - (0.86603 x 0.125) + 3 x 0.07217
The force per inch width of face is 150 pound and the coefficient of friction is 0.20. 1.00049
A. 0.96 hp C. 1.2 hp E = 3.3885 in
B. 023 hp D. 1.6 hp
SOLUTION PROBLEM 51
Find the tooth thickness on the tooth circle of a 14 Y2 degree full depth tooth of 12
C = 3.1416 P x f diametral pitch.
A. 0.131 in C. 0.455 in
33,000 x 12
B. 0.234 in D. 0.864 in
HP = 0 xNxW xC
Where: FM'rmmII
o = diameter of friction wheel
N = speed, rpm 1.57
Tooth Thickness = 1.5708/P
W = width of face, in 12
272 Mach in eties Machineries 273
Tooth thickness = 0.1309 in
t = Pc - e tan <j>
2
PROBLEM 52
Find the tooth thickness on the tooth circle of a 20 degree full depth involute tooth t =Q.:6283 -(0.2746xtan14.5 0 ) 0.2432 in
having a diametral pitch of 5. 2
A. 0.863 in C. 0.108 in
B. 0.314 in D. 0563 in PROBLEM 55
A pinion has 15 teeth of 3 diametral pitch. Find the chordal thickness at the standard
SOLUTION pitch diameter.
A. 0.653 in C. 0.863 in
B. 0.523 in D. 0.234 in
Tooth Thickness = 1.5708/P
1.57
Tooth thickness
5
Em!!ImD
Tooth thickness = 0.3142 in
Chordal Thickness of Tooth when Outside Diameter is Standard
PROBLEM 53
The outside diameter of a pinion having 10 teeth of 5 diametral pitch and pressure tc = D sin (90° 1N) = 5 sin [9
10:
J = 0.5226 in
angle of 14 V2 degrees is to be increased by 0.2746 in. The circular pitch equivalent
to 5 diametral pitch is 0.6283. Find the arc tooth thickness at the standard pitch
diameter.
A. 0.385 in C. 0.543 in
B. 0.863 In D. 0.534 in
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 54
The outside diameter of a gear having a pressure angle of 14 Y2 degrees is the be
reduced by 0.2746 in or an amount equal to the increase in diameter of its mating
pinion. The circular pitch is 0.6283 in. Determine the circular tooth thickness at the
standard pitch diameter.
A. 0.434 in C. 0.243 in
B. 0.843 in D. 0.672 in
SOLUTION
' T""
A.5591bs C 5791bs
B. 5691bs D. 589 Ibs
S "ltY'"'Ur::A"'T'"}'1""0/''N'"A'''
s ., ,
,,'co;' J
, .'. >, L;
;1 ., ~i
.,t, .",,? ,,'.. {{<} t ,,'
Driven
c = 4m
SiM~EL,BOR'P 1. p
l
g 32.2 F2
B. 4 rad D. 6 rad
'I I II
4. the power transmitted, kw
A. 37.45
B. 40.80
C. 43.24
300 1 10
[ 25.4 25.4
hp = 54.7 = 40.8 KW
r 550 hp
IL 69.573(217.52 - 60.836) Jl eO
eO 3(3)
3(3) -1
D. 48.34
SOLUTION: 4. P=2TTTN
150 = 2 TT (T)(600/60)
T = 2.387 KN-m
1. For solid shaft: S = 16 T
S= 16 T Do = 16 ~387) (0.107) = 1762827 kpa = 17.63 Mpa
71: d3 4 4 -t::- 4 ~ ' .
71: (Do - D j ) 7I:l(0.107) - (0.087) J
16 TD o
For hollow shaft: S= -~4
71: (Do - Dj )
~ I
For solid shaft: w = ~-
or m = Vw A 10.327° C. 14.327°
V .- ~_:>'-, ;~"- - - - ,; -.- B. 12.327° D. 16327°
w = density of shaft material
L = length of shaft
rn, = l~d2 JL w I
3 the worm gear efficiency
A. 55.13%
B. 50.23%
C 58.34%
D 60.34%
278 Sit liCIt inned Problems 279
Sit ua t ional Problems
F v
4. the power transmitted to gear (output) Powe r = -""'---"'-
A. 6.39 hp C. 1027 hp 550
B. 8.27 hp D.13.47hp Fw (15.053)
15
550
5. the tangential force on gear Fw = 5481bs
A. 1,798 Ibs C. 1,998 Ibs
B. 1,898 Ibs D. 2,3981bs
Fw sin o, 548(sin14.327°)
7. Fs
6. the tangential load on worm cos <l>n sin x + f cos x cOS14.37°)(sin9.043°) + (0.12)(cos9.043°)
A. 5481bs C. 5681bs Fs = 501 Ibs
B. 5581bs D. 5781bs
3. e = tanx l cos<bn-t..t an x
cos o., tanx + f
j =(0.159)l' cos14.327-0.12(0.159)
(cos14.327)(0.159) + 0.12
J
4. the minimum force in Newtons applied at the end of the brake arm necessary to
stop the drum if 50 kw is being absorbed.
A.125N C.175N
e =0.5513 = 55.13% B. 150 N D. 200 N
5. A steel band with a maximum tensile stress of 55 Mpa and 3.0 mm thick will be
used. What should be its width in millimeters?
