Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, UNAN-León.

Facultad de Ciencias Médicas

II año de Enfermería
Modalidad Dominical Nocturno
04/08/2022

Applied English III

DISEASES

Elaborado por:

 CRISTIAN ALBERTO MARTINEZ MEZA

Docente: Lic. Maynor Rivera.

 INFLUENZA (FLU)

What is Influenza (Flu)?

Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and
sometimes the lungs. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. The best way
to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year.

Causes

The flu is caused by an influenza virus. Most people get the flu when they breathe in tiny airborne
droplets from the coughs or sneezes of someone who has the flu. You can also catch the flu if you
touch something with the virus on it, and then touch your mouth, nose, or eyes.

Flu symptoms come on very quickly and can include:

 a sudden high temperature of 38C or above

 an aching body
 feeling tired or exhausted
 a dry cough
 a sore throat
 a headache
 difficulty sleeping
 loss of appetite
 diarrhea or tummy pain
 feeling sick and being sick

The symptoms are similar for children, but they can also get pain in their ear and appear less active.

Influenza Treatment

Antiviral medicines are an important tool in both controlling influenza by treating the patient’s infection
and helping to prevent severe illness that can result from flu, including bacterial pneumonia.

Currently, there are three antiviral drugs recommended for treating the flu: oseltamivir (Tamiflu®),
zanamivir (Relenza®), and peramivir (Rapivab®). These drugs work by interrupting the function of
neuraminidase on the virus surface and preventing the release of viral particles from infected host cells.
These drugs can treat cases of both influenza A and B and have the biggest impact when taken within
48 hours of the onset of flu symptoms, so rapid diagnosis and treatment are important.
 TUBERCULOSIS (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria
that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via
coughs and sneezes.

Symptoms

Although your body can harbor the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, your immune system usually can
prevent you from becoming sick. For this reason, doctors make a distinction between:Latent TB,
Active TB

Signs and symptoms of active TB include:

 Coughing for three or more weeks

 Coughing up blood or mucus
 Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing
 Unintentional weight loss
 Fatigue
 Fever
 Night sweats
 Chills
 Loss of appetite

Treatment

For active tuberculosis, you must take antibiotics for at least six to nine months.

The exact drugs and length of treatment depend on your age, overall health, possible drug resistance
and where the infection is in your body.

The most common medications used to treat tuberculosis include:

 Isoniazid
 Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
 Ethambutol (Myambutol)
 Pyrazinamide
 MALARIA
¿What is malaria?
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain
type of mosquito which feeds on humans. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high
fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness.

Signs and symptoms of malaria

Symptoms of malaria include fever and flu-like illness, including shaking chills, headache, muscle
aches, and tiredness. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. Malaria may cause anemia and
jaundice (yellow coloring of the skin and eyes) because of the loss of red blood cells. If not promptly
treated, the infection can become severe and may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion,
coma, and death.

Symptoms
Here are some of the signs and symptoms of malaria:
 Fever
 Shaking chills
 general feeling of discomfort
 Headache
 nausea and vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Abdominal pain
 muscle or joint pain
 Fatigue
 Fast breathing
 accelerated heart rate
 Those

Treatment for malaria

Malaria can be cured with prescription drugs. The type of drugs and length of treatment depend on the
type of malaria, where the person was infected, their age, whether they are pregnant, and how sick
they are at the start of treatment. Atovaquone, Chloroquine, Doxycycline, Mefloquine, Primaquine,
Proguanil.