Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 3313–3319

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Biomimetic 4D printed materials: A state-of-the-art review on concepts,

opportunities, and challenges
Ayushi a, Umesh Kumar Vates b, Sanjay Mishra c, Nand Jee Kanu d,⇑
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MMMUT, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273016, India
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JSPM Narhe Technical Campus, Pune, Maharashtra 411041, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The additive manufacturing is a transformative technique which improves the mechanical properties,
Available online 21 July 2021 e.g., the strength of the fabricated light weight industrial products. CAD softwares are integrated in the
rapid prototyping setup and fabrication of the product is done through bottom-to-top approach via
Keywords: layer-wise deposition using stereo lithography file format as input. The 4D printed biomimetic materials
Biomimetic are having shape changing capabilities, i.e., stimuli responsive features such as heat and thermal sensi-
Smart materials tivity, electromagnetic sensitivity, so, and so forth, as that comes under the fourth dimension. 4D printing
Additive manufacturing
is not just the extended technique of 3D printing but also the manufacturing technique of fabricating
4D printing
Biomedical and environmental
complex three-dimensional objects which can change the shape and forms when they are exposed to
external environmental stimuli. 4D printing is appending one more dimension in the 3D printing, i.e.,
time. The review paper covers all aspects related to shape changing mechanisms from conceptual to
actual design and emphasize has been given to the modern advancements in biomimetic 4D printing
and sustainable biomedical and environmental applications.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Con-
ference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Nanotechnology.

1. Introduction with modified exterior shape and predefined internal morphology

The steady advance of 3D printing techniques over the past
years have been noticed due to their ability to print intricate
shapes and geometries by the extensive diversification of materials
such as shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers, biomateri-
als. Additive manufacturing printing has been extensively used in
biomedical sectors such as tissue engineering and pharmaceutics.
Over the last decades, a significant development has been seen in
the 3D bio printing of human tissues, organs, and customized pros-
thetics. One of the significant advancements in 4D printing is inte-
grated tissue organ printer (ITOP). The combination of
biodegradable polymers and hydrogels enabled integrated human
tissue printing [1,2]. There are several other inkjet and extrusion
based printers that have been developed [3]. A rapid advancement
has been observed in the tissue engineering field related to addi-
tive manufacturing that it has been used to manufacture a scaffold
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: nandssm@gmail.com (N. Jee Kanu).
[4], extrusion based production technology enable us to produce
intricate and highly inter-related pore structures, which make
these structures viable for accommodating cells and leads to the
encouragement of its proliferation. Biomimetic materials are
developed using inspiration from nature. These may be used to
design the composite materials which can be used for fabricating
various products using 4D printing. 4D printed materials show
stimulated response and have shape changing features.
2. 4D printing
4D printing primarily uses additive manufacturing techniques
in association with smart materials. Critical and intricate shaped
biomedical components are being produced currently using 4D
printing techniques. Applied technique is expressing outstanding
performance for the industrial demand [5,6]. Additive manufactur-
ing is defined as a process of constructing a three-dimensional
object from a CAD model. It is considered as the opposite function-
ing of subtractive manufacturing methodology. Smart materials

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.148
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Nanotechnology.
Ayushi, U. Kumar Vates, S. Mishra et al.
that are suitable to recuperate their shape under external stimuli
are the easiest choice when identifying materials for additive man-
ufacturing [7]. An outspread scope of metals, plastics, composites,
ceramics, alloys, polymers, and hydrogels are used to provide
heterogeneity for making products from additive manufacturing
or 3D printing [8]. Time influenced explicit nature of 3D printed
materials is the function of external stimuli such as stress, temper-
ature, moisture, pH and electricity, etc. [8]. Layer -by-layer deposi-
tion of smart materials during the fabrication of complex shaped
biomedical devices are adequately possible through additive man-
ufacturing [9]. The use of additive manufacturing processes gave
the opportunity to develop freeform objects directly from the dig-
ital file without the requirement for intermediate shaping tools
with zero waste. 4D printing techniques are being recently applied
for security purposes [10], precise optical surfaces for electronics
use [11], novel actuators [12], and biomedical applied components,
etc. [13]. It is evident that 4D printed smart materials are applied in
aerospace, defence, and biomedical components to improve its
characteristics. In 4D printing, smart materials such as shape mem-
ory polymers, shape memory alloys are highly researched areas
wherein the deformation mechanisms have been incorporated as
per the response of the materials. The collaborated functioning of
various components (shown in Fig. 1) of 4D printing gives accurate
and desirable results and these components wrought as significant
factors to make the technology reliable and futuristic.