4. e ~- 0.5513 £!Q. Po = 8.27 hp A. 37 mm C. 41 mm
Pi 15 B. 39 mm D. 43 mm
1150) SOLUTION:
5. v g = ve Iocrty
. a f gear = l(1.51
- -~ = 237 ft / sec
12 60
1. Power = 2 IT T N
Ft vg 50 = 2 IT (250/60)
Power = -- F
550 T = 1.91 KN-m
2. T = (F 1 - Fz) r
8.27 =(2.37) ~t
0.90)
550 1.91 = (F 1 - F)
Z (--
Ft = 1,898 Ibs 2
F1 - Fz = 4.24 KN
6. Vw = IT 0 N = velocity of worm (~r2.150 1=15.053 fUsec
IT l12 . 60 )
5. = efO = e0 2 5 (1 5 1T ) r-: 3.25
F2 1000 mm
SitUG [lOTI cd Pr ob! ems 281
280 Si[IU~1 i()llGI Problems
F 1 == 3.25 F2 Om == 0, + d == 2.5 + d
Substitute: l
63,000 == 8 (1.25) (825 (2.5 + dl
3.25F 2 F2 == 4.24 It d
F2 == 1.89 KN
Try: d == V2 in
3 F1 == 3.25F2 == 3.25 (1.89) == 6.14 KN 63,000 == 8 (1.?5) (825) (2.5 !.Q.501
It (0.50)3
4. Summation of moments about the fixed end equal to zero. 63,000 == 63,000
F2 sin45° (150) F (1000) == 0 Therefore: d == V2 inch
F == 0.106F2 == 0.106(1.89) == 0.20 KN == 200N
Om == 2.5 + 0.5 == 3 in
5. S == 5_ == 'i C == Om =~6v
A tb d 0.5
5 0 = -6~ F
, (0.003)(b) 3. k == .-
b == 0.037 m == 37 mm Y
400 == 825_
Y
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 5 (ME Board October 1981)
Y == 2.0625 in
A helical compression spring has a scale of 400 Ibs/inch, an inside diameter of 2.5 3
inches, a free length of 8 inches and with squared and ground ends. Material is to be 8FC n
chrome vanadium steel with working stress of 63,000 psi and G == 10,800,00 psi. For Y==GT
a load of 825 lbs, and for average service, Whaal factor, k == 1.25, determine:
2.0625 == )52~.3!- (6)3 (n) _
1. the standard size wire diameter (10,800,000)(0.5)
A. % in c. 3,4 in n == 7.8125 coils
B. V2 inch D. 1 % in
4. For square and ground end,
2. the spring index. Solid length == (n + 2) d == (7.8125 + 2)(0.5) == 491 in
A. 6 C. 8
B. 7 O. 9 5. At solid height,
ys == FL SL == 8 4.91 == 3.09 in
3. number of active coils Fs == force at solid == k Ys == 400 (3.09) == 1237.6 Ibs
A. 8.23 C. 534 Ss == 8 K Fs Om = ~ (1.25) (1237.6)(~ == 94 546 psi
B. 1123 O. 7.81 It d3 It (0.5)3 '
4. the solid height
A. 2.83 in C. 4.91 in SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 6 (ME Board October 1981)
B. 3.26 in O. 6.34 in A 2 ]/2 inches double square thread with two threads/inch is to be used. The frictional
radius of the collar is 2 inches and the coefficient of friction are 0.10 for the threads
5. the stress at solid height and 0.15 for the collar. The velocity of the nut is 10ft/min. For a lifting load of 4000
A. 94,546 pSI C. 96,735 psi lbs, find:
B. 95,735 psi O. 97,735 psi 1. the lead angle
A. 5.23° C. 7.94°
SOLUTION: B. 6.27° O. 8.05°
2. the torque required to turn the screw
8 K F Om A. 1102.35 inIbs C. 1493.65 inIbs
1. S -
s It d3 B. 1293.65 inIbs O. 1693.65 inIbs
282 Sitllnl iO/lClI Problems Sit uatioTwl Problems 283
3. the torque required to overcome collar friction SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 7 (ME Board April 1982)
A. 1000 inIbs C 1400 inIbs A 16 mm plate is lapped over and secured by fillet weld on the inside and outside to
B. 1200 inIbs O. 1600 inIbs form a penstock 1.5 m diameter. An allowable stress of 140 Mpa on the plate and an
allowable shearing stress of 90 Mpa on the throat side 01 the 14 mm fillet weld.
4. the efficiency of the screw
Determine
A. 25.58% C. 2765%
B. 26.58% O. 28.58% 1. the internal pressure that can be carried by the plate
A. 3 Mpa C. 7 Mpa
5. the power input of the screw B. 5 Mpa O. 9 Mpa
A. 1.37 hp C. 7.37 hp
B. 4.38 hp O. 9.37 hp 2. the internal pressure that can be carried by the welded joint.
A. 1.38 Mpa C. 3.38 Mpa
SOLUTION:
B. 2.38 Mpa O. 4.38 Mpa
1. Lead '= 2p 3. the thickness of the plate if the internal pressure is 2 Mpa (neglecting welded
Lead '= 2 (1/2) '= 1 in joint).
For square thread: A. 16.67 mm C. 14.67 mm
Om = Do 2 p = 2.5 2 (1 / 2) = 2.25 in B. 18.67 mm O. 12.67 mm
2 2
Lead 1 4. the thickness of the plate if the internal pressure is 20 Mpa (neglecting welded
tanx = = =0.1415 joint).
IT Om IT (2.28)
A. 130.17 mm C. 170.17 mm
X c~ tan 1 0.1415 = 8.05 0 B. 160.17 mm 0 190.17 mm
90 000 = 2.0(")i~_
. 2 t
284 Sit liUt iOllal Problems
Sit lIul iorwl Problems 285
t = 0.01667 m 16.67 mm
SOLUTION: Force
4. S= POi 1.
2t Pr essure = Area 32mm
)
F p
90000 = 20,000 ~
, 2t 1380 C~ 7t-~32)
(0.
