Project Report

on
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF EARTH AIR HEAT
EXCHANGER
Project work submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By

MD ABDUL MUKTADAR ALI - 2451-18-736-076

PERISETTI NAGA AMARSAI - 2451-18-736-083
METTU ROHITH REDDY - 2451-18-736-084
J. VEERA SAI VAMSHEE - 2451-18-736-086

Under the guidance of

MR.V. SUMAN RAJUM.E, (P.hD)
Asst. Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MATURI VENKATA SUBBA RAO (MVSR) ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
Nadergul, Hyderabad – 501 510.
(Affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad)
2022
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MATURI VENKATA SUBBA RAO (MVSR) ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NADERGUL, HYDERABAD-501510

This is to certify that

“Design and Fabrication of Earth Air Heat Exchanger”

is the bonafide work carried out by

MD ABDUL MUKTADAR ALI - 2451-18-736-076

PERISETTI NAGA AMARSAI - 2451-18-736-083
METTU ROHITH REDDY - 2451-18-736-084
J. VEERA SAI VAMSHEE – 2451-18-736-086

in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maturi Venkata Subba Rao

(M.V.S.R.) Engineering College, Hyderabad (Affiliated to Osmania
University) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering.

Mr. V. SumanRaju Dr. M. Madhavi,Ph.d

Asst. prof., Prof. & Head,
Department of M.E, Department of M.E.,
MVSR Engineering MVSR Engineering
College, College,
Hyderabad. Hyderabad.
 INDEX

Abstract………………………………………………………………….. ii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………. iii

Table of contents……………………………………………………….…iv

List of figures……………………………………………………………...v

List of tables………………………………………………………………vi

Terminology………………………………………………………………vii

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 ABSTRACT

As a result of the global warming effect, cooling energy demands and

thermal comfort requirements are quickly growing. The temperature of the
earth at a depth of around 1.5 m to 10 m remains relatively constant
throughout the year. In the winter, this temperature is higher than the outside
temperature, and in the summer, it is lower than the outside temperature. The
earth air heat exchanger is a potential solution for reducing heat loss and
improving thermal comfort. The earth air heat exchanger, also known as an
earth tube heat exchanger, is a device that uses the ground or soil as a source
or sink to create heating and cooling effects in the winter and summer. In
this project the working of EAHE is studied. Also, the experimental results
are validated with theoretical results. The theoretical results are found using
NTU (Number of Transfer Units) method. The experimental setup was
simulated in MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am here to express our heartfelt gratitude to the Mechanical Engineering

Department at MVSR Engineering College for their invaluable assistance
and support during the project's duration.

My guide Mr. V. SumanRaju, Assistant Professor, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, has been a great help and support to me. I also
convey my heartfelt gratitude for giving the required knowledge for the
thesis work as well as incentive to complete it on time.

I’d also like to express my gratitude to my family, friends and department’s

faculty members for their valuable advice and support.

Thanking you,

MD ABDUL MUKTADAR ALI - 2451-18-736-076

PERISETTI NAGA AMARSAI - 2451-18-736-083
METTU ROHITH REDDY - 2451-18-736-084
J VEERA SAI VAMSHEE - 2451-18-736-086

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1
1.1 EARTH AIR HEAT EXCHANGER (EAHE) .................................................................... 2
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF EAHE ......................................................................................... 4
1.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANC OF EAHE ......................................... 7
1.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EAHE ...................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2................................................................................. 9
SCOPE OF STUDY ............................................................................................. 9
2.1 Objectives of the study:.................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 3............................................................................... 10
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 10
3.1 Research conducted in India ....................................................................................... 10
3.2 Research conducted in other parts of the world: .......................................................... 19
CHAPTER 4............................................................................... 35
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 35
4.1 SELECTION OF PIPES LAYOUT AND GEOMETRY .................................................. 36
4.1.1 PIPE GEOMETRY ........................................................................................ 36
4.1.2 PIPE MATERIAL.......................................................................................... 36
4.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS ............................................................................................. 38
4.3 ASSUMPTIONS........................................................................................................... 39
4.4 CALCULATIONS ......................................................................................................... 40
4.4.1 Formulas for theoretical calculations ....................................................... 40
4.4.2 Input parameters ...................................................................................... 41
4.4.3 Sample Calculations .................................................................................. 42
CHAPTER 5............................................................................... 44
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 44
5.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ........................................................................................ 44
5.1.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1: ...................................................................... 44
5.1.2 EXPERIMAENTAL RESULTS 2: .................................................................... 45

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 5.2 THEORITICAL RESULTS............................................................................................ 46
5.2.1 Theoretical results for experimental results 1.......................................... 46
5.2.2 Theoretical results for experimental results 2.......................................... 46
CHAPTER 6............................................................................... 48
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 48
REFERENCES ........................................................................... 49

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Working principle of EAHE ....................................................... 3

Figure 1.2: Open loop system ....................................................................... 4
Figure 1.3: Closed loop system ..................................................................... 5
Figure 1.4: Horizontal loop ........................................................................... 6
Figure 1.5: Vertical loop ............................................................................... 6
Figure 1.6: One tube and Parallel tube system ............................................. 7
Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of EAHE coupled to wind catcher ............ 24
Figure 3.2: Schematic diagram of EAHE coupled with gas turbine ........... 29
Figure 3.3: Schematic diagram of EAHE coupled with green house ......... 32
Figure 4.1: Flow chart of the research methodology .................................. 35
Figure 4.2: Pipe layout and geometry ......................................................... 36
Figure 4.3: Pit of 1.7m depth ...................................................................... 38
Figure 4.4: Experimental setup ................................................................... 39
Figure 5.1: Inlet and outlet temperature ...................................................... 44
Figure 5.2: Temperature inside the loop without blower ............................ 44
Figure 5.3: Temperature at outlet without blower ...................................... 45
Figure 5.4: Temperature at inlet and outlet ................................................. 45
Figure 5.5: Variation of outlet temperature at different velocities of air
using aluminium as tube material ............................................................... 47
Figure 5.6: Variation of outlet temperature of air considering different
materials ...................................................................................................... 47

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Summary of experimental results in India................................ 17

Table 3.2: Summary of analytical results in India...................................... 18
Table 3.3: Experimental results studied around the World ........................ 33
Table 3.4: Analytical results of EAHE studied around the world ............... 34
Table 4.1: thermo physical properties of different materials .................... 37
Table 4.2 : Alloy composition of 6063....................................................... 37
Table 4.3 : Properties of A6063 ................................................................ 38
Table 4.4: Input parameters ..................................................................... 41

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 TERMINOLOGY

Nomenclature

EAHE Earth Air Heat Exchanger

RES Renewable Energy Sources
CFC Chloro Floro Carbon
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
SAHD Solar Air Heating Duct
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
FVM Finite Volume Method
EPBT Energy Payback Time
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
HDEP High Density Polyethylene
MS Mild Steel
NTU Number of Transfer Units

Units

m meter
°C Celsius
K kelvin
W watt
J joule

viii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Energy is considered as the one of the important parameters in the economic

growth of a country but energy saving is major challenge in today’s world.
With the increase in thermal comfort and cooling the consumption of energy
is increasing day by day. Our concern is to reduce the use of conventional
energy and to promote the use of non-conventional energy. Renewable
energy sources supply up to 14% of total energy demand of the world
including geothermal, biomass, hydropower, solar etc. The consumption rate
of energy is increasing than production in developing countries. India
consumes more energy than China, Russia, Japan in residential, commercial
and agricultural sectors.

The energy consumption in residential buildings has increased in the last

decade. To reduce this energy usage, it has been recommended to use energy
audit in any construction. Many countries initiated different campaign,
strategies and strict laws to reduce annual consumption. In India, the energy
conversation act, 2001 was implemented to serve the efficient and effective
use of energy and its conversation. Countries in Europe has pledged to
reduce the use of non-conventional energy sources by 20% by 2020.
Japanese MOE had set a campaign to encourage the people to wear lighter
clothes and to set the air conditioning systems to 28°C. According to the
research to reduce the burden on the non-renewable energy sources we can
adopt renewable energy sources. Sources like geothermal energy, tidal
energy, wind energy, ocean thermal energy, solar energy etc. are considered
as RES. These resources have great potential to replace the non-conventional
energy sources if used in correct manner.

The usage of energy mainly depends on the temperature changes and

humidity content. In summers we use air conditioning systems to decrease
the temperature to human comfort level. These air conditioning systems
release HFC’s which are harm full to environment. For thermal comforting
of the building, it is necessary to adopt the passive ways. Earth air heat

1
exchangers is a passive way for thermal comforting which uses geothermal
energy of the earth.

1.1 EARTH AIR HEAT EXCHANGER (EAHE)

As per the current scenario, energy saving has become one of the important
parameters for economic growth of developed and developing countries like
America, India, China, Japan, Russia etc. have taken initiatives for saving
energy. EAHE is now been used by many countries for achieving thermal
comfort in buildings and it is energy efficient. EAHE is a non-conventional
technique which uses underground soil temperature of earth and has
applications in green houses, residential and commercial buildings with air
conditioning system.