To explain the procedure of 4D printing process mentioned,
three components are required: first is stimulus responsive mate-
rials (smart material) having complex composition as per the suit-
able application, second is the specific stimulus which can trigger
the particular response transforming intensity [14] and the third
is the multi-materials printer. Primary characteristics of 4D printed
objects are time-dependent shape-changing behaviour. External
stimuli, e.g., temperature, pressure, ionic strength, and pH, these
are the responsible factors to show the effect of variation in config-
uration, shrinkage, expansion and folding of printed objects. 3D
printing methodology having specific feature of shape memory
characteristics of composite materials are called as 4D printing.
4D printing can be applied for embedding bio-inspired morphing
features into materials [15–20]. Fig. 2 is depicting the difference
between 3D and 4D Printing.
3. Shape memory effect
Shape memory effect are the capability of a material to reinstate
the indigenous shape memory of a plastically deformed sample by
Fig 1. States involved in the fabrication of biomimetic 4DP materials and their
stimulus responsive features.
3314
Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 3313–3319
heating it whereas shape changing phenomenon is, in which mate-
rials responses to the applied stimulus in a linear or nonlinear fash-
ion with or without hysteresis. The phenomenon is quite different
from the shape memory effect. Crystalline phase change of shape
memory materials (also known as ‘‘thermo elastic martensitic
transformation” shape memory alloys) shows martensitic phase
at temperatures below the transformation temperature. Generally,
microstructure is identified by ”self-accommodating twins” in such
condition, soft martensitic state is distorted quite easily by de-
twinning. When materials are heated above transformation tem-
perature it gets the ability to recover the previous shape. SMM
have been inspected well, when they have been exposed to suit-
able external stimuli. All shape memory materials (SMMs) shows
that special characteristic which entitle to recover the original
shape after being quasi-statically deformed [17–19]. Super elastic-
ity in alloys and visco-elasticity in polymers can be observed under
deformation conditions. Shape memory effect takes place in three
different ways. Change in shape and size of materials takes place
below its transition temperature called one way [20–24]. The phe-
nomenon in which shape memory material (SMM) can remember
two shapes one at low temperature and other at high temperature
as (Fig. 3). These effects become intrinsic when it happens in the
absence of an external force [25–28].
4. Shape change mechanism
Smart materials that can change the shape in the presence of
external stimuli such as light or heat, shows an interesting novelty
feature and look very much magical as they mysteriously fold and
unfold themselves. In the below section a few shape changing
mechanisms applicable in many engineering applications as pri-
mary driving mechanisms for shape memory alloys and polymers
are reviewed in-depth.
4.1. Active origami and self-folding techniques
Origami is the oldest art of paper folding, and the technology
has attracted engineers to design self-foldable products. Current
studies show that most of the researchers have shown their inter-
est in active or smart materials to achieve the desired folding beha-
viour. Origami is a sheet with negligible thickness surfaces that
neither stretch nor contracts [29]. Origami offers the designer or
engineers several ways to manufacture, assemble, and to morph
the structure. Origami has been indicated to be applicable in some
of the fields where self-folding feature is required to function prop-
erly. Another aspect which is also covered in the review is the
shape changing mechanism. Other advanced applications of
origami-inspired engineering are various structures used in space
applications (solar cell, solar panels, telescope lenses [30]),
micromirrors [31], adequate properties of capacitors [32–35], nano
robots [36], adjustable wings and airplanes, for improving struc-
tural, physical and mechanical properties [37]. The technologies
which are being used to create origami-inspired engineered prod-
ucts are new and developing rapidly. Smart materials are the nec-
essary component to the functioning of self-folding origami
inspired structures.
4.2. Active self-folding structure
Self-adjusting property of the structure is an external manipu-
lation which needs not to fold and/or unfold of the structure.
Active materials have the property that they convert other forms
of energy into mechanical work which can be used in some cases
for unfolding operations [29,38–42]. Folding and unfolding are
the mechanisms which are being used to induce large deformation
Ayushi, U. Kumar Vates, S. Mishra et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 3313–3319

Fig 2. Graphical representation depicting the difference between 3D and 4D printing (reprinted with permission from ref. 20. Copyright 2020 Elsevier).