.~
t = 0.1667 m 4
Checking the ratio of tiD,. F = 1.11 KN
.Q: 1667 = 0.111
1.5 C = Om = Do ~d
d d
Since 0.111 is greater than 0.07, then the vessel is thick wall. 2.
1 rs+~ C = 115 13 = 7.85
~ 1j=~r ~JjO+20,
l Vs
t=.l2. 1j=0.19017 m 13
2 P 2 l~ 90,000 20,000
t=190.17mm
3n
5. FS = Su _ 450,000 8FC 8(1.)753·~=0 m=31 mm
S 90,000 = 5 3.
y = G d = 80,000,000(0.013)
3
2. the spring index 8 Fs C n
Ys =-G(j- ( Dm = 102 rom )/1
1
5. the spring stress if it is compressed to its solid length. SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 9 (ME Board April 1982)
A. 360 Mpa C. 400 Mpa The large diameter and face of the disk of a multiple disk clutch are 255 mm and 25
B. 380 Mpa D. 420 Mpa mm respectively. The helical compression spring used to engage the clutch has 9-
1/2 effective coils of 10 mm steel wire. The outer coil diameter is 80 mm. The free
length of the spring is 185 rnrn. When in place with clutch engaged, its length is 130
mm. Assuming that there are 10 pairs of friction surface in contact, that the motor
Sitllal iOl1nl Problems 287
286 Sit uat iOT1Cl1 Problems
runs at 1200 rpm, with coefficient of friction on contact surface f = 0.15, (G = 80 Gpa)
,determine: ~ l' ()~_.3j\r
rl' 3 r o 2 __ rI 2
=.~ r _-J1 =J~'20
(127.5)3
3l(127.5)2(102.5)2
115.45 mm
C = Dm = 70 = 7
d 10 SOLUTION:
3
8FC n 1. Under the original installation:
y=
Gd
3 .
5. = et8 = 2.4
F2
0.055= 8Fa(7) (9.5)
(80,000,000) (0.01) e t8 = e l (160 )(1[/ 180 ) = 2.4
Fa = 1.688 KN f = 0.313
Fl
2. For the clutch: 2. F I F 2 = F = 12(130) = 1560 N = 1.56 KN
D, = Do 2d = 255 2(25) 205mm T = (F , F2 ) r = 156 (0.200/2) = 0 156 KNm
Io = 255/2 = 127.5 mm
r, = 205/2 = 102.5 mm
288 Sill/ut ional Problems Sit uational Problems 289
F F1 5. the axle diameter for an allowable torsional stress at 12,000 psi, the efficiency of
~ = 2.4 or
F2 F2 = 2.4 the bevel gear differential is 80%.
A. 4 V2 in C. 2 V2 in
F1 B. 1 V2 in D. 3 V2 in
F1 - - = 1.56
2.4
F1 = 2.674 KN SOLUTION: Wheel
F1 _2.674=1.114KN
3. F2 = 2.4 2.4
4. Under new Installation, the idler should be placed on slack side so that tight side
tension remains the same, that is, F 1 = 2.674 KN
3. the transmission gear ratio should be used if the engine develops maximum torque 5. S =~6T
3
at 1500 rpm. TId
A. 12.67:1 C. 14.67:1
B. 13.67:1 D. 16.67:1 12,000 = 16(2~0)
3"
nd
4. the torque required per wheel, inIbs. d = 4.47
A. 210,000 C. 230,000 Therefore: use 4 1/2 in
B. 220,000 'J. 240,000
290 Sitwtli(Jllul Problems Sit u a i i(mal Problems 291
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 12 (ME Board October 1982)
_ Dm _ 250 3~ = 6.81
The smaller of two concentric helical springs is made of 22 mm diameter steel spring C2 ~ d- 32
and has an outside diameter of 100 mm with 10 active coils. The outer spring is
3
made of 32 mm steel spring and has an outer diameter of 250 mm with 8 active coils. 8FC n
Before the load is applied, the outer spring is 25 mm longer than the inner spring. If Y= Gd
the load of 90 KN is applied to the nest of the springs. (G = 80 Gpa)
F2 -~_= 80,(.3~=1265 KN/m
1. Find the spring rate of the inner spring. K =
2
Y; 8 C 3 n 8 (6.81)3(8)
A. 493.80 KN/m C. 693.80 KN/m
B. 593.80 KN/m D. 793.80 KN/m 3. F, + F2 = 90 or F2 = 90F 1 Eqn.1
Y2 Yi = 0.025 Eqn.2
2. Find the spring rate of outer spring. F F1
A. 126.50 KN/m C. 146.50 KN/m .l=493.8 or Eqn. 3
Y1 = 493.8
Y1
B. 136.50 KN/m D. 156.50 KN/m
F F2
~ = 126.50 or Eqn. 4
3. Find the load carried by the Inner spring Y2 = 126.50
Y2
A. 49.13 KN C. 69.13 KN Substitute equation 3 and 4 to 2:
B. 59.13 KN D. 79.13 KN
~_+F1 _ = 0.025 Eqn. 5
4. Find the load carried by the outer spring. 126.5 4938
A. 10.87 KN C. 30.87 KN Substitute 1 in 5:
B. 20.87 KN D. 40.87 KN 90 F1 + _F_
1 _ = 0025
126.5 493.8
5. Find the percent load carried by the inner spring. F1 = 69.13KN
A. 70.81 % C. 74.81 %
B. 72.81 % D. 76.81 % 4. F2 = 90 F1 = 90 69.13 = 20.87KN
::Jl
SOLUTION: . d
5. P ercent carne = -F1 =-
69.13
- = 76.81 %
25mm 90KN F 90
c: ==:;: . Y2
yl
~ SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 13 (ME Board April 1983)
A flange coupling connects two 2" diameter shafts. The flanges are fitted with 6 bolt
of SAE 1040 steel on a 7" bolt circle. The shafts runs at 300 rpm and transmits 4
hp. Assume a factor of safety of 5, ultimate tension of 70,000 psi, and ultimate shes
of 55,000 psi. Determine:
S
s,
==_._=-
f1, f1,
FS A n d2
4
1.5 m
70,000 450.17 Dc = 7"
--------
5 2'. d2
4 1. Torque = F x r
d = 0.228 in Torque = 820 (60/2) = 24,600 kgcm = 2.413.29 Nm
b (0.004)
A. 3321.50 N C. 3521.50 N
B. 3421.50 N D. 3621.50 N
b = 0.0484 m = 48.40 mm
5. the width of the rim. 1. the force on shaft.