EAHE was first invented by Iranian architects in 14 th century. They used

wind towers, wind catchers and underground tunnels for cooling and heating
the buildings. As the time passed due to industrial revolution these
techniques have faded. As energy utilization is increasing and production is
decreasing government of different countries are taking initiatives to
promote green energy techniques. One such technique is earth air heat
exchanger (EAHE).

EAHE works on the principle of heat exchange between the underground

soil temperature and the ambient air temperature. EAHE depends on the
ambient air temperature of the location. EAHE can be used for both heating
during winter and cooling during summer. Researchers found that the
temperature of the soil at certain depth (usually 1.2-10m) remains constant
throughout the year which is known as earths undisturbed temperature.
EAHE uses network of pipes which are buried at a depth of 1.2 to 10m with
one end acting as inlet and other end acting as outlet. The earth is used as
sink or source and air as a working fluid. The ambient air enters from the
inlet and passes through the network of pipes buried at certain depth where
temperature is either increased or decreased by conduction with soil. This is
than delivered to the required space through outlet maintaining temperature
difference with the ambient air.

2
During summers, the temperature of the ambient air is higher depending on
the location. The hot air flows through the buried pipes, the EUT of soil
reduces the temperature of the air by conduction and delivers through outlet
to the required space. i.e., the temperature of the required space is lower than
outside.
During winters, the temperature of the ambient air is lower depending on the
location. The cool air flows through the buried pipes, the EUT of soil reduces
the temperature of the air by conduction and delivers through outlet to the
required space. i.e., the temperature of the required space is higher than
outside. For the continuous flow of air through the pipe’s mechanical devices
such as fans and blowers are used or passive methods such as wind towers
and wind catchers can be used to create sufficient pressure difference.

Figure 1.1: Working principle of EAHE

The performance of EAHE mainly depends on material of pipe, length of

pipe, diameter of pipe, soil characteristics, moisture content, temperature
difference between EUT and ambient air. The material of the pipe must have
high thermal conductivity like aluminum, mild steel etc. depending on the
soil characteristics the EUT varies from location to location.

In order to determine the EUT of earth the soil characteristics has to be

determined at any location. The effectiveness of the EAHE depends on the
thermal diffusivity of the soil, length and diameter of the pipe, ambient air
temperature, thermal conductivity of the pipe material

3
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF EAHE

The EAHE are classified based of following three design configurations

1) open loop system 2) closed loop system 3) hybrid system

Open loop system: The ambient air from the atmosphere enters through inlet
and flows through buried pipes where pre heating or pre cooling of the air
takes place based on the temperature of ambient air and then it enters the
required space through outlet. The air which reaches the ambient temperature
gets out of the space through ventilation provided at top of the space.

Figure 1.2: Open loop system

Closed loop system: The air from the closed space enters inlet of the EAHE
system and flows through the buried pipes where the air is pre heated or
cooled based on the temperature of the air entering the pipes. The air which
is heated or cooled enters the room. There is no need of ventilation system
as the air inside the closed space is recirculated in the buried pipes.
Closed loops are more efficient than open loop system. Closed loop system
reduces the humidity problem in air.

4
 Figure 1.3: Closed loop system

Hybrid systems: To improve the efficiency of EAHE, they are coupled with
active or passive cooling techniques for cooling and heating such as air
conditioners, heat recovery units, heat pumps, mechanical ventilation
systems and air handling units, evaporative cooling, air humidity control
devices, building integrated photovoltaic systems, solar air heaters and
heating ducts, solar chimneys, wind towers and phase change materials.

The EAHE are also classified based on the layout of the pipe in the ground
and according to the arrangement of the pipe.

On the basis of layout of pipe, they are classified as:

• Horizontal or straight loop

• Vertical loop

• Slinky loop

• Helical loop

5
 Figure 1.4: Horizontal loop

Figure 1.5: Vertical loop

Classification based on mode of arrangement of EAHE:

• One tube system
• Parallel tube system

One tube system does not meet the requirements of air conditioning systems
in the building. This is because as the tube is large there will a pressure drop.
Hence parallel tube systems are used in order to reduce the pressure drop and
increase the thermal performance of the system. Parallel tube systems require
less place as compared to one tube systems.

6
 Figure 1.6: One tube and Parallel tube system

1.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANC OF EAHE

• Geographic location
• Physical and chemical properties of soil
• Temperature and velocity of air
• Spacing between the pipes
• Pipe material, diameter, length and thickness
• Relative humidity of air
• Depth of burial
• Condensation inside the pipe
• Climatic conditions

1.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EAHE

Advantages of EAHE:

• The working fluid used is air

• Requires less energy as compared to the existing conventional
systems.
• Low maintenance cost as design is simple
• No pollution as no compressors and refrigerant are used.

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Disadvantages of EAHE:

• If convection occurs in the pipes no uniform temperature is achieved

• Condensation occurs in pipe and condensed water can be pumped out
by using submersible pump.
• Installation cost is high for EAHE.
• As working fluid is air there will be chance of microorganisms to grow
and air quality is decreased. So ventilating systems are coupled to the
system.

Thus, EAHE can be a perfect alternative to conventional systems if designed

with appropriate design parameters.

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 CHAPTER 2

SCOPE OF STUDY

EAHE is a newer technology with significant advantages over traditional

systems. EAHE technology is used in variety of applications, including room
heating/cooling, greenhouses, snow melting, and so on. This technique may
also be used to save electricity. It saves around 50% more energy than a
typical system. Nowadays, hybrid EAHE are popular. These systems are also
utilized to improve efficiency of EAHE.

The efficiency of the EAHE is dependent on the depth of the pipe placed,
length of the pipe, diameter of the pipe, layout of the buried pipe, the ambient
air temperature of the specific area, the thermal conductivity of the pipe,
material of the pipe and the air flow velocity, thermal diffusivity of the soil
as stated previously. EAHE has previously been subjected to adequate
research based on the aforementioned factors. As of now there is no study of
EAHE in Hyderabad. This project focuses on the experimental setup of
EAHE and theoretical calculation based on the parameters of the
experimental setup. This project focuses on the experimental and theoretical
validation of earth air heat exchanger with certain setup parameters. For
theoretical calculation NTU method is used.

This is a novel technology that has received little attention. Based on the
energy in today’s context, green energy is supported in both developed and
developing countries, such as The United States, India, Russia and China etc.
This technology has the potential to be a green technology in the future that
uses energy source such as solar energy. The research is still in its early
stages. This field takes into account diverse properties, working fluids, and
so on as mentioned earlier. This have many applications; one such
application is snow melting. Therefore, experiments in cool places may be
undertaken, such that the snow is melted and warm water is provided during
winter. EAHE technology investigation is still in its early stages, with much
of room for advancement, yet this technology is still useful.

2.1 Objectives of the study:

• To study the cooling potential of EAHE using aluminum as pipe
material.
• To study the compatibility of the EAHE in Indian climatic conditions
especially in Telangana.

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 CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

The conventional air conditioning system is most often used system for
providing comfort in residential buildings, offices, and so on. The basis of
operation of an air conditioning system id to condition the air, convey it, and
introduce it into the conditioned room. Air conditioning system consumes a
lot of energy while also depleting the ozone layer owing to CFC emission.
The Kyoto protocol issued by the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNIFCCC), focuses on reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. Passive energy saving measures are being implemented in HVAC
installations to minimize energy usage. EAHE, which uses earth as a heat
sink, is one such passive approach. The transfer medium for summer cooling
and winter heating is air. This shows that the temperature at the outlet is
higher/lower than the ambient temperature.

3.1 Research conducted in India

Many Indian researchers have studied the potential of buried pipes. The
parameters for the studies are mentioned in table 1 and table 2 from both
theoretical and analytical studies.

Mathur et al. [89] investigated the effect of soil thermo physical

characteristics on EAHE performance. For the three different soil types the
work was validated using 3D transient numerical model. Ansys FLUENT
6.3 was used to create and solve a CFD model. Gambit 3.3 was used to create
the geometry. Mishra, 2013 [80] constructed a numerical model that was
used to validate the model. Soil J, F, A were chosen as the study’s three soil
types. The data also suggest that because J and F soil types have higher
thermal conductivity than soil type A, there was more heat penetration in the
surroundings soil. As thermal conductivity of soil J and F are high, they have
similar performance because they have higher rate of heat transfer.

Bisoniya et al. [87] to assess the thermal potential of EAHE created a model
to analyze the different parameters of pipe such as length of the pipe, depth
of the buried pipe, diameter of the pipe, and air flow rate. By providing the
description of the pipe, a relationship between input and output temperature
10
was determined for one dimensional model. This depicts EAHE’s
performance as a steady state 1D model. The ground temperature at 5
different depths is calculated using 2D models. Conduction problems are
also solved using finite element methods. The performance study is carried
out using 3D models, which allow for variety of grid geometry. For more
complex fluid flow problems in any heat exchanger CFD software alike
Ansys FLUENT, STAR CD, CFX, ADINA can be used.