Fig 3. One way, two ways and three way shape memory effect (reprinted with permission from ref. 27. Copyright 2021 Elsevier).

and motion in nature. Some of the examples such as winged

insects and tree leave [43–48]. Researchers have explained and
demonstrated the behaviour of self-folding active material systems
and their functioning in the influence of thermal, electrical, chem-
ical, optical, and magnetic [29,49–57]. Emphasis has been given to
the combination of different materials and geometries to extend
the design options. Few considerations should be given to drive
the design decisions such as folds that should show reversibility
in design, boundary limitations, and restriction in the overall
folded structure. Some of the foldable applications in various fields
have been given in Fig. 4 [57–59].

4.3. Stimuli based actuation

The application of stimulus response materials in sensing tech-

nologies and for actuation systems has generated enormously
interest over the past few years [61–77]. These stimuli-based actu-
ation materials can possess e.g., responsive behaviour towards
temperature, pH, biomolecules, CO2, light, and electricity [39].
Actuators (Fig. 5) have gained attention in the scope of sensors
[40], robotics [41], optical systems, and micro-electro-mechanical
systems [42].
4.4. Thermally induced actuation
The transportation of heat by conduction depends upon the
temperature gradient. In the micromechanical domain, the dis-
Fig 4. Potential applications of origami-inspired structures with and without self-
folding capability. (a) Micro grippers [57]. (b) Stents [58]. (c) Foldable resister [59].
(d) Robots with variable wheel size [36].
tances are generally quite small and the temperature gradient is
large. Hence, heat transport out of micro regions is usually rapid.
With proper design, a small region can be heated and cooled in
microseconds. As a result, actuators depending on temperature
can have fast responses. Thermal actuators have very low effi-

3315
Ayushi, U. Kumar Vates, S. Mishra et al.
Fig 5. Stimuli based actuation (reprinted with permission from ref. 39. Copyright
2019, Royal Society of Chemistry).
Fig 6. The shape transformation of 4D printed smart materials (reprinted with
permission from ref. 78. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society). (a) The
uniaxial expansion of a dual shape-changing tube. (b) The structure of a coral polyp.
(c) The schematic representation of a dual-function tube. (d) The 4D printed and
photocured tube with fingers. (e) The gripping of (and thereafter lifting up) the cube
at 25 °C due to the uniaxial expansion of the tube when suspended in water. (f) On
heating at 50 °C, the fingers were opened up to release the cube.
ciency in terms of energy transfer. However, the total energy con-
sumption by a thermal actuator is many times lower than micro-
computers or many other drive electronics. For discussing the
thermally induced actuation system (one of the shape transforma-
tion effects), some of the examples have been shown in Fig. 6
showing the shape transformation of 4D printed smart materials
[77].
4.5. Moisture or solvent-based actuation
Moisture activated actuators have recently been developed and
these are independent of chemical, electrical, and other critical
3316
Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 3313–3319
activations [43]. A shape change completely depends upon the
hydrogen bonds for the actuation system. Shape change was
achieved by desorption for disrupting the hydrogen bonds and
absorption to reforming hydrogen bonds. The actuation system
solely depends upon the humidity, so these are difficult to control.
The result proposed by them inspires other researchers and devel-
opers to implement the mechanism for the surgical application,
electrical and electronics components [44].
4.6. Magnetically induced actuation
Even though electronic actuation is the focus of research, but
magnetic actuation has its special advantages. In micro machines,
the frictional force is a barrier to many applications. However,
the magnetic actuation can give a distant component motion
through the magnetic field effect without any physical contacting.
Motor is the most widely used device that is driven by magnetic
force and torque. Minimum possible resistance and high induc-
tance are the key factors for micro-machined magnetic devices.
Other important features such as coupling factor and saturation
current make them applicable for filters, sensors, and switches of
electrical and electronic components.
5. Hydrogels
Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked polymer net-
works, these structures can absorb and retain large amounts of
water or biological fluids, and thus they have the capability to be
used for biosensors, drug delivery vectors, carriers or matrix for
cells in tissue engineering [72]. In comparison with other biomate-
rials, hydrogels have better biocompatibility, required biodegrad-
ability, fast response time and permeable structure, and so on.