A. 324 mm C. 344 mm A. 9425 KN C. 86.34 KN
B. 334 mm D. 354 mm B. 90.23 KN D. 80.34 KN
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 20 (ME Board April 1985) 3. Power on wheels = 50 (0.75) = 37.50 kw
The engine of a motor vehicle with a wheel diameter of 712 mm develops 50 kw at Speed of wheels = 2000/25 = 80 rpm
2,000 rpm. The combined efficiency of the differential and transmission is 75% with P = 2nTwN
an overall speed reduction of 25 is to 1. Determine: 375 = 2nTw(80/60)
T w = 4.476 KN-m torque on wheels
J02 SUllO! ionul Problems Situu t lonul Problems 303
4. Tw,=Fxr
Lead 4
4.476 '= F x (0.712/2) tan x = --- = - - = 0.0707
F = 12.57 KN draw bar pull nOm n(18)
3. TT = total torque = Te + T 5
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 21 (ME Board April 1985) TT = 1920 + 1401 = 3321 kg-mm
A single threaded trapezoidal metric thread has a pitch of 4 mm and a mean diameter
of 18 mm. It is used as a translation screw in conjunction with a collar having an
outside diameter of 37 mm and an inside diameter of 27 mm. The load is 400 kg and SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 22 (ME Board April 1985)
coefficient of friction is 0.3 for both threads and collar. Find: It is found that a shearing machine requires 205 joules of energy to shear a specific
1. the collar torque gauge of sheet metal. The mean diameter of the flywheel is to be 76.20 cm. The
A. 1920 kg-mm C. 1890 kg-mm normal operating speed is 200 rpm, and slows down to 180 rpm during shearin9
B. 1763 kg-mm O. 2003 kg-mm process. The rim width IS 30.48 ern, and the weight of cast iron is 7,196.60 kg/m .
The arms and hub account 10% of the rim weight concentrated at mean diameter.
2. the torque required for thread. Determine:
A. 1293 kg-mm C.1598kg-mm 1. the rirn weight
B. 1192 kg-mm O. 1401 kg-mm A. 33.88 kg C. 37.23 kg
B. 35.23 kg O. 39.45 kg
3. the total torque 2. the thickness of the rim
A. 1083 kg-mm C. 3321 kg-mm A. 0.145 cm C. 0764 cm
B. 2089 kg-mm O. 4873 kg-mm B. 0.345 cm O. 0587 cm
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: 3. Power = 2 TT T N
A B c PA = 2 TT TA NA
"-- ..,I ~NA"'.I ~ c::::::: .'1 =Nc 2 = 2 TT TA (3500/60)
T A == 0.00546 KN-m = 5.46 N-m
4. PB = 2 TT TB NB
Ps
e = --
PA
0.95 == PB
2
P B = 1.9 kw
1.9 = 2TTTB(1000/60)
T B == 0.01814 KN-m == 18.14 N-m
5. e = -Pc
PB
Tb2
\
306 Sitl r~( iorlU{ Problems Sit u at iorw! Problems 307
1. Crosssectional dimensions of the flat key to be used. L ~ 4.79 em
A. 1.11 em C. 3.33 em
B. 2.22 em D. 4.44 em 5. The safe length of key to be used should be the longer length.
2. Force acting on a key Therefore choose L = 4.79 em
A. 62.66 KN C. 66.04 KN
B. 64.34 KN D. 68.34 KN 6. Fa = axial force to remove hub
3. Length of key under shearing stress. Fa = 2 f F
A. 7.34 em C 4.23 em Fa = 2 (0.45)(62.66) = 56.40 KN
B.6.31cm D.2.19cm
4. Length of key under compressive stress. SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 25 (ME Board October 1985)
A. 2.03 em C. 4.79 em A pinion rotating at 1800 rpm and supported on each side by a ball bearing transmits
B. 3.49 cm D. 5.34 em 18 kw to a mating spur gear. If the pressure angle is 20 degrees and the pitch
5. Safe length of key to be used diameter is 102 mm, determine the following:
A. 2.03 em C. 6.34 em Note: Add 3 degrees to the pressure angle to compensate for the friction.
B. 4.79 em D. 8.03 cm
6. Axial force to remove the hub from the shaft if the coefficient of friction is 0.45. 1. Pitch line velocity
A. 45.23 KN C. 58.34 KN A. 8.10 rn/sec C. 11.02 m/sec
B. 56.40 KN 0 65.45 KN B. 9.61 m/sec D. 13.03 m/sec
2. Torque transmitted by the pinion.
SOLUTION: A. 65.34 N-m C. 87.23 N-m
B. 7523 N-m D. 95.49 N-m
1. From Doughtie and Vallance, Table 5-1, p. 100 3. Tangential load on gears.
For shaft diameter of 12.7 em or 5 in, A. 1,563 N C. 1,872 N
w = 1 14 in = 3.175 em B. 1,754 N D. 1,908 N
h = 7/8 in = 2.22 em 4. Separation load on gears.