Misra et al. [87] emphasizes the cooling potential of low-cost materials such
as PVC. This focuses on duct systems design. The experimental
configuration was created as a prototype model with a metal tray as the basis.
As previously stated, the performance of EAHE is dependent on the air
velocity and pipe material. As a result, a less expensive material can be
utilized for the analysis. The system’s minimal EER was found to be 3.78,
which is nearly equal to an energy star 5 rating. As a result, EAHE uses less
energy than traditional systems. The prototype model, according to this
research, can be utilized in small residences to keep the room temperature
lower than the outside temperature during the summer. The author suggests
using the EAHE to achieve thermal comfort in homes. As a result, when
compared to the energy rating system, EAHE is an energy efficient system.

Kaushal et al. [85] employed FVM to look into the thermal potential of
hybrid EAHE. The response surface method was also used in this study to
improve the process parameters using Ansys FLUENT. Individual EAHE
are compared to the numerical results. By combining the EAHE with a solar
air heater, the EAHE becomes hybrid. The temperature contours along the
length were analyzed, and it was discovered that the temperature rises as the
length grows. Only the EAHE results were compared to the data given by
Bansal [74]. The HEAHE results were compared to the outcomes of the
experiment. To evaluate the factors affecting the input variables, response
surface methodology employs the f-test and ANOVA techniques. The results
revel that as the temperature rises, the potential for solar heat gain decreases.
The results demonstrate that for hybrid EAHE, the temperature reduction is
greatest. As a result, HEAHE performs better than EAHE.

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Khandelwal et al. [83] investigated the heating and cooling demand of
MNIT’s Jaipur library. A basic excel model was created. The library has 4
rooms with split air conditioning to which EAHE was attached. Total
sensible and latent heat, as well as infiltration load, were taken into account
while calculating the cooling load. The average comfort temperature was
28.6°C, according to a poll. The largest temperature decrease was 11.5°C,
and the pipe length was 72 meters. The installation cost was projected to be
Rs. 149380 based on the cost analysis. The cooling demand including
ventilation, was 77kW, and EAHE’s cooling capacity was 60781 kW.

Mathur et al. [82] investigate the thermal saturation on soil and its ability to
self-recover between distinct modes of an EAHE system installed at MNIT
Jaipur, India. Ansys FLUENT v14.5 was used to run the numerical
simulations. It was discovered that the measured and the simulated findings
were in good agreement. Following the validation of CFD model, a thorough
examination of the impact of soil temperature on EAHE was carried out. The
temperature of the soil drops during length of the experiment according to
the findings. As a result, ambient air temperature has a significant impact on
soil temperature. The temperature profile in radial direction was simulated
for the research of heat infiltrating the soil. The soil temperature drops as it
advances away from the EAHE surface, while the soil around the pipe
changes with the ambient air temperature, according to the findings. The soil
temperature can be recovered during non-working hours in intermittent
operation mode via heat conduction among the soil layers. Continuous
operation had a higher self-recovery temperature than intermittent operation.

Jakhar et al. [81] using TRNSYS v17.0 examined the operating temperature
of Photovoltaic panels that was responsible for their life span and
performance. The operating fluid was water. For a specific cooling
arrangement of concentrating photovoltaics, the simulated system was
compared to existing ones in the literature (CPV). Three different types of
pipe materials were evaluated in the investigation. Temperature was
measured along the depth of all three pipes while keeping the pipe length,
flow rate, and diameter constant. When the pipe material was taken into
account, a temperature of difference of 1.61° was discovered. HDEP was
used for the study because it is less expensive. It was discovered that depth
increases, so does the average temperature. Thus, it was concluded that at

12
3.5m was considered as optimum depth for further simulation. Also,
concluded that the pipe material does not affect the performance of EAHE.
But when the mass flow rate was increased the outlet temperature, Reynolds
number and Nusselt number was increased. Thus, mass flow rate affects the
outlet temperature.

Jakhar et al. [81] during the winter season calculated the performance of
EAHE with and without solar air heating duct (SAHD) using TRNSYS 17.
The findings were confirmed in Ajmer, India, using experimental setting.
Galvanized iron conduits were employed for the solar air heating. The
performance of EAHE was investigated in three situations in the study.
When the air velocity was altered, the results showed that the EAHE
combined with SAHD increased the outlet temperature by 6°-9°C. in
addition, it was discovered that when the EAHE was combined with solar air
heating duct, the heating capacity of the EAHE was increased. During the
error analysis, it was discovered that there was 3.9% error.

Soni et al. [81] experimented with lowering the power usage of a 1.5TR air
conditioner connected to EAHE. Three distinct layouts were examined for
the experiment. Economic analysis methodologies including simple payback
period, deferred payback period, and others were also assessed. The
condenser tube temperature in the arrangement II was 10% lower than the
condenser tube temperature in arrangement III, according to the
configurations. The power consumption in each of the three layouts was
calculated and compared to the basic mode. The results show that the
arrangement III was effective in reducing power consumption during
summer days. The EAHE configuration produced the best results when the
velocity was between 5 and 7 m/s. the EAHE layout produced the best
outcomes. The EPBT for the arrangement II is 604.3 days and for
arrangement III is 362 days for the energy matrices, while the CO2 emission
for arrangement II is 5425.92 kg and for arrangement III are 9043 kg. as a
result, arrangement II is a good option for lowering CO2 emissions.

Thakur et al. [79] created a model in Pro-e to investigate the influence of the
EAHE finned model. This was compared to an EAHE model without fins.
The ANSYS workbench meshing tool was employed, and the FLUENT was
used to study the complex heat transfer and air flow process. Mishra’s

13
experimental investigation was used to validate the computational model.
Different pipe inlet velocities were used in the simulations. When the data
was compared to the current experimental data, it was discovered that there
was 7.64 percent difference. The results of simulations for both finned and
finless EAHE systems were examined. According to the findings, adding
fins to the system allows it to perform efficiently even if the soil has poor
thermal conductivity. Also concluded that smaller length of the pipes can
also perform well thus lowering initial cost.

Singh et al. [78] created a metallic EAHE to calculate a classroom’s heating

and cooling demands. The ducts were laid in zigzag pattern with mix of pvc
and iron pipes, with square cross section for metallic pipes and circular cross
section for PVC pipes. The CLTD approach was used to determine the
cooling load. The primary duct was separated into three sections, with the
inlet and the outflow made of PVC pipes and the remaining portions of the
galvanized iron. ANSYS was used to execute the simulations. The
temperature profile near the exit of the metallic part changed, according to
the findings. As the inner section becomes less convected, the air in the
middle region is 2°C warmer than the air at the boundary layer. After all the
variables were considered, the earth -air tunnel’s final layout was created
using CATIA software. Different seasons were used to test the 35 prototypes,
in the summer season, the prototype had maximum COP of 3.9, which was
higher than winters COP of 2.1, as a result, it can be stated that the EAHE is
more useful in summer than in the winter for Punjab climate.

Kumar et al. [77] investigated the finite difference method and the FFT
(MATLAB) model as numerical approaches. The findings were compared to
experimental data from a comparable tunnel in Mathura (India). When the
length and the flow rate of the pipe are reduced, the outlet temperature rises
and falls, respectively. In addition, increasing the radius of the pipe raised
the temperature while lowering the convective heat transfer coefficient. As
a result, it may be stated that a greater tunnel length saves more cooling
energy. The arrangement has a cooling capacity of 456kWh, according to the
results. The outlet temperature and be increased by rising the pipe radius
above a certain point, which impacts the heating/ cooling potential. As a
result, it is determined that a large exit temperature can be attained by
employing larger diameter pipe.

14
Chel et al. [74] developed a thermal model of vault roof building with EAHE
that was solved using ranga kutta method. The adobe house has a room air
temperature that is 5-15°C warmer than ambient in the winter and lower than
ambient air in summer, increasing the energy saving potential. The adobe
house was examined under three situations (before renovation, after
renovation, with EAHE for 6 rooms). For all three situations, the total energy
saving potential ranged from 4183 to 10321 kWh/year, with co2 emissions
ranging from 7 to 16 tones/year. For heating, the average seasonal energy
efficiency ratio was 1.8, and for winters, it was 2.9. As a result, EAHE is
more efficient for heating than it is for cooling. As a result, it can be
concluded that EAHE is more efficient for heating than cooling.

Bansal et al. [72] created a model in FLUENT to minimize a building’s

heating loads, a CFD model was built and tested against setup in Ajmer
(winters). Mild steel an PVC were two materials examined. FLUENT 6.3
was used to run the CFD simulations. The results revel that as the air velocity
rises, the exit temperature drops due to the materials increased heat transfer
coefficient. Due to the high coefficient of friction, a slight temperature
differential was seen at the pipe’s outlet when the input parameters for both
materials were kept the same. Convective heat transfer is more important
than conductive heat transfer. It can be deduced that the performance of
EAHE is unaffected by the pipe’s material. In comparison to electric heater
with a 95% of efficiency, the EAHE saves 38% of electricity.