However, still due to the drawbacks such as low mechanical
strength and fragile nature, the application area is still limited.
Advanced research have been carried out for synthesizing multi-
functional hydrogels to replace naturally created hydrogels to
achieve high capacity, longer service life, high capacity for water
absorption, and high gel strength [74,74]. A variety of researches
have been carried out to prepare synthetic hydrogels from artificial
components which are capable to show remarkable stability even
under severe conditions such as intense acidic or basic environ-
ment and high temperature, anoxic environment, ultraviolet dam-
age and in some of the applications in marine environment.
6. Self-healing materials
Self-healing materials have that remarkable ability to heal
themselves when they are damaged due to mechanical exposure
or stimulus from the outside. Self-healing materials are used in
autogenously repair of composites to reinstate the functionality
and structure properties. Self-healing property has the potential
to increase the service life of a material without human interven-
tion. The key component for designing the artificial intelligence
apparatus which can produce high mechanical properties and
extended service life is ultra-stretchable, tough, and self-healing
materials [75]. Self-healing technology has been developed at a
faster rate and opened up to develop new polymers, blended poly-
mers, polymer composites and smart materials with self-healing
capability. In the present time, the self-healing material which is
widely being used in various applications such as automobile,
aerospace, energy, construction, and sporting equipment applica-
tions is fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites due to its high
strength and stiffness-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resis-
tance and high thermal resistivity [76].
Ayushi, U. Kumar Vates, S. Mishra et al.
7. Future scope and applications
Additive manufacturing of smart materials has gained enor-
mous interest since its first came into application in the year
2013. 4D printing is introduced to the stage of development of
additive manufacturing. It has widened scope in the research area
of smart materials processing and technology (Table 1). Modern
industries focusing their aim to produce flexible biomedical objects
in various applications, such as heart stents, surgical equipment,
and turbine blade, etc. [45], soft robotics, morphing airplane or
drone wings, etc. In Future, 4D printing application will surely gain
success in the fields of engineering to fulfil the inventive require-
Table 1
Applications of 4D printing in various fields.
Applications Description
4D Printed stents In 4D Printing, length is a function of temperature and time.
Stents made by smart materials can get extended and take the
required shape due to the heat of the patient’s body.
Organ Printing The emerging technology has great flexibility in creating
complicated parts such as body organs. Printing organs for
patients where the own cells of patients are used to fabricate
the tissues. Organ printing can be the best possible solution for
organ shortage in the field of medical science.
Printing of internal 4D printing technology has become so useful that it can also
organs such as print human heart, kidney, or liver using biocompatible smart
heart, Kidney, or materials.
liver.
Dyspnea (breathing 4D Printing has become very helpful for saving the lives of
problem) babies suffering from dangerous decease related breathing
problem called Dyspnea.
Smart materials These are the application where mechanical properties changes
implants and with respect to time, temperature, or pressure as our body gets
tissue engineering active such as muscle, bone, and cardiovascular tissues. The
implants and tissues created through 4D printing can change
the shape inside the body.
Manufacturing of 4D printing has become the first choice to make complex smart
smart medical medical instruments and devices having magnificent functional
devices properties.
In renewable energy 4D Printing is being looked to as an efficient way to not only
clean up the renewable energy supply chain but to also lower
the cost and boost the development process. It has also come
up as the helping technology to encourage the renewable sector
to thrive so that it can take over from fossil fuels.
In soft actuators 4D printing has widely investigated and applied in the field of
and soft robotics Soft robotics and actuators. Biomedical field is being benefitted
by an embarrassing feature of controllable and unlimited
reversible actuation of biomimetic materials in 4D printing.
In fashion Requisite attempts have been by researchers in the field of
fashion industry.
In the material 4D printing might become one of the adapted technologies in
handling and the market in a new direction with reduced inventory, spare
transportation parts, and ultimately optimize business efficiency by making
the product easily transportable and easy to handle.
In defense The field of application of 4D printing is yet to be explored.
application State -of-art technology would surely find its way to contribute
to the defense sector.
3317
Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 3313–3319
ments. It is one of the superior technologies adhered to quality,
efficiency, and performance. Future scope of 4D printing in the
field of medical is listed in Table 1.
8. Challenges and opportunities
There are several researches and 4D printed oriented develop-
ment projects are on the way in industries such as electronic, aero-
space, defense and automotive, consumer based products, fashion
industry, textile, construction, and industrial machinery [70].