A. 794.6 N C. 982.3 N
2. P = 2 IT TN
B. 872.3 N D. 1,735.8 N
150 = 2 IT T (360/60) 5. Total load on gears.
T = 3.99 KN-m = 397.89 KN-cm A. 2,034 N C. 4,034 N
397.89 = F (12.7/2) B. 3,034 N D. 5,034 N
F = 62.66 KN
Key SOLUTION:
3. For shearing of key:
S=~ • F
1. V TTDN
wL V TT (0.102) (1800/60) 9.61 rn/sec
S=8KF~r: l
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 26 (ME Board October 1985) TC d3
A dumb waiter designed to travel a height of 3 m when loaded will have a maximum 3868 = 8(1.184)(2168.50)(8d)
gross weight of 100 kg. A coil spring is provided below to absorb shock in the event TC d3
that the dumb waiter should fall freely because of sudden breakage of the wire rope
carrying it. If the coil spring will be deflected to 30.48 em, if the dumb waiter should d = 3.68 cm
accidentally fall and it hit the spring from its maximum height of travel, determine the
following: 4. Om = 8 d = 8 (3.68) 29.42 cm
--1
SOLUTION: 1. Pitch diameter of pinion
A. 100 mm C.104mm
3m B.102mm D. 108 mm
1. K = 4C =-1 + 0.615 2. Pitch diameter of spur gear.
4C-4 C A. 180 mm C 200 mm
K = 4(8)~+ 0.615 = 1.184 B.190mm D. 210 mm
. 4(8)-4 8 3. Speed of shaft C .
A. 27.34 rpm C. 34.24 rpm
2. F = maximum force on spring B. 31.25 rpm D. 39.45 rpm
For impact load on spring: 4. Power at shaft C.
A. 1.45 kw C. 1.894 kw
310 Situnl iOflul t'ronl ems Sit untiorwl Probl ems 311
B. 1.605 kw D. 2083 kw Power at shaft C 1.605 kw
5. Torque of shaft A.
A. 7.234 Nm C. 11.23 Nm Pc
B. 9.563 Nm D. 13.47 Nm 5. e=-
6. Velocity of the load PA
A. 0.213 m/sec C. 0.327 m/sec 0.65 = 1.605
B. 0.189 m/sec D. 0.485 m/sec PA
PA = 2.47 kw
SOLUTION:
PA = 2 IT TA NA
2.47 = 2 IT TA (1750/60)
Shaft "A': 1750 rpm TA = 0.01347 KN-m = 13.47 N-m
6. V = IT Dc Nc
V = IT (0.20) (31.25) = 19.63 m/min = 0.327 m/sec
•
A. 50 teeth C. 54 teeth
B. 52 teeth D. 56 teeth
o 3. Circular pitch
1. Module = ~
T A. 6.23 mm C. 8.37 mm
Dp = Module x T = 5 (20) = 100 mm B. 7.85 mm D. 9.02 mm
4. Addendum distance
Dp +D s A. 2.50 mm C. 3.5 mm
2. C = center distance B. 3.0 mm D. 4.0 mm
2 5. Clearance
150 = 102P~ A.0.125mm C. 0.425 mm
2 B. 0.250 mm D. 0.625 mm
Os = 200 mm 6. Dedendum distance
A. 2.33 mm C. 4.66 mm
3. Number of teeth of spur gear = 200/5 = 40 teeth B.3.125mm D. 5.99 mm
7. Whole depth
S pee d ra ti10 = No. of teeth of worm =-56 = 28 A. 2.38 mm C. 4.36 mm
No. of thread of worm 2
B. 3.02 mm D. 5.625 mm
1750 8. Working depth
NB = speed of shaft B = - -- = 62.5 rpm
C.5mm
28 A. 3 mm
Tc Nc = TBNB B. 4 mm 0.6 mm
(40) Nc = 20 (62.50) 9. Tooth thickness
Nc = 31.25 rpm A. 3.93 mm C. 5.38 mm
B. 4.34 mm D. 6.34 mm
4. Torque at shaft C = F x r = (500 x 9.81) (0.2/2) = 490.50 N-m 10. Space width
Power at shaft C = 2 IT TN = 2 IT (490.50/1000)(3125/60) A. 3 mm C. 5 mm
B. 4 mm 0.6 mm
l __
Situational Problems 313
312 SitllUl iorwl Problems
11. Outside diameter of the gear 6 Dedendum 1.25 _ ~ 0.123 in = 3.125 mm
A. 120 mm C 140 mm -DP-10.16
B.130mm D. 150 mm
12. Root diameter of pinion.
7. Whole Depth 2.25 =0.2214in= 5.625 mm
A. 28.75 mm C. 17.45 mm 10.16
B. 32.34 mm D. 38.75 mm
2 2
SOLUTION: 8 Working Depth DP = 10.16 = 0.197 in = 5 mm
1. C=----
Dp+D g Gear j
2 9. Tooth thickness 1.5708 _ 1.5708 == 0.1546 in = 3.93 mm
-Dr - 10.16
o, +D g
90,= .-.-..-
2 10. Space Width = Backlash + Tooth thickness
180 = Dp + Dg 0035 0.035 03 .