Chaturvedi et al. [29] during summer season evaluated the performance of

EAHE in Bhopal with multiple pipes running parallel. It was discovered that
the pipe material has no effect on the output. The temperature differential
between the inlet and output is reduced when the pipe length is short and the
blower voltage is high, according to the results. As a result, it may be stated
that the pipe material has no bearing on the system’s performance.

Ghosal et al. [11] did analytical research. With a mass flowrate of 100 kg/h,
the pipes were organized in serpentine pattern. The performance was
measured in terms of pipe length and greenhouse air temperature over both
seasons. The findings show that as the length of the subterranean pipes is
increased, the air temperature within the greenhouse rises in the winter and

15
falls in the summer. As a result, the EAHE’s performance is the function of
the greenhouse’s length and temperature.

Bansal et al. [15] carried out the same experiment for the summer season
using identical input parameters. When the experimental data were
compared, there was a variation of 0-11.4%. it was discovered that when the
air velocity rises, the temperature at the outflow rises as well. A relative tiny
temperature differential exists at the pipe’s output for both materials. At 5
m/s, the greatest hourly energy gain was 3.1 MWh, while the COP was 1.9-
2.9 in the same velocity range. As a result, the pipe material has no bearing
on EAHE performance.

Jakhar et al. [31] in Ajmer, where the temperature ranges from 15-18°C in
winters, predicted the thermal performance of EAHE when paired with solar
air heating duct. The solar air heating duct’s entrance is connected to
EAHE’s outlet. To assess the thermal performance, three modes were
investigated in this study. Four 39-day intervals were used to test the three
modes: 14-16 January, 26-28 January, 1-3 February, and 13-15 February.
The results suggest that combining EAHE with solar heating duct raises the
temperature of room by 1.1-3.5°C. for mode II, heating capacity and cop
were 665.52 kW and 1.54 respectively, whereas for mode III, the heating
capacity was increased to 1976 kW and cop 4.57.

The results of all the above literature survey conducted by researches in India
are tabulated below. Table 1 represents the experimental results studied in
India. Table 2 represents the analytical results studied in India.

16
 Table 3.1: Summary of experimental results in India
Author place/year season material Length Diameter Depth Ambient Temperature Velocity
of pipe of pipe (m) of pipe temperature variation range (m/s)
(m) (m) (°C) (°C)
Mishra et al. New Delhi,
[92] India 2009 summer PVC - - 3 34-44 20-22 -

Jakhar et al. Ajmer, Winter PVC 60 0.1 3.7 13.9-20.4 24.3-24.7 2.5,3.5,5.5
[91] India,2016 24.3-32.5
Soni et al. Bhopal Rainy Galvanize 11 0.05 2 37.5-46 35.5-42 -
[90] India, 2016 -d iron
summer

Dubey et al. India - GI 17 0.064 1.5 - 12.7-15.7 4.1-11.6

[88] 2013
Chel et al. New Delhi, summer PVC 78 0.06 1.5 - - 13
[78] India 2009
winter
Jakhar et al. Ajmer Winter PVC 60 0.1 3.7 15-18 17.7-21.1 5
[91] India 2015 17.5-22.3
17.6-24.1
Choudhary Arunachal - Bamboo - - - 35-42 25-26 -
et al [27] Pradesh

17
 Table 3.2: Summary of analytical results in India
Author place/year season material Length Diameter Depth Ambient Temperature Velocity
of pipe of pipe (m) of pipe temperature variation range
(m) (m) (°C) (°C) (m/s)
Jakhar et al. Rajasthan summer HDEP 90 0.025 - 42 1.61 -
[87] India,2016 GI 22.5-27.7
Steel 31.9
Kaushal et al. India, 2015 - - 3 0.1 - 7 21-24 1.0-3.0
[86]
Mathur et al. Jaipur, summer HDPE - - - 26.39 27.27 -
[85] India, 2015
Khandelwal Jaipur, winter PVC 72 0.1524 4 - 11.5 4
Et al. [84] India, 2015
Singh et al. Punjab summer GI - 0.524 3.048 - 29.3 6.7
[83] India, 2015
Bisnoiya Bhopal Summer PVC 9.114 0.1016 2 25-40 12.9-11.3 0.4-2.5
Et al. [80] India, 2014
Bansal et al. Ajmer Summer Mild steel 23.42 0.15 2.7 8.0-12.7 12.7 12.0-5.0
[76] India, 2009 PVC 10.3

18
3.2 Research conducted in other parts of the world:

Chlela et al. [33] For three French climates, conducted a numerical analysis
to evaluate the energy performance of two distinct ventilation systems and
earth air heat exchangers. The structure in question is a home called "Mozart"
with a floor size of 101m2. Three French cities were included in the
simulations: Nancy (5°C), La Rochelle (8°C), and Nice (10°C). The
mechanical extract ventilation system and the balanced ventilation system
were also studied. Clay was suggested as a soil type. SIMBAD was used to
simulate the building's thermal behavior. Other building data was used to
confirm the findings [El Khouryet et al., 2005]. For all three cities, annual
simulations were conducted to assess the thermal performance of EAHE and
the balanced ventilation system. The ventilation system's heating demands
for the three cities were analyzed, and the heating demand was reduced.
Nice's results were quite intriguing. The house in Nice had a heating demand
of 13.2 kWh/m2, which was nearly equivalent to the annual heating demand.
With the mechanical extract ventilation system, EAHE's heating demand
was reduced. As a result, balanced ventilation with a heat recovery unit
outperforms EAHE. During the summer, the balanced system's heat
exchanger was bypassed. The cooling potential of the three cities was
assessed in three modalities. As a result, EAHE has a lot of cooling potential.

Li et al. [72] built an air-conditioning system for chilly places in the Harbin
area, which directly delivers the cold energy stored in the earth. The
operation took place during the summer of 2006. The cooling seasonal
performance factor (CSPF) and the average heat rejection rate unit depth of
borehole were explored as performance metrics. A ground heat exchanger
and an interior fan coil make up the system. Water was used as the circulating
fluid. The borehole was placed 7 meters outside the walls to limit the
building's thermal influence on the earth. The heat rejection rate per unit
borehole depth ranged from 40 to 100 W/m. Seasonal cooling characteristics
and daily cooling characteristics are the two types of cooling characteristics.
On a daily basis, the second day had the highest cooling capacity. The
temperature of the ground rises quickly at first, but then settles down. In the
last 45 days, there has been a cooling of 0.75°C. The highest cooling capacity
happened on the first hour and the minimum cooling capacity occurred on

19
the tenth hour, with a ratio of 0.81. As a result, the increase in ground
temperature begins slowly at different depths and then accelerates.

Jassim et al. [71] studied the efficacy of a wind catcher in an EAHE to reduce
energy usage in hot, arid places such as Iraq. A wind catcher is an air-pulling
and air-expelling device. Wind catcher towers are usually attached to a
structure to provide cooling. In two phases, the thermal performance was
investigated. Phase 1: Data loggers were used to record the temperature.
Phase 2: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The model was a
two-story structure with a 2m2 wind catcher. The experimental setup was
used to evaluate a CFD model that was developed. The results show that in
August, there was a greater variation in temperature. However, in June, these
variations were reduced, although relative humidity increased. This finding
also suggests that soil temperature is influenced by soil type and water table.
It was discovered that increasing the wind catcher space in phase 1 did not
improve thermal comfort. However, increasing the amount of space in phase
2 reduces the temperature by 18°C. It was also discovered that increasing the
velocity boosted the COP to 5.24. As a result, this revolutionary self-cooling
design uses less energy.

Niu et al. [70] Using regression analysis, calculated EAHE's cooling

capacity. The research takes into account both heat and mass transmission
between the tube and the surrounding air. To determine the temperature of
the underground soil, a mathematical model was developed. The results were
cross-checked against those from a test facility. Sensible and latent heat
transmission were included in the heat transfer analysis. In MATLAB 8, a
simulation model was created. The results were compared to experimental
data stored in a test facility in Omaha, Nebraska. When the results are
compared, they indicate that they are in good agreement with the current
data. As a result, the established soil temperature equation can be applied.
The outlet temperature of the EAHE increased. Temperature profiles were
evaluated along the 30 length to forecast soil temperature. The findings show
that when the surface temperature rises, so does the exit temperature. In
addition, as the tube diameter rises, the temperature at the output decreases.
The system's cooling capacity was also investigated. The cooling capacity
increases as the temperature of the inlet air rises. The sensible cooling
capacity was 0.31 kW/°C and the latent cooling capacity was 0.7 kW/°C

20
when the cooling capacity was calculated. The total cooling capacity was 1.1
kW/°C as a result.

Sansui et al. [68] looked studied the temperature of the soil at various depths
up to 5 meters to determine the potential of EAHE in Malaysia. The
experiment took place on the campus of the International Islamic University
in Malaysia, which was often exposed to sun radiation. The soil type is
sandy, and the grass is short. The research was divided into two phases: the
first measured temperatures up to 5 meters, while the second focused on
temperature at shallow depths. There was a small variation in temperature
for shallow depths, which was observed. The findings show that using EAHE
in a building is only practicable if the air temperature rises over 34°C. Also,
at a depth of 1 meter, the ideal temperature for the undisturbed soil
temperature was found.