Potential 4D printing opportunities are vast and have been
Future Scope Reference
Using smart multi print modeling, information about the blood [22,46,60–
clot & loss, infection in the chest wound, and breathing 69]
difficulty can be achieved. Surgeons would be able to produce
smart anatomies for the individual patients due to the high
ease of manufacturing medical models using 4D printing which
was not possible previously.
Miniature organs are the future trend in organ printing and can [52–54]
result as a fully functioning organ. These miniature organs can
closely perform the primary functions of the associated organs.
The trending technology is able to print these parts which [46,55,56]
require great flexibility with suitably précised fit and absolute
biocompatibility.
4D printed smart materials, implants, or splints, which can [61,61]
change the shape with respect to time with the growth of
babies, support the breathing system for such babies.
A new adaptable class of biomaterials called semi-synthetic [63,46]
biomaterials has come up with versatile applications such as
implants to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration.in
the field of biomedical
4D printing helps manufacturers to create devices which can be [46,63–
matched to a patient’s anatomy (patient-specific devices) or 66]
devices with very intricate internal structures, which were not
easy to manufacture using conventional manufacturing
processes. Tiny devices inserted or implanted in a patient’s
body for diagnosis provide minimally invasive and less painful
insertion into the body. Such as dental restorative and
prosthetic devices.
Wind turbine blades fabricated through 4D printing similar to [47]
leaving structure shows 4D printing is the best solution to
make ecofriendly wind turbines based on biodegradable
materials having bend-twist coupling but also gas turbine
blades made faster with metals 3D printing.
Fabrication of soft actuators using 4D printing enables new [48,67,68]
possibilities of applying these prosthetics in the human body
that can secure a well and energetic life.
3D printed shoes have been created with thermally induced [49,50]
shape memory polymer. 4D printed has developed such kind of
textiles which can change the geometry and texture look such
as color and configuration according to the external
environment.
As the 4D printing set-up includes the whole printer unit and [46,63–
does not require much heavy machinery and equipment during 66]
fabrication, also 4D printed parts which can be easily shipped in
a flat pack manner so that the shipping volume could be
reduced in a foldable flat pack system and those printed parts
can be activated after delivery to resume 3D dimensions and
functions. The prospect of 4D printing is majorly used in
construction.
The recent developments in the particular field could change [46]
the scenario of war using stimulus responsive materials in the
army soldier’s uniform ordinance, tanks, and submarines. 4D
printing would bring a new revolution in the weapons industry
to make light weighted defensive shielded weapons for army
shoulders.
Ayushi, U. Kumar Vates, S. Mishra et al.
explored and acknowledged up to an extent by several experts in
the field. One can expect the beginning of the initiation of the mar-
ket of 4D printing, possessing to many research and development
initiatives. The opinion about the market growth of the recent
technology is varying among the experts. 4D printing is one of
the promising technologies in the field of manufacturing, but it
needs to overcome several technological hurdles before it becomes
the first choice as a widely adopted technology.
There are few challenges in the 4D printing industry, which
include the inability to supply support structure for complex and
intricate geometrical objects, absence of multi materials printers,
high set-up cost, slow printing time, and the point of reliability
of 3D printed objects in the long run to eliminate the first limita-
tion related to the support structure can be handled by 5-axis
printing equipment, which can eliminate the problem of building
support structure up to a certain extent but still other challenges
remain. Other than the aerospace above mentioned limitations,
there are few more feedbacks which came to notice in the context
of 4D or 3D printing, challenges related to the slow and ambiguous
actuation, and losing control over intermediate states of unex-
pected distortion. Bounded material availabilities are the other
major reasons for the slow acquisition of 4D printing. Despite of
having these mentioned limitations, 4D printing is able to achieve
faster lead times, good design freedom, and able to bring the digital
transformation in the manufacturing sector. From biomedical sec-
tor to consumer products based industries are taking advantage of
3D printing and taking part in a marathon of technological shifts
where 3D printing has come up as a key technology. Finally, man-
ufacturing industries who want to be at the spearhead of techno-
logical changes and development should be willing to adopt the
technological evolutions and should mark their association with
4D printing [71]. The statistical data of 4D printing related to
research for different countries has been shown in Fig. 7.