Bac klash = - - - . =: - - = 0.0 445 rn = 00875 mm
DP 10.16
o, N p = o, Ng Space width =: 0.0875 + 3.93 =: 4.02 mm
Np Dg
-=-=3
Ng o, 90mm 11. Outside diameter =: Pitch diameter + 2 (addendum)
OD p =: 45 + 2(2.5) =: 50 mm
o, = 3 o, OD g =: 135 + 2(2.5) =: 140 mm
Dp + 3D p = 180
Dp = 45 mm 12. Root diameter =: Pitch diameter - 2 (dedendum)
Dg = 3 (45) '= 135 mm
RD p =: 45 - 2(3.125) =: 38.75 mm
RD g =: 135 - 2(3.125) =: 128.75 mm
D
2. M==-
N
SITUATlONAL PROBLEM 29 (ME Board April 1986)
2.5 = 45
Tp A pulley is keyed to a 2 Y2 inches diameter shaft by a 5/8 x 7/16 in x 3 in flat key. The
shaft rotates at 50 rpm. The allowable shearing stress for the key is 22 ksi. The
Tp =: 18 teeth allowable compressive stress for the key, hub and shaft are 66 ksi, 59 ksi and 72 ksi,
2.5 = 135 respectively. Determine:
Tg
Tg =: 54 teeth 1. the torque that can be carried due to shearing stress of key.
A. 51,562.50 in-Ibs C. 71,562.50 in-Ibs
B. 61,562.50 in-Ibs D. 81,562.50 in-Ibs
TC D TC (45)
3. Pc = - - =--=7.85 mm 2. the torque that can be carried due to compressive stress of key.
T 18 A. 50,110.60 in-Ib C. 54,11060 in-Ib
From Faires, p. 362 B.52,110.60in-lb D.56,110.60rn-lb
3. the torque that can be carried by the shaft.
4. DP = diiarnetraIpitc
' h = -
25.4
-=-25.4
- - = 10.16
M 2.5 A 57,495.10 in-Ibs C. 77,495.10 in-Ibs
B. 67,495.10 in-Ibs D. 87,49510 in-Ibs
Addendum -1 =.-~
1 = 00 . = 2.5 mm
. 984 In 4. the torque that can be carried by the hub.
DP 10.16
A 42,398.44 in-Ibs C. 46,398.44 in-Ibs
B. 44,398.44 in-Ibs D. 48,398.44 in-Ibs
5. Clearance 0.25 _ 0.25 = 0.0246 in = 0.625 mm 5. the maximum torque the pulley can safely deliver.
DP' 10 16 A. 42,398.44 in-lbs C. 46,398.44 in-Ibs
B. 44,398.44 in-Ibs D. 48,398.44 in-Ibs
314 Situational Problems Situa tiona[ Problems 315
SOLUTION:
36 mm. The coefficient of friction on threads is 0.15. The friction torque on the thrust
bearing of the motor is taken as 20% of the total torque input. Determine:
1. For shearing of key:
F 1. the lead
Ss=-
wL A. 25 mm C. 35 mm
F B 30 mm D. 40 mm
22000 = - - - 2. the lead angle
, (5/8)(3) Hub
F
T
T
= 41,250 Ibs
= F (0/2) = 41,250 (2.5/2)
= 51,562.50 in-Ibs
I A. 10.23°
B. 12.46°
C. 14.34°
D. 16.23°
3. the torque required to turn the screw.
A. 4.23 kg-m C. 8.45 kg-m
B. 6.31 kg-m D. 10.23 kg-m
2. For compressive of key: 4. the total torque input
F A. 0.017327 KN-m C. 0.057327 KN-m
s, =-h-
B. 0.037327 KN-m D. 0.u7428 KN-m
-- L
2 5. the motor power required to operate the screw.
A. 1.239 kw C. 3.110 kw
66,000 = 7 1~ B. 2.239 kw D. 4.239 kw
- (3)
2 SOLUTION:
F = 43312.50 Ibs
T, = F. r = (43312.50)(2.5/2) = 54,110.60 in-Ib 1. v = NL
10 = 400 L
3. Assuming the shaft and key are of the same material. L = 0.025 m = 25 mm
For the shaft:
s, = 16 T
2.
Lead 25
tan x = - - = - . - - = 0.221
3
It d It Om It (36)
22.000 = ~ 3.
x = 12.46°
Torque required to turn the screw, T,
It (2.5)3
T = 67,495.10 in-los I
T = W Om cos <jJ tan x + f]
s
2 l
cos <jJ - f tan x
4. Torque carried by the hub: For ACME thread: <jJ = 14.5°
F
Sc=-
~L
I
T = 900\0.036) cos 14.5° (0.221) + 0.15] = 6.31 kg _ m
2
s
2 l
cos 14,50 - 0.15(0.221)
F
59,000 7 I 16 = 4. T = torque input = Ts + Te
- (3) T = Ts + 0.20T
2
T = 6.31 + 0.20 (6.31)
F = 38,718.75 Ibs
T = 7.572 kg-m x (0.00981) = 0.07428 KN-m
T = F . r = (38,718.75)(2.5/2) = 48,398.44 in-Ibs
5. The maximum value of torque that can be safely deliver is the smaller value.
5. Power = 2 rr TN = 2 rr (0.07428)(400/60)
Power = 3.11 kw
Therefore: Safe torque = 48,398.4 in-Ibs
3
21 R - r3l
2. rt
3l R 2
_r 2
~"icD
Power 2 TT (0.9467)(750/60) 7435 kw
2. p = 2rrTN SOLUTION:
2650 = 2 IT T (400/60)
T = 0632 KN-m 1. DA N A = DBNB
(842 x 2) (350) = (207 x 2) NB
3. T = F. r = F (DJ2) Dc = 100 mm NB = 86 rpm
0.632 = F (0.10/2)
F = 12.654 KN 2. T A = F1 . rA
F = 12,654 N 0.236 = F1 (0.207)
F1 = 1.140 KN = 1140 N
Fb = ~ = 12.654 = 3.163 KN
TB = F1 . rB
n 4 T B = 1140 (0.842) = 960 N-m
For shearing of bolt:
F F
Ss =-~ 3. tan 8 = .2.. Fs
Ft
It d 2
4
tan 14.5° = ~
12000 = 3.163 1140
, It d 2 Fs = 294.82 N
4
d = 0.01832 m = 18.32 mm = 0.72 in 4. cos 8 = .5..