Li et al. [66] investigated a hybrid EAHE that included a solar chimney. The
solar collector serves as a link between the solar chimney and the structure.
An EAHE pipe with one end exposed to the outside and the other end
exposed to the inside makes up the system. The experimental arrangement
was created at the University of Nebraska's testing laboratory. The solar
chimney was developed to compensate for the pressure losses caused by
EAHE. Figure 12 shows a schematic illustration of the configuration. Time
and date, indoor relative humidity (percent), outdoor relative humidity
(percent), supply air relative humidity (percent), supply airflow rate (m3 /s),
solar collector airflow rate (m3 /s), average indoor temperature (°C), supply
air temperature (°C), and outdoor temperature (°C) are the variables
investigated. The temperature of the underground earth was measured at
various depths. Less was discovered to be the case. For deeper depths,
temperature fluctuations were noticed. The highest temperature possible at
2.9m deep, there was a difference.

Niu et al. [69] The transient control volume technique was used by to
investigate the 2D heat transfer mechanism. Thermal balance was used to
divide the computational domain into control units. Continuous and
intermittent modes were used to conduct a self-recovery temperature
analysis. The data was compared to an experimental setup that was already
in place in Omaha, Nebraska. The measurements were taken to determine

21
the system's cooling capability. MATLAB 8 was used to run the simulations.
The outflow temperature rises as the soil air temperature rises, according to
the findings. During validation, it was discovered that the validation results
were in good agreement with the experimental results. The soil temperature
near the tube fluctuated more than the one further away. As a result, the
temperature difference between the soil and the air is greater than the
temperature at outlet. The night is the best time to reclaim your lost energy.
In order to analyze the recovery analysis, two modes were considered:
continuous modes and intermittent modes. The soil temperature was
recovered during non-working time in intermittent mode. With time and
distance, the ability to recuperate declines. In continuous mode, the recovery
temperature ranges between 19.5 and 21.7°C as the supply air temperature
rises.

Mendez et al. [67] investigated the applications of a PID controller, which is

commonly used in thermal processes. The use of PID in increasing the
performance of EAHE over conventional heat exchange is demonstrated in
this study. LabVIEW was used to build the PID simulations. The outcomes
indicate that PID controllers have better temperature control than other types
of controllers. A standard controller After a steady state, the PID controller
reduces energy use. The desired temperature has been reached. The average
amount of energy consumed on a daily basis was0.017kWh. In comparison
to traditional controllers, around 87 percent of energy was saved. The results
of a simulation using a PID controller show that energy usage can be
lowered. If you use a PID controller. It not only improves the performance
of the EAHE system, but it also makes it more sustainable and emits fewer
pollutants than traditional systems.

Xamana et al. [64] estimated EAHE's thermal performance for three

Mexican towns. It was looked at the impact of thermal insulation at the
outlet. The EAHE system is examined in two different configurations in this
study. EAHE without insulation and EAHE with thermal insulation
(polystyrene) at the outlet were the variants. Figure 11 shows a schematic
illustration of the arrangement. The findings were obtained for Re=1500 in
three Mexican cities (México City, Mérida, and Cd. Juarez) with silt, clay,
and sand soil conditions. As a result of adding insulation to the EAHE
system, it was shown that EAHE was profitable for México and Mérida city

22
during the summer season, and that thermal insulation was advantageous for
Cd. Juarez city during the winter season.

Benhammou et al. [62] To explore the impact of design parameters on EAHE

performance, created an analytical design model. Because the wind was
unidirectional, the EAHE outlet was located within the structure, and the
input was connected to a wind tower. Figure 10 shows a schematic diagram
of the configuration. For the thermal investigation of EAHE, a mathematical
model was created. Dhaliwal and Goswami [63] collected experimental data,
which was used to validate the model. The temperature of the soil at the
depth of burial was 18.89°C. The variation of air velocity inside the pipe was
investigated, and the results suggest that as the pipe diameter increases, so
does the air velocity. When the diameter of the pipe is raised, the air velocity
increases, but as the pipe length increases, the air velocity drops. The impact
of the cross sectional area of wind turbines was also considered. There was
a temperature shift of 0.009°C when the cross section was raised by a very
little variation. When the tower height was increased, the air velocity
increased but the temperature declined. As a result, the cross section has no
bearing on the system's performance. The system's cooling effectiveness was
also assessed. The air temperature for the system with the wind tower is
lower than the air temperature of the wind tower in a wet surface, according
to the results.

Hatraf et al. [61] To determine the depth of the pipe, looked at the soil ground
temperature profile. The soil's physical features were investigated, and a
mathematical model was developed. By considering different flow rates of
100, 150, and 200 m3 /s, a comparison was conducted between the computed
and experimental results. The performance of the 26 is influenced by the air
flow. The Nusselt number rises in tandem with the Reynolds number. As a
result, soil qualities have a significant impact on performance. The pipe's
depth is determined by the pipe's diffusivity.

23
 Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of EAHE coupled to wind catcher
Vaz et al. [58] studied the temperature fields' transient behavior in the
exterior air soil and underground ducts. Casa Ventura was used to test the
experimental setup. Temperature and humidity in the soil, air, and water
were also measured. This study is on fluid and heat flow. It was investigated
the thermal properties of Udult soil with a density of 1800 kg/m3. At various
depths, the variance in soil temperature was explored. The temperature rises
as the depth is increased, according to the findings.

Ariffin et al. [60] looked at the best pipe materials for predicting the ideal air
temperature for thermal comfort. For the environmental modelling tool, the
study employs Energy Plus. Polyethylene (PE), PVC (polyvinyl chloride),
steel, clay, concrete, and copper were the pipe materials studied. The
performance of three pipe materials systems was investigated: single pipe
material, hybrid pipes, and insulated hybrid pipes. Three polyethylene pipes
are buried at varying depths in the research. A parametric study of six
different pipe materials was conducted using Energy Plus software: PVC
(polyvinyl chloride), PE (polyethylene), steel, clay, concrete, and copper.
The results of the simulation were compared to those of an experiment done
in 2012. The study included four different sorts of tests, which are listed
below. Test 1: primary test, Test 2: individual material simulations, Test 3:
hybrid material (simulations of two different materials), and Test 4: hybrid
material and insulation simulations (Simulation of combination of 2
materials and insulation). The first test was used to standardize the factors
across the three simulations. Test 2: Each of the six pipe materials was
assessed. Pipes with a diameter of 50mm were not accessible in the
Malaysian market for the pipe materials clay and concrete, so they were
excluded from the study. In compared to the other three, the PE

24
(polyethylene) showed the greatest temperature drop of 6.23°C. Test 3: Two
pipes were simulated, one inside the other. The results showed that
combining metal and non-metal reduces temperature more effectively. Test
4: Two types of simulations were performed in this test: 4A: hybrid system
+ water and 4B: hybrid system + Rockwool insulation. The combination of
Steel and PE (ST+PE) is the best water-hybrid system, according to the
results. Although the metal+ nonmetal combination produces better results,
nonmetal+ nonmetal can also be used. As a result, PE + PE pipe is
recommended for use since it is more robust and less expensive. The
temperature reduction ranges between 6.03 to 6.23°C, according to
simulation data from 4B. As a result, this combination produces a greater
temperature difference.

Sansui et al. [57] investigated the ability of Malaysian soil to apply EAHE.
The goal of this study is to forecast soil temperature for various soil surface
conditions. The experiment was place on the International Islamic
University's Gombak campus in Malaysia. Three different types of soil
surface conditions were taken into account. The soil was bare and short grass,
and it was protected by layers of reclaimed wood palette and insulated by
layers of used tyres. To determine the suitable soil surface condition, a
parametric analysis was used to estimate the soil temperature at an optimum
depth. Energy Plus software was used to do the simulations for the
investigation. The temperature of the soil was measured, and it was
discovered that it ranged from 21.5 to 34.1°C. The soil temperature was the
coldest of all three types when shaded with a timber palette and insulated
with used tyres. When the simulation is conducted for all three soil surface
conditions while taking into account solar radiation, the soil shaded with a
timber palette and insulated with old tyres produces the best results. As a
result, a cooler soil temperature allows for improved heat exchange and
cooling. As a result, with Malaysia's climate, EAHE cooling is viable.

Ahmed et al. [55] conducted an experiment in Rockhamton, Australia to

investigate the thermal potential of EAHE. Fans were fitted to draw air into
the pipe inlet. Each design used 20 PVC corrugated pipes. Small trees were
planted to cover the subterranean pipe to boost the cooling effect. The flow

25
inside the corrugated pipe was assumed to be turbulent in a CFD model. The
dissection was carried out utilizing the PRESTO scheme. The examination
of soil temperature at various depths revealed that on a hot summer day, the
soil temperature rises as the depth decreases. The VEAHE was turned off to
measure the performance of HEAHE, and vice versa. The average room
temperature for HEAHE was Shipping ContainerAC AC Buried Pipes
Vegetation Shipping Container VEAHE, according to simulation data.
HEAHE Vegetation Ground 23 is slightly larger than VEAHE Vegetation
Ground 23. As a result, it was determined that the VEAHE provides a greater
reduction in temperature drop than the HEAHE. As a result, for Australian
weather, VEAHE is preferred.