9. Summary and discussions
4D printing is reviewed in the paper using the current research
database available for researchers at online libraries. There are
basic underlying requirements to explain the 4D printing proce-
dure are the composition of suitable stimulus, responsive compos-
ite material, specific stimuli, and the time for response along with
Fig 7. Statistical data of 4D printing-based research (publication distribution for
different countries) (reprinted with permission from ref. 1. Copyright 2020
Elsevier).
3318
Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 3313–3319
the intensity of transformation (section 2). The review is also cov-
ering the concept of shape memory effect. All shape memory mate-
rials (SMMs) are specified by the shape memory effect, which
allows them to regain the original shape after being gradually
deformed. The shape memory materials (alloys or polymers) exhi-
bit one-way, two-ways and three-ways shape memory effect (sec-
tion 3). Another aspect which is covered in the review paper is
shape-changing mechanisms such as active origami and self-
folding techniques, self-folding structures, stimuli-based actuation,
thermally induced actuation, moisture or solvent-based actuation
and magnetically induced actuations (section 4). 4D printing pro-
gression curve shows that it has the potential to impact various
fields. In the review, emphases have been given to the important
applications of 4D printing and their future scope. The thorough
review has been presented in a tabular manner (Table 1).
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] S. Joshi, K. Rawat, C Karunakaran, V. Rajamohan, A.T. Mathew, K. Koziol, V.K.
Thakur, A.S.S. Balan, Applied Materials Today 18 (2019) 100490.
[2] H. Kang, S.J. Lee, I.K. Ko, C. Kengla, J.J. Yoo, A. Atala 34 (2016) 312–319, https://
doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3413.
[3] S. Patra, V. Young, Research Article 74 (2016) 93–98, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12013-016-0730-0.
[4] C.L. Ventola, Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses,
Research Article P&T 39 (2015) 704–711.
[5] L. Huang, R. Jiang, J. Wu, J. Song, H. Bai, B. Li, Q. Zhao, T. Xie (2016), https://doi.
org/10.1002/adma.201605390.
[6] M. Bodaghi, A.R. Damanpack, W.H. Liao, Journal of Smart Material & Structure.
27 (2018) 1–16.
[7] X. Zhang, P. Yang, Y. Dai, P.A. Ma, X. Li, Z. Cheng, Z. Hou, X. Kang, C. Li, J. Lin,
Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 (2013) 4067–4078, https://doi.org/10.1002/
adfm.201300136.
[8] J. Kim, V.V. Varadan, V.K. Varadan, , X.Q. Bao, vol. 1916, pp. 56–64 (1993).
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.148504
[9] F. Momeni, M. Mehdi, N.S. Hassani, X. Liu, J. Ni, Journal of Material Design
(2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.02.068.
[10] O. Ivanova, A. Elliott, T. Campbell, C.B. Williams, J. of Additive Manufacturing. 1
(2014) 24–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.07.001.
[11] X. Liu Y. Zheng S.R. Peurifoy E.A. Kothari A.B. Braunschweig Jornal of Polym.
Chem. 7 2016 3229 3235 10.1039/C6PY00283H
[12] A. Zolfagharian, A.Z. Kouzani, S.Y. Khoo, A.A.A. Moghadam, S.Y. Khoo, S.
Nahavandi, A. Kaynak, Sens. Actuators A Phys. 250 (2016) 258–272.
[13] B. Gao Q. Yang X. Zhao G. Jin Y. Ma F. Xu Trends, Biotechnology. 34 9 2016 746
756 ://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.03.004 https
[14] H. Meng G. Li Polymer 54 2013 2199 2221 doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymer.2013.02.023 https://
[15] T.-H. Kwok C.C.L. Wang D. Deng Y. Zhang Y. Chen 26:564–585 583 1 3 J. Mech.
Des. 137 2015 111413 10.1115/1.4031023
[16] A.V. Hogan A, J. Xu, M.A. Meyers, Adv Mater 2018 10.1002/adma.201800940
[17] Amir Rashid, in: CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, Springer Berlin
Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2019, pp. 39–46, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
3-662-53120-4_16866.
[18] A. Mitchell, U. Lafont, M. Hołyńska, C. Semprimoschnig, Addit. Manuf. 24, 606–
626 (2018). https://doi. org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.038.
[19] W.M. Huang, Z. Ding, C.C. Wang, et al., Mater. Today. 13 (2010) 54–61, https://
doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(10)70128-0.
