HEALTHCARE SERVICES MANAGEMENT 302

DISEASE CAUSATION

GROUP 1 AND 2

STUDENT NAME SURNAME PHONE E-MAIL

ID NUMBER
Tshegofatso Gaobife Tshegofatso.gaobife@student.boitekanelo.ac.bw
2015081059 Mpho Rapelang 74563091 Mpho.rapelang@student.boitekanelo.ac.bw
2015081132 Florence Mashame 76786445 Florence.mashame@student.boitekanelo.ac.bw
Tshephang Busumane
Nshingi Makgaola
Sesha Keabetswe
Rebecca Olobile
Lone Kwadibe
Judith Khanda
Pholoso Ramodisa
Obakeng Zibiso
Tumisang Mokolope
One Ketlophegil
e
DEFINITION OF TERMS

DISEASE- abnormal condition of the body that causes discomfort or dysfunction.

CAUSATION- the act or agency by which an effect is produced.

DISEASE CAUSATION- a factor that influence the occurrence of a disease e.g

microbes. An event or condition factor which plays a vital role in producing the disease.

SUSCEPTIBILITY- likely to be affected by diseases/vulnerability.

NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE CAUSATION

HISTORY OF DISEASE- This is the progress of disease in an individual or person

overtime in the absence of intervention.

STAGES OF DISEASE CAUSATION

SUSCEPTABILITY

SUB-CLINICAL DISEASE

CLINICAL DISEASE

RECOVERY DISABILITY DEATH

SUSCEPTION- it is caused by an exposure to or accumulation factors capable of

causing disease e,g unvaccinated child.

SUB-CLINICAL/ASYMPTOMATIC-Is the biological process of disease has started.

The body is infected but the symptoms are not yet out. There are some physical
manifestation but, no obvious disease present e.g HIV.
CLINICAL DISEASE-This is whereby an individual started developing signs and
symptoms of disease. Most diagnosis is mostly found in this stage e.g measles.

DISEASE OUTCOME- An individual can recover from the disease. Disease can result
in leaving the person disabled for short/longer duration. Some disease run their course
and then resolve completely their spontaneously under the influence of therapy. Some
diseases can result in death.

LEVELS OF DISEASE PREVENTION

PREMODIAL

AIM- To stop the occurrence of disease before it develops.

It includes national policies and programme on nutrition and also the need to promote
regular physical activities.

PRIMARY/ETIOLOGIC AGENT

AIM- To reduce the incidence of disease.

Its purpose is to limit the incidence of disease by controlling specific causes and risk
factors by emphasizing general health promotion this include health education for
example use of condoms to prevent HIV infection.

SECONDARY PREVENTION

AIM- To cure patients and reduce the more serious consequences of disease through
early diagnosis and treatment.

It can be applied to disease in which the natural history includes early periods when it is
easily identified and treated so that progression to a more stage can be stopped.

TERTIARY

AIM- To reduce the progress or complications of established disease.

Consists of limitation of disability and rehabilitation where disease has already occurred
and left residual damage.
MODELS OF DISEASE CAUSATION

1. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD

This is a traditional model of infectious disease causation where host and the agent has
to be in interaction in an environment which is suitable and conducive. It has 3
components, external agent, susceptible host, and environment. Florence Mashame
Mpho Rapelang.

AGENT FACTORS

What causes the susceptibility/likelihood to be affected by disease, might be

microorganisms. Must be present for disease to occur. Examples;

Infectious agents- virus, bacteria, parasite and other microbes.

Chemical agents- drugs, carbon monoxide, medications.

Nutritive agents- excesses or deficiencies e.g cholesterol, lack of vitamins and proteins.

HOST FACTORS

They are intrinsic factors that influence an individual exposure, for susceptibility or
response to a causative agent.
Host is an organism, usually human or animals which can get exposed to and able to
harbor a disease.

Host factors that affect an individual risk of exposure to an agent are, age, race, sex,
strains, nutritional status.

ENVIRONMENT

Extrinsic factors which affect the agent, host and opportunity for exposure. General
environmental factors includes;

Physical factors, such as climate

Biological factors, insects that transmit agent

Socioeconomic factors, such as crowding, sanitation

2. WEB OF DISEASE CAUSATION

Micro organisms

This model of disease causation was suggested by Mac Mohan and Pugh. It is ideally
suited for the study of chronic diseases where disease agent is often not known, but is
the outcome of interaction of multiple factors.

Complex interaction of many factors results in disease.

WHEEL OF CAUSATION
REFERENCES