Rodrigues et al. [54] For EAHE, used constructional design to get the highest
thermal potential. Ansys FLUENT was used to run the numerical simulation.
FLUENT was used to create the computational domains, which were then
discretized in Gambit. The numerical simulation was carried out in real time.
The validation was performed on a 22-experiment setup built in 2007. Adrain
Bejaan designed the constructional design in 1997. Five distinct EAHE
configurations were tested in this experiment. This design was used to
discover the best installation using volume fraction parameters. During
December, a high thermal potential was attained for installation I. Thermal
potential had a consistent behavior in Installation 2. The horizontal spacing
of pipe was increased in this arrangement, which increased the heat potential.
The issue of volume fraction was considered in installation 3. The months of
May, June, July, October, November, and December had the maximum
thermal potential. During January and February, there was no discernible
change in thermal potential. Thermal potential has an intermediate value in
installation 4. Installation 5 demonstrated outstanding heating and cooling
performance. Thus, a constant air volume fraction can be maintained by
increasing the number of ducts and decreasing the duct diameter.

Aman et al. [52] investigated the transient thermal behavior of EAHE in

three Mexican towns. A mathematical model was developed based on
conduction heat transmission in the soil, pipe-to-soil heat transfer, and
laminar flow in the pipe. The governing equations are solved using finite
volume method. For the mathematical model, the convective terms were
disqualified by the hybrid scheme, whereas the diffusive terms were

26
disqualified by the central difference scheme. Three Mexican cities (Juarez
City, Mexico City, and Merida) and four Reynolds numbers (100, 500, 1000,
and 1500) are used in the analysis. It was determined that in extreme winter
conditions the EAHE has a high heating potential for all Reynolds numbers
in the cities of Juarez and Merida. For just Reynolds number 100, the EAHE
system for Mexico has a good heating and cooling potential.

Chiesa et al. [56] set out to investigate the effects of EAHE in an Imola, Italy
school building over the winter and summer seasons. The EAHE was
attached to a solar wall air collector constructed of polyethylene. GAEA
software (Graphische Auslegung von Erdwrme Austauschern) was used to
assess the EAHE system's energy efficiency. Using Parson and Koehler's
expression, the effectiveness of EAHE was discovered. This equation was
used to verify the data without taking into account the outlet temperature. To
predict the input, outflow, relative, and absolute humidity, a psychometric
analysis was performed. During the summer, there was a considerable drop
in temperature along with a rise in relative humidity. When the dew point
temperature is attained in the tubes, the absolute humidity rises. The
temperature rose dramatically during the winter, necessitating treatment of
the outlet air to bring it up to inside standards. The rate of heat transmission
was calculated using an energy balance. The pressure loss of the system was
also taken into account while calculating the COP of the EAHE. The results
of the monitoring were compared to those found in the literature. EAHE was
discovered to be an effective system that is dependent on the design
parameters.

Mohamed et al. [53] In Marrakech, looked into the thermal performance of

EAHE. The EAHE is made up of three parallel pipes, each having a 44-90
W fan. The pipes were spaced 14cm apart, with 4cm thick polystyrene
insulating the vertical parts of the pipe. Only one pipe was monitored during
the process, and fans on non-monitored pipes were turned off. TRNSYS was
used to create a numerical model, which was then tested against data from
the experimental setup. The results were calculated using time as a variable.
The temperature dropped about 19.8°C during the summer season, which
was higher than the winter season. As a result, the EAHE system is more
effective during the summer months.

27
Gan et al. [51] developed a FORTRAN model to investigate EAHE's thermal
performance. Two interfaces were examined for studying the heat and
moisture transfer 3D mass and energy equation: between the ground and the
atmosphere, and between the heat exchanger and the supply air. The current
study's simulation was done using FLUENT in two modes: continuous and
intermittent. The heat is transmitted from the earth to the air at any given
time in continuous mode. This occurs in intermittent mode for a certain time
period during which the air is preheated before heat transfer takes place.
Simulations were run at various lengths (10 to 40 m). The temperature of the
ambient air increased from 5-6.6°C. With a reduction in soil temperature, the
heat transmission rate reduces day by day. As a result, the rate of heat transfer
and temperature rise reduces as the length grows, but overall heat uptake
increases. Furthermore, the temperature and moisture interaction between
the heat exchanger atmosphere and the soil has a considerable impact on the
rate of heat transfer, according to the author.
Barakat et al. [49] investigated the use of EAHE as a gas turbine inlet. The
thermal performance of EAHE was investigated using a MATLAB-based
transient 1D model. An experiment study in Damietta Power Plant, North
Carolina, was used to validate a mathematical model. The output temperature
drops as the length decreases, according to the findings. As a result, a greater
pipe length allows for more heat exchange. It was also discovered that as
pipe diameter and velocity increase, the temperature at the exit increases and
lowers. The fuel consumption was calculated, and employing EAHE as a gas
turbine inlet resulted in a reduction of 4.4 percent. As a result, a longer tube,
a smaller diameter, a deeper placement, and a low inlet air velocity result in
a lower outlet temperature when using EAHE.

Serageldin et al. [48] investigated the soil temperature distribution in an

experiment under Egyptian meteorological conditions. MATLAB was used
to create an unstable, 1D quasi mathematical model for the energy equation.
To determine the air and soil temperatures, a CFD analysis was performed.
Experimental data were used to validate the mathematical and simulation
results. In addition, a mathematical model was created to forecast the
temperature profile across time and length. The governing equation was
solved using the explicit finite difference approach. The results reveal that
the inlet temperature is affected by ambient and output temperatures, hence
convective heat transfer has a lower impact than conductive heat transfer. As

28
a result, as the output temperature rises, the soil temperature rises as well. In
addition, as pipe length is increased, the temperature inside the pipe rises
along its length but falls at the exit due to heat losses to the outside. During
the winter, the temperature rises with depth, and vice versa, according to
CFD models. Parametric research was also carried out to investigate the
design parameters used in simulation. The study's findings reveal that as the
pipe diameter grows larger, the air temperature drops, reducing convection
heat transmission. The effect of outlet temperature change was also
considered for three different pipe materials. It was discovered that all three-
pipe materials had equal output temperatures. As a result, the pipe material
has less of an impact on EAHE performance.

Figure 3.2: Schematic diagram of EAHE coupled with gas turbine

Santamouris et al. [46] conducted a parametric analysis on a 1000m2 glass

greenhouse in Athens, Greece, with four subterranean pipes. TRNSYS was
employed as a simulation tool. There was a correlation between the length
of the pipe and the temperature at the output. The results demonstrate that
the output temperature rises more in July and August, while the greenhouse
temperature rises more in August due to the underground temperature's time
lag, which delays temperature change at various depths. Because of the high
convective heat transfer coefficient, an increase in pipe radius creates high
inside and outlet temperatures. It was discovered that as the depth of the pipe
is increased, the inside temperature rises, but the cooling capacity rises as
well. With an increase in air velocity, the inside temperature rises as well. As
a result of the increased mass flow rate, the output temperature rises.

29
Yang et al. [45] The performance of EAHE in Harmonic heat conditions was
predicted In China, the experiment was carried out using a cylindrical
coordinate system. The numerical simulation took t=1000s to complete. It
was discovered that as the depth of the well increases, the temperature of the
output falls. The annual fluctuation amplitude diminishes with depth and
reaches a maximum value when the depth exceeds 7m. The results reveal
that as the radius expands, the outflow temperature lowers at first, then rises.
The capacity of cooling and heating is determined by the outlet temperature
and air flow rate. The cooling/heating capacity increases as the flow rate
rises.

Su et al. [43] created a computer model that included a 1D implicit transient

convection diffusion model for air temperature and humidity, as well as a 1D
explicit heat conduction sub model for rock temperature. hd =1-5X10-4
kg/m2 s is a significant mass transfer coefficient. The change in outside
temperature and humidity between two simulations is extremely modest,
according to the data.

Silva et al. [42] developed a computational model to forecast EAHE's

thermal behavior. For two years, the results were double-checked at each
time step. For the whole computing simulation, the soil average temperature
was 29.1°C, and temperature fluctuations were verified at every position
from 1-5m and plotted at the outlet. Because the temperature becomes
constant at 3m depth, the data show that increasing depth produces a
decrease in temperature amplitude variation. As a result, this design results
in an 8°C decrease in summer and a 2°C gain in winter.