[20] M.Q. Zafar, H. Zhao, Int. J Metals & Materials International 26 (2019) 564–585.
[21] E. Pei, G.H. Loh, Prog. Addit. Manuf. 3 (2018) 95–107, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s40964-018-0047-1.
[22] N.J. Kanu, E. Gupta, U.K. Vates, G.K. Singh, Int. J. RSC Advances Issue 65 (2019).
[23] H. Tetsuka, S.R. Shin, Journal of Materials Chemistry B Issue 15 (2020).
[24] Z.A. Dulimi M. Wallis D.K. Tan M. Maniruzzaman A. Nokhodchi Int J. Drug
Delivery Today 46 9 2020 1385 1401
[25] A. Ghilan, A.P. Chiriac, L.E. Nita, A.G. Rusu, I. Neamtu, V.M. Chiriac, Journal of
Polymer & Environment 1345–1367 (2020).
[26] Nitinol Devices & Components, Inc., Fremont, CA , 2021 https://www.
nitinol.com
[27] Jinsong Leng, Xin Lan, Yanju Liu, Du. Shanyi, Prog. Mater Sci. 56 (2011) 1077–
1135.
[28] A.Wadood int. j. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering issue(2016)
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4173138
Ayushi, U. Kumar Vates, S. Mishra et al.
[29] E.A.P. Hernandez D.J. Hartl R.J. Malak Jr D.C Lagoudas Article in J. Smart
Materials and Structures
August (2014).
[30] J.M.Z. Ocampo P.O. Vaccaro K. Kubota T. Fleischmann T.-S. Wang T. Aida T.
Ohnishi A. Sugimura R. Izumoto M. Hosoda S. Nashima Micro and Nano,
Engineering 7374 2004 429 434
[31] J.T. Early R. Hyde R.L. Baron SPIE’s, 48th Annual Meeting 2004 International
Society for Optics and Photonics 148 156
[32] Q. Cheng, Z. Song, T. Ma, B.B. Smith, R. Tang, H. Yu, H. Jiang, C.K. Chan, Nano
Lett. 13 (10) (2013) 4969–4974.
[33] Z Song, T Ma, R Tang, Q Cheng, X Wang, D Krishnaraju, R Panat, CK Chan, H Yu,
and H Jiang. (2014)
[34] I. Nam, G.-P. Kim, S. Park, J.W. Han, J. Yi. Sci. 7 (2014) 1095–1102.
[35] M.T. Tolley S.M. Falton S. Miyashita D. Aukes D. Rus R.J. Wood j, Smart
Materials and Structures 23 2014
[36] D.Y. Lee, J-S.Kim, S-R Kim, J-S Koh, K-J Cho. in ASME IDETC/CIE, (2013)
[37] P.J. White, S.Latscha, S.Schlaefer, and M.Yim. IEEE/RSJ International Conference
408–413. IEEE,(2011)
[38] Y. Mao, K. Yu, M.S. Isakov, J. Wu, M.L. Dunn, H.J. Qi, Scientific report (2015).
[39] L. Hu, Q. Zhang, X. Li, M.J. Serpe, J. Materials horizons 6 (2019) 1774–1793.
[40] F. Carpi S. Bauer D.D. Rossi J. of, Materials Science. 330 2010 1759 1761
[41] Y. B-Cohen, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials 2009 728703 728706
[42] P. Brochu, Q. Pei, Micro molecular Rapid Commun. 31 (2010) 10–36, https://
doi.org/10.1002/marc.200900425.
[43] J. Mu, C. Hou, B. Zhu, H. Wang, Y. Li, Q. Zhang, Scientific Report (2015).
[44] Z. Zhao, Y. Hwang, Y. Yang, T. Fan, J. Song, S. Suresh, N-J. Cho Research Article
(2020), https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922560117.
[45] https://www.futurebridge.com/industry/perspectives-mobility/4d-printing-
the-technology-of-the-future/
[46] M. Javaid, A. Haleem, Int Journal of Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 7
(2019) 317–321.
[47] F. Momeni, J. Ni, Renew. Energy 122, 35–44 (2018). https://doi. org/10.1016/j.
renene.2018.01.062
[48] A. Zolfagharian A.Z. Kouzani S.Y. Khoo A. Amiri I, Gibson, A. Kynak., Sens.