Use standard d = 3,4 in (19.05 mm) Fn
IE,f\ )1< ~ )1
T
nd 3 241
F
d = 0.0216 m = 21.60 mm F1 - - 1- - = 2.505
241
2. T = F. r F1 = 4.282 KN
0.059365 = F (0.0216/2)
F = 5497 KN S = F1
w = -~ = .2:
02 16 A
= 0.0054 m
4 4 2100 =_ 4 2 8 ~
S =_£...
w L
, b(0.006)
S b = 0.3398 m = 340 mm
5.497
240,000 = - - - -.. SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 37 (ME Board April 1989)
(0.0054) L A steel shaft transmits 40 hp at 1400 rpm. Considering allowable shearing stress
L = 0.00424 m = 4.24 mm based on pure torsion to be 5000 psi, find:
1~
SOLUTION:
1. P = 2ITTN 1. P == w h
40 = 2 IT T (1200/60) P = 9,81 (6) == 58.86 kpa
T = 0.31831 KN-m S = PD j
2 t
rj = 200/2 = 100 mm = 0.10 m 200mm ID
T = n f Fa rf
0.31831 = 2 (0.30) (F a)(0.1 0)
Fa = 5.305 KN
40000 = 58.86 (6)
, 2t
t = 0.0044 m = 4AO mm
i
1 0 m
...........".._-,,.
324 Sit uat u nu i] ['rob/ems
A. 71220 rpm Situa! iOrl a I I'robl ems 325
C. 716.20 rpm
B. 71420 rpm D 71820 rpm SITlJATIONAL PROBLEM 42 (ME Board June 1990)
2. The shaft diameter. A flange coupling has an outside diameter of 200 mm and connects two 40 mm
A. 2.10 in C. 230 in shafts. There are four 16 mm bolts on a 140 mm bolt circle. The radial flange
B. 2.20 in D. 2.40 in thickness is 20 mm. If the torsional stress in the shaft is not to exceed 26 Mpa,
3. The shaft pulley diameter. determine'
A. 5.053 in C 15.053 in 1. The power that can be transmitted at 600 rpm.
B. 10.053 in D 20.053 in A. 17.12 kw C. 24.23 kw
B. 20.53 kw D. 32.23 kw
SOLUTION:
1. V=nDN 2. The shearing stress in the bolts if uniformly distributed.
150 (60) = rr (48/12) Ns A. 1.29 Mpa C. 3.04 Mpa
Ns = 716.20 rpm 1200 rpm B. 2.34 Mpa D. 5.804 Mpa
Is
p=-- B. 113.65 Mpa D. 117.65 Mpa
53.5
D, = 10.053 in
.·Tl~ p
Torque = F. r = F (D, /2)
1rr
2.
1. Clearance
y/2 +y'~
} lei mm 10 mm 10 mm
I 0.327 = F (0.140/2)
F = 4.67 KN
Clearance k L (t2 - t1) I c I F 4.67
6 Fb = force per bolt = - = ---- = 1.167 KN
Clearance 11.6 X 10. (10) (36 - 16)
n 4
Clearance 0.00232 m = 2.32 mm
Fb
Ss = . - - =
1.167
---- - = 5804 kpa = 5.804 Mpa
2 Stress = k E (b - t1)
6 n d2 rt (0.016)2
Stress = 11.6 x 10. (207,000) (40 - 36) = 9605 Mpa 4 4
Sit uat ional Probl ems 327
326 Situational Problems
A. 12.39% C. 18.23%
3. The maximum induced shearing stress in the bolt is caused by the direct B. 14.39% D. 16.29%
shear and initial tension due to tightening. From Vallance p. 134.
SOLUTION:
F, = initial tension due to tightening = 16,000 d
Sft
Where d = diameter of bolt, in
1. S=~_F
F, = 16,000 (16/25.4) = 10,078.74Ibs = 44.84 KN A ~D 2
SI = tensile stress due to initial tension 4 r
44.84
SI = = 233,000 Kpa = 233 Mpa 6000 = ~20l
n (0.016)2 2' 0 2
4 4 r
1 ~2- 1 I 2 2 Dr = 2.53 in
Ssmax =-~St +4S s =-.y(223) +4(5.804) =111.65 Mpa
2 2 Therefore use Dr = 2.75 in (standard)
3. The pull required at the end of a 5 ft bar raises the load. 3. Te = fe W rc = 0.13 (30,000)(1) = 3,900 in-Ibs
A. 218.51 Ibs C. 265.301bs T = total torque = Ts + T, = 9,210.60 + 3,900
B. 245.231bs D. 287.451bs T = 13,110.60 in-lbs
T = F x Length of arm
4. The twisting moment exerted at the root of the threads. 13,110.60 = P (5x12)
A. 9,210.60 m-lbs C. 9304.56 in-lbs P = 218.51 Ibs
B. 9563.40 in-Ibs D. 9873.45 in-Ibs
4. Twisting moment or torque at the root of the threads
5. The power output of the screw if it is turning at 60 rpm. T, = 9,210.60 in-lbs
A. 1.87 hp C. 3.04 hp
B. 4.20 hp D. 2.27 hp 5. V = L N = (0.5/12) (60) = 2.5 ft/min
Po = _W V = ~?.90)(25 = 2.2727 h
6. The power input of the screw. 33,000 33,000 P
A. 10.28 hp C. 14.93 hp
B. 12.46 hp D. 16.93 hp
~.TN = 2n(218.15x5)(60) _ 12.46 h
6. P,
33,000 33,000 P
7. The efficiency of the screw and collar.
328 SituatioTlul Problems Situutiona[ Problems 329
F
663,595.37 = -n ~ 2n (0.175)
7.