Bojic et al. [36] In Athens, Greece, studied the performance of ATEHE over
the summer and winter seasons. During the winter, the space was heated with
a heater, and during the summer, it was cooled with an air conditioning
system. At a temperature of 20°C, the results show that as the length of the
pipe rises, the energy use ratio for the building increases. Summer days had
a greater energy use ratio than winter days, it was also discovered. During
the summer, the energy expenditure was 11d/MJ-s with a 10 m long pipe and
7d/MJ-s with two pipes for ATEHE. The author argues that when the pipe
length is L 17m, it is desirable to utilize four pipes rather than two, making
the ATEHE less expensive. Summer temperatures at the discharge were

30
found to be three times greater than winter temperatures. This clearly
demonstrates that the ATEHE is more energy efficient and less expensive in
the summer than in the winter.

Goswami et al. [40] For the experimental setting in Florida, employed plastic
corrugated pipe. The experiment was carried out on soil with a high moisture
content. The EAHE system was operational for 8-12 hours per day. The air
was circulated at the output using a heat pump. It was discovered that if air
was distributed evenly throughout the tunnel, the COP increased by 8%.
During the chilling period, the open loop tunnel utilized 14kWh of electricity
and 52kWh during the heating period. As a result, the EAHE uses less energy
than traditional air conditioning. The EAHE is also recommended for
agricultural structures, according to the author. The payback period was
likewise estimated to be around 20 years. As a result, adopting a multi-pipe
system rather than a single pipe is more cost effective.

Fard et al. [39] developed a system that consists of two parallel horizontal
pipes in Iran's north east. The goal of the experiment was to see how
parameters like burial depth, pipe length, air velocity, and pipe material
affected the results. The factorial design was used in the simulations. The
average relative humidity was 67 percent with an average temperature of
3.8°C (heating mode) and 14 percent with an average temperature of 36.5°C
(cooling mode), according to the results (cooling mode). In addition, for both
heating and cooling modes, the temperature of the soil and the length of the
pipe rise as the depth of the pipe increases. It was also discovered that the
differential temperature of galvanized pipe is higher than that of PVC, owing
to the fact that galvanized pipe has a higher heat transfer coefficient than
PVC. In the case of pipe material, there is no discernible effect because pipe
material does not alter with temperature.

Mongkon et al. [34] used three seasons in Chaing Mai for HETS cooling in
Thailand's tropical climate: winter, summer, and monsoon. The effectiveness
of the cooling system and the amount of condensation in the pipes were
assessed. As illustrated in figure 6, the experiment was completed using a
series of pipes arranged in a serpentine pattern to simulate fully developed
turbulent flow. Regression analysis is used to investigate the temperature
differential between the intake and output. During the summer, there was a

31
significant temperature variation. The saturation temperature drops as the
dew point temperature rises, according to condensation analysis. In
compared to the other two seasons, the results also show that summers have
the highest COP.

Ozegener et al. [8] used a temperature of 18.67°C and a relative humidity of

48.16 percent in their experiment. The average temperature for the
greenhouse was 21.5°C, with a relative humidity of 40%. The average
heating capacity obtained from the setup was 7.67 kW, according to the
results. As a result, it can be argued that an effective application of EAHE
combined with appropriate technology is good to Turkey's climate.

Figure 3.3: Schematic diagram of EAHE coupled with green house

The results of all the above literature survey conducted by researches around
the world are tabulated below. Table 3 represents the experimental results
studied around the world. Table 4 represents the analytical results studied
around the world.

32
 Table 3.3: Experimental results studied around the World

Author place/year season material Length Diameter Depth Ambient Temperature Velocity
of pipe of pipe (m) of pipe temperature variation range (m/s)
(m) (m) (°C) (°C)
Mongkon et Thailand, Summer Iron 38.5 0.08 1 24.5 20.88 9
al. [34] 2013
Winter 28.8 21.37

monsoon 28.6 26.8

Goswami et Florida, - - 30.48 0.3048 4 23.89-33.05 26.67-28-33 -
al. [40] 1993
Benhammou Algeria, summer PVC 23.42 0.10-0.30 - 29 22.3-23 2-5
et al. [44] 2013
Serageldin et 2016 Winter PVC 5.5 0.0508 2 17.7 15.8-22 1-3.9
al. [48]
Uddin et al. Bangladesh Winter PVC 14.3256 0.0381 2.349 11 21.3 -
[50] 2016
Summer 34 20.5

Yu et al. [61] Omaha, Winter Culvert 57 0.45 3 12.78 21-27.5 -

USA, 2014 steel

33
 Table 3.4: Analytical results of EAHE studied around the world
Author place/year season material Length Diameter Depth Ambient Temperature Velocity
of pipe of pipe (m) of pipe temperature variation range (m/s)
(m) (m) (°C) (°C)
Niu et al. [61] USA, 2015 Summer Steel 57 0.45 3 26-34 13-16 -
Gan et al. [59] UK, 2015 Winter HDEP 0.2 1.5 10 17.6 2
Xamana et al. Mexico, Summer - 10 0.15 5 28 25.3 -
[60] 2015
Ariffin et al. Malaysia, summer PVC 30 0.076 1 36.46 30.3 0.5
[53] 2014 PE 30.2
Steel 30.24
Copper 30.25
Ahmed et al. Queensland Winter PVC 8 0.021 - 21.01 23-24 3.4
[52] 2014
Vaz et al. [51] Brazil, Summer, PVC A:0.11 - 1.6 30-18.8 20-12 -
2014 Winter B:0.11 0.6
C:0.10 0.5
Bojic et al. Greece, Winter PVC 50 0.15 2.4 8 - 8
[36] 1996 Summer 37 23-35
Mihalakakou 1994 Summer PVC 14.8 0.15 1.1 - 17-33.5 10.5
et al. [21]

34
 CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study intends to find the temperature difference between the inlet and
outlet of the air for both experimental setup and theoretical calculations of
EAHE. The theoretical calculations are calculated using NTU method. This
study also validates the experimental temperature difference with theoretical
temperature difference. The experimental setup is an open loop horizontal
system consisting of pipe of aluminum having outer diameter of 0.076m and
thickness of 0.0015m. the aluminum pipes are buried at a depth of 1.5m.
ambient air is sucked into the pipes by means of blower by a 18w, 240volts,
1350rpm motor. The blower is used to suck the hot air through pipes and
deliver the cool air in summer and vice versa in winter. The required results
will be in the form of temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of
the air passing in EAHE.

understanding the
principe of EAHE

selection of pipe layout

and geometry

design parameters

assumptions

calculations

extraction of results

validation of results
Figure 4.1: Flow chart of the research methodology
35
4.1 SELECTION OF PIPES LAYOUT AND GEOMETRY

4.1.1 PIPE GEOMETRY

The most common pipe geometry on the market is one with a circular
cross section. As a result, consider the geometry to be the basis geometry.
The majority of in-ground heat exchangers have pipes with a circular cross
section. Therefore, circular cross section is considered for the experimental
setup.

4.1.2 PIPE MATERIAL

EAHE’s major component is the tube. When choosing a tube material,
there are few characteristics to consider. Thermal conductivity, strength,
corrosion resistance, durability, and cost of tube material are all important
considerations. The thermo physical properties of different materials are
given in the table 5 below.

Figure 4.2: Pipe layout and geometry

36
 Table 4.1: thermo physical properties of different materials
Material Density(kg/m3) Specific heat Thermal
capacity conductivity
(J/Kg K) (W/m K)
Aluminum 2719 871 204
PVC 1380 900 0.161
Steel 7833 465 54
Copper 8978 381 387.6

Tube material is considered as aluminum 6063 as the thermal conductivity

of aluminum is high, it is light in weight, and corrosion resistance. Heat
exchange increases with increase in thermal conductivity.

AA 6063 is an aluminum alloy comprising the alloying ingredients

magnesium and silicon. The Aluminum Association maintains the standard
that governs its composition. It has strong mechanical qualities and can be
heat treated and welded. It resembles the HE9 British aluminum alloy.

The most prevalent alloy for aluminum extrusion is 6063. It is used for
visible architectural applications such as window frames, door frames, roofs,
and sign frames, as well as heat exchangers, because it permits complex
shapes to be made with very smooth surfaces suitable for anodizing. 6061 or
6082 are commonly used in applications that require more strength.

Table 4.2 : Alloy composition of 6063

Constituent element Minimum Maximum
(% by weight) (% by weight)
Aluminum (Al) 97.5 99.35
Magnesium (Mg) 0.45 0.90
Silicon (Si) 0.20 0.65
Iron (Fe) 0 0.35
Chromium (Cr) 0 0.10
Copper (Cu) 0 0.10
Manganese (Mn) 0 0.10

37
 Table 4.3 : Properties of A6063
Physical properties
Density (𝜌) 2.69 g/cm
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus (E) 68.3 GPa
Tensile strength (σt) 145-186 MPa
Elongation (ε) 18-33%
Poisson's ratio 0.3
Thermal properties
Melting point (Tm) 615 °C
Thermal conductivity (k) 201-218 W/mK
Specific heat capacity (C) 900 j/kgK
Electrical properties
Volume resistivity (ρ) 30-35 n Ohm.m

4.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS

Aluminum pipe having a length of 4m is buried at a depth of 1.5m. The outer

diameter of the pipe is 0.076m, inner diameter of the pipe is 0.0745, and
thickness is 0.0015m. The arrangement and layout of the pipe are considered
to be open loop horizontal system.