Actuators A Phys. 250 2016 258 272
[49] M. Zarek, M. Layani, S. Eliazar N.Mansour.Virtual Phys. Prototype. 11, 263–270
(2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/17452 759.2016.1244085
[50] G. Priniotakis, Anal. Electrochemist. Text (2005). https://doi. org/10.1533/
9781845690878.3.215
[51] P. Rastogi, B. Kandasubramanian, 4D printing, Eng. J. Chem. 366 (2019) 264–
304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cej.2019.02.085.
[52] S. Miao N. Castro M. Nowicki L. Xia H. Cui X. Zhou W. Zhu S.-J. Lee K. Sarkar G.
Vozzi Y. Tabata J.fisher, L.G. Zhang. Today. 20 10 Mater (2017) 577 591
[53] S. Derakhshanfar, R. Mbeleck, K. Xu, X. Zhang, W. Zhong, M. Xing, Bioact.
Mater. 3 (2) (2018) 144–156.
3319
Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 3313–3319
[54] I.T. Ozbolat Y. Yu Article, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2013
[55] H.G.Yi, H.Lee, Cho D-W.Cho, (2017). https:// doi.org/10.3390/
bioengineering4010010.
[56] J. Gosnell T. Pietila B.P. Samuel,H.K.N. Kurup, M.P. Haw, J.J. Vettukattil, J Digit
Imag. 29 6 2016 665 669
[57] C. Yoon R. Xiao J. Park J. Cha T.D. Nguyen D.H. Gracias Journal of, Smart
Materials and Structures 2014
[58] K. Kuribayashi, K. Tsuchiya, Z. You, D. Tomus, M. Umemoto, T. Ito, M. Sasaki, A
419 (1) (2006) 131–137.
[59] T.V. Manen S. Janbaz M. Ganjian A.A. Zadpoor 2020 59 67
[60] I. Gibson, T. Kvan, L.W. Ming, Rapid Prototyping Journal 8 (2) (2015) 91–95.
[61] Choi CQ. Research Article (2015) https://www. livescience.com/50668-4d-
implant-babies-breathing-problems.html.
[62] F. Rosso, G. Marino, A. Giordano, M. Barbarisi, D. Parmeggiani, A. Barbarisi, J.
Cell. Physiol. (2005).
[63] X. Kuang, K. Chen, C.K. Dunn, J. Wu, V.C.F. Li, H.J. Qi, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces.
10 (8) (2018) 7381–7388.
[64] E.Pei, G.H. Loh. Int. J. Progress in Addit Manuf. (2018)3(1-2):95–107.
[65] N.J. Castro C. Meinert P. Levett D.W. Hutmacher Journal of Current Opinion,
Biomedical Engineering. 2 2017 67 75
[66] H. Chu W. Yang L. Sun S. Cai R. Yang W. Liang H. Yu L, Liu Journal of
Micromechanics 2020
[67] F. Lida C. Laschi Int J of Procedia Computer Science V 7 2011 99 102
[68] S.Y. Hann, H. Cui, M. Nowicki, L.G. Zhang, Int. J. of Additive Manufacturing 36
(2020) 101567.
[69] C. Lin, L.J. Zhang, Y.J. Liu, L.W. Liu, J.S. Leng, Int J of Science china Technological
Sciences (2020) 578–588.
[70] S.K. Leist J. Zhou Research Article Virtual and Physical Prototyping 11 4 2016 1
14
[71] N. Shahrubudin, P. Koshy, J. Alipal, M.H.A. Kadir, T.C. Leea, Research Article.
(2020).
[72] Qinyuan Chai, Yang Jiao, and Xinjun Yu MDPI Gels (2017)
[73] T. Billiet M Vandenhaute., J. Schelfhout, S. van Vlierberghe, P. Dubruel,
Biomaterials 33 2012 6020 6041
[74] A.S. Hoffman, Adv Drug DelivRev. 64 (2012) 18–23.
[75] M. Ramesh R.A. Ramnath A.M. Asiri Int J of Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science 2017 132 157
[76] N.I. Khan, S. Halder, Int J of Self-Healing Polymer-based systems (2020) 455–
472.
[77] J. Liu, O. Erol, A. Pantula, W. Liu, Z. Jiang, K. Kobayashi, D. Chatterjee, N. Hibino,
L.H. Romer, S.H. Kang, T.D. Nguyen, D.H. Gracias, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces.
11 (2019) 8492–8498, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b17218.