e = PPo -__~27 12.46
I
=c 18.23%
2
F = 1633.36 KN
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 44 (ME Board October 1991)
A 1200 mm cast iron pulley is fastened to a 112.50 mm shaft by means of a 28.13 3. Therefore, the safe force to operate the key is 997.59 KN (minimum force)
mm square key 175 mm long. The key and shaft are SAE 1030 steel annealed with T = F. r = 997.59 (0.1125/2) = 56.1144 KN-m
allowable shearing of key of 29.400 psi and compressive of 6765.3 kg/cm 2 . P = 2rrTN = 2rr(56.114)(600/60) = 3525.77KW
1. Force required to shear the key
A. 997.59 KN C. 756.03 KN 4. T=T'
B. 873.45 KN D. 652.34 KN F.r = F.R
997.59 (112.5/2) = F (1200/2)
2. Force needed to compress the key. F = 93.52 KN
A. 1431.93 KN C. 1633.36 KN
B. 1596.24 KN D. 1763.48 KN 5. T=T'
F.r = F.R
3. Safe power of the shaft at 600 rpm. 1633.36(112.5/2) = F(1200/2)
A. 2083.54 'r<:VV C. 4823.49 'r<:VV F = 153.13 KN
B. 3525.77 'r<:VV D. 5623.74 KW
4. What force acting at the pulley rim will shear this key? SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 45 (ME Board October 1992)
A. 93.52 KN C. 75.23 KN A 76 mm bearing using oil with an absolute Viscosity of 0.70 poise running at 500 rpm
2
B. 85.27 KN D. 64.23 KN gives satisfactory operation with a bearing pressure of 14 kg/cm The bearing
clearance is 0.127 mm.
5. What force acting at the pulley rim will crush the key? 1. Determine the unit pressure at which the bearing should operate if the speed is
A. 143.37 KN C. 165.39 KN changed to 600 rpm.
2 2
B.153.13KN D.173.29KN A. 168 kg/cm C 20.30 kg/cm
2 2
B. 18.30 kg/cm D. 22.04 kg/cm
SOLUTION: -- ---.. 2. If the bearing is given a total clearance of 0076 mm, what change should be made
in the oil?
1. For shearing of key: A. 0.176 poise C 0.364 poise
F B. 0.251 poise D. 0.472 poise
Ss=' - r = 112.5 mm
w L SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
1. From Faires, p. 535
1. T 1 N 1 = T2 N2 T2 = 36 teeth m k2 2 2
,'I,KE = - - (W1 w2)
T2 =T{~ j 2
where: m = 910 kg
k radius of gyration = 1524 mm = 1.524 m
36 = T 1 (1.4) Driven 120 (2rr)
T 1 = 25.7 say 26 teeth Driver W1 = ------.-- = 4 rr rad
60
T T 60 (2rr)
2. DP =-- or 0 = ~
w1 =---=2rr rad
o 60
DP c
O1
26 .
= - = 8.67 In 6.KE = 91 0 (1~524 )2 [( 4rr)2 _ (2rr)2]= 125,159 N _ m
3
36 .
02 = - = 12
In 2. Opposing moment = Tangential force x Radius = (f W) r
3
910 (0.06) (0.3048/2)
C = center distance
= 8.321 kg-m = 81.63 N-m
C = ~ + O2 = 8.67 + 12 = 1034 in
2 2
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 48 (ME Board April 1993)
rr 0 _ rr (1 2) = 1.047 in A 2 Y2 in (8.9 cm) diameter shaft is driven at 3600 rpm by a 400 Hp (298.3 KW)
3. Pc = T - 36 motor. The shaft drives a 48 in. (121.9 ern) diameter chain sprocket having an output
efficiency of 85%. Determine:
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM 47 (ME Board October 1992) 1. Torque in the shaft.
A. 7,003 in-Ibs C. 7,563 in-Ibs
A flywheel weighing 910 kg has a radius of gyration of 1524 mm. The shaft journals
B 7,197 in-Ibs D. 8,408In-lbs
are 304.8 mm in diameter and have a coefficient of friction of 006 After the wheel
2. The output force on the sprocket.
reaches 120 rpm, the driving force is withdrawn and the wheel slows to 60 rpm.
A, 291.79 Ibs C. 327.451bs
332 SUuol iOT!ul Problems
B. 302.301bs D. 367.451bs
3. The power delivered by the sprocket. ALCORCO~
A. 320 hp C. 340 hp ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
B. 330 hp D. 350 hp
CONGRA TULA TIONS!!
SOLUTION:
TO OUR BOARD TOPNOTCHERS AND
1. P=2nTN
400 (33,000) = 2 rr T (3600) PASSERS
T = 583.57 ft-Ibs = 7,003 in-Ibs
Alcorcon Engineering Review Center maintains high percentage
2. Torque = F. r passing performance for the past 5 years.
7003 = F. (48/2)
F = 291.79 Ibs