Figure 4.3: Pit of 1.7m depth

38
 Figure 4.4: Experimental setup

4.3 ASSUMPTIONS

In the current study following assumptions are considered:

• The ambient air temperature is considered equal to the inlet
temperature of air.
• EUT is considered equal to annual average temperature of that
location.
• Thermal resistance is considered to be negligible.
• Temperature on the surface of the pipe is considered uniform in axial
direction.
• The air is considered to be incompressible.
• Soil properties are considered to be homogeneous in nature.

39
4.4 CALCULATIONS

For the theoretical calculation NTU (number of transfer units) method.

4.4.1 Formulas for theoretical calculations

𝜋
• Mass flow rate (m) = (𝑣 × 𝜌 × × 𝐷𝑖 2 ) ... (4.1)
4

𝜌𝑣𝐷𝑖
• Reynolds number (𝑅𝑒 ) = ... (4.2)
𝜇

𝜇𝐶𝑝
• Prandtl number (Pr)= … (4.3)
𝐾𝑎

𝑓
(8)(𝑅𝑒−1000)𝑃𝑟
• Nusselt number (Nu) = 1 … (4.4)
2
𝑓 2
1+12.7(8) (𝑃𝑟 3 −1)

𝑓 = (0.79 ln(𝑅𝑒) − 1.64)−1

𝑁𝑢 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟
• Convective heat transfer coefficient (he) = … (4.5)
𝐷𝑜

1 1 𝑟
• Overall heat transfer coefficient (Ut) = ( + ln ( 𝑜))−1 … (4.6)
ℎ𝑒 2𝜋𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑖

𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑇𝑖𝑛
• Effectiveness (𝜖) =
𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 −𝑇𝑖𝑛
= 1 − 𝑒 −(𝑁𝑇𝑈) ... (4.7)

𝑈𝑡 𝐴 𝑈𝑡 𝐷𝑖 𝐿
• NTU = = … (4.8)
𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝

• Amount of heat transfer (Q) = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 ) …(4.9)

40
4.4.2 Input parameters

Table 4.4: Input parameters

s.no Input parameters Symbols Value Units

1 Inlet temperature Tin 37.1 °C

2 Pipe wall temperature Twall 29 °C

3 Thermal conductivity of air Kair 0.0275 W/mk

4 Thermal conductivity of pipe Kpipe 205 W/mK

5 Thermal capacity Cp 1006 J/Kg K

6 Viscosity µ 1.7x10-5 m2/s

7 Density of air 𝜌 1.1465 Kg/m3

8 Velocity of air Vair 7.775 m/s

9 Outer diameter of pipe Do 0.076 m

10 Inner diameter of pipe Din 0.0745 m

11 Thickness of pipe t 0.0015 m

41
4.4.3 Sample Calculations
𝜋
• Mass flow rate (m) = (𝑣 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ ∗ 𝐷𝑖 2 )
4
𝜋
= (7.775 ∗ 1.1465 ∗ ∗ 0.07452 )
4

= 0.03886 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝜌𝑣𝐷𝑖
• Reynolds number (𝑅𝑒 ) =
𝜇
1.1465∗7.775∗0.0745
= −5
1.7∗10
= 39064.46
𝜇𝐶𝑝
• Prandtl number (Pr) =
𝐾𝑎

1.7∗10−5 ∗1006
=
0.0275
= 0.622
• 𝑓 = (0.79 ln(𝑅𝑒) − 1.64)−2

= (0.79 ln(39064.46) − 1.64)−2

= 0.0222

𝑓
( )(𝑅𝑒−1000)𝑃𝑟
8
• Nusselt number (Nu) = 1 2
𝑓 2
1+12.7( ) (𝑃𝑟 3 −1)
8

0.0222
( )(39064.46−1000)∗0.622
8
= 1 2
0.0222 2
1+12.7( ) (0.6223 −1)
8

= 80.32

𝑁𝑢 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟
• Convective heat transfer coefficient (he) =
𝐷𝑜
42
 80.32∗0.0275
=
0.076
= 29.1 W/m2K
1 1 𝑟
• Overall heat transfer coefficient (Ut) = ( + ln ( 𝑜 ))−1
ℎ𝑒 2𝜋𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑖
1 1 0.038
=( + ln ( ))−1
29.1 2∗𝜋∗205 0.03725
=29.086 W/m2K

𝑈𝑡 𝐴 𝑈 𝐷𝑖 𝐿
• NTU (Number of Transfer Units) =
𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝
= 𝑚𝑡
𝑎 𝐶𝑝

29.086∗0.0745∗4
=
0.03886∗1006
= 0.7

• Effectiveness (𝜖) = 1 − 𝑒 −(𝑁𝑇𝑈)

= 1 − 𝑒 −(0.7)
= 0.5
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑇𝑖𝑛
• Effectiveness (𝜖) =
𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 −𝑇𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 −37.1
=
29−37.1
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 −37.1
0.5 =
29−37.1
Tout = 0.5(29-37.1) +37.1
Tout = 33°C
• Amount of heat transfer (Q) = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

= 0.03886*1006(37.1 - 33)

= 160.3

43
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the present study the experimental results are found using a thermocouple,
thermometer, and anemometer. The thermocouple was coupled with the
outer wall of the pipe buried inside the ground. Digital thermometer is used
to find the ambient air temperature and outlet temperature of the air.
Anemometer is used to find the velocity of air.
5.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

5.1.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1:

• The velocity of the air (Vair) = 7.775 m/s

• The ambient air temperature (Tin) = 37.1°C
• The pipe wall temperature (Tpipe) = 29°C
• The outlet air temperature (Tout) = 32.6°C
• Temperature difference (Tdiff) = 4.5°C

Figure 5.1: Inlet and outlet temperature

Figure 5.2: Temperature inside the loop without blower

44
 Figure 5.3: Temperature at outlet without blower

5.1.2 EXPERIMAENTAL RESULTS 2:

• The velocity of the air (Vair) = 7.775 m/s

• The ambient air temperature (Tin) = 40.3°C
• The pipe wall temperature (Tpipe) = 29°C
• The outlet air temperature (Tout) = 34.2°C
• Temperature difference (Tdiff) = 6.1°C

Figure 5.4: Temperature at inlet and outlet

45
5.2 THEORITICAL RESULTS

All the theoretical results remain same for both experimental values except
the values depending on temperature.

• Mass flow rate (ma) = 0.03886 kg/s

• Reynolds number (Re) = 39064.46
• Prandtl number (Pr) = 0.622
• Nusselt number (Nu) = 80.32
• Convective heat transfer coefficient (h) =29.1 W/m2K
• NTU = 0.7
• Effectiveness (𝜖) =0.5
5.2.1 Theoretical results for experimental results 1

• The outlet air temperature (Tout) = 33°C

• Temperature difference (Tdiff) = 4.1°C

5.2.2 Theoretical results for experimental results 2

• The outlet air temperature (Tout) = 34.9°C

• Temperature difference (Tdiff) = 5.4°C

From the above results it has been observed that for the same input
parameters the outlet temperature in both experimental and theoretical
results are approximately equal. Hence both experimental and theoretical
results are validated.

46
 velocity of air v/s outlet temperature air
33.5
33
33
32.5 32.3
outlet temperature °C 32 31.8

31.5
31
30.5 30.2
30
29.5
29
28.5
7.755 6 5 4
velocity of air in m/s

Figure 5.5: Variation of outlet temperature at different velocities of air

using aluminium as tube material

pipe material vs outlet temperature air

36
35.3
35
outlext temperature °C

34 33.76

33
33
32.1
32

31

30
copper aluminium steel pvc
pipe material

Figure 5.6: Variation of outlet temperature of air considering different

materials
From the figure 18 it has been observed that as the velocity of air decreases
the outlet temperature decrease which implies increase in temperature
difference. From figure 19 it has been observed that temperature difference
increases with increase in thermal conductivity of pipe material. In the above
figures the inlet temperature is considered as 37.1°C

47
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Buildings consume a lot of energy for thermal comfort; thus, several passive
heating and cooling systems and tactics have been devised to save energy.
EAHE, which employs geothermal energy, is one such passive technology.
The purpose of this work is to investigate the cooling potential of the EAHE
system. Also validates the experimental results with theoretical results. It has
been observed that the both theoretical and experimental results are
validated. The temperature difference was found to be 4-7°C between the
inlet and the outlet. From the literature review conducted it is found that the
material of the pipe does not show much effect on the performance of the
earth air heat exchanger, if other parameters are designed properly. And the
main parameters for are depth of burial, diameter of pipe, velocity of air and
length of the pipe.
As a result, we can conclude that earth-air heat exchangers are a viable
method for building space conditioning. If properly constructed, the EAHE
system can be a viable and cost-effective alternative to traditional air-
conditioning systems.

48